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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
October 6, 1888-December 22, 1971
BY GEORGE D. SNELL
DR. CLARENCE COOK LI~LE died December 22, 1971, in Ells-
worth, Maine, at the age of eighty-three. A leader in edu-
cation, in the national effort to understand and control cancer,
and in the development of mammalian genetics, Dr. Little
inspired in the many people who knew him not only admira-
tion but warm personal friendship. He is survived by his wife,
Beatrice, two sons, two daughters, and nine grandchildren.
Dr. Little was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, October 6,
1888. He was a member of an old Boston family and a de-
scendent of Paul Revere. His boyhood was spent on the family
estate in Brookline, where a variety of animals and pets, includ-
ing his own mice and prize pigeons, provided an early exposure
to biology. He was educated at Noble and Greenough School
and Harvard College and continued at Harvard as a graduate
student in mammalian genetics under Dr. William E. Castle,
who pioneered in the application of Mendelian principles to
mice and rabbits. During his senior year at Harvard, Pete, as
he was known by his college friends, was captain of the track
team. Dr. Castle related later how this handsome team captain
signed up for his genetics course and soon had persuaded most
of the team to sign up with him.
While still a graduate student at Harvard, Dr. Little became
interested in studies being carried out by Professor Tyzzer at
241
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242
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Harvard Medical School on the inheritance of susceptibility
and resistance to tumor transplants in mice. This work led him
to prepare a paper, published in Science, describing a type of
multifactor inheritance that anticipated present concepts of
histocompatibility genetics. Little's major research interests—
transplantation, the cancer problem, and mammalian and es-
pecially murine genetics—were established during this period.
Following the award of his D. Sc. in 1914, Dr. Little held
various positions at Harvard: secretary to President Lowell,
assistant dean of the college, and acting marshal!. With the en-
trance of the United States into the First World War, he en-
listed in the army and trained at Plattsburgh, New York.
Subsequently he was assigned to administrative duty in Wash-
ington with the Signal Corps, later to become the U.S. Air
Force. He was discharged in 1918 with the rank of Major. After
his war service, Dr. Little spent three years at the Station for
Experimental Evolution in Cold Spring Harbor, New York,
serving during the last year as assistant director.
Throughout this period Dr. Little maintained his interest
in mammalian genetics and cancer. He published numerous
papers and even during the war saw to it that his animal colony
was maintained. Perhaps his most lasting contribution was the
establishment of the first inbred strains of mice. Inbreeding
had been extensively studied in corn, and Jennings had ex-
aminecl mathematically the expected increase in homozygosis.
The mouse was a logical choice for inbreeding experiments
with a mammal, perhaps, in fact, an especially fortunate choice,
since wild populations of mice form small colonies with con-
siderable inbreeding so that the accumulation of deleterious
recessive genes is restricted. But successful establishment of a
homozygous strain required careful selection from a colony of
adequate size. Dr. Little's pioneer inbreeding efforts resulted
in two highly successful inbred strains, the dilute brown (DBA)
strain, begun when he was still at Harvard, and the black
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CLAREN CE COOK LITTLE
243
(CS7BL) strain, started at Cold Spring Harbor. The genetic
uniformity of these and the dozens of other lines subsequently
produced in many laboratories makes them a research tool of
major importance. The C57BL strain heads the list in popu-
larity—worldwide annual use certainly exceeds one million
mice. The DBA strain is not far behind.
The time was less propitious for another project that Dr.
Little undertook at Cold Spring Harbor. In collaboration
with Halsey Bagg he attempted to induce mutations in mice
with X rays. Hermann Muller was to win the Nobel Prize in
1946 for a similar experiment with Drosophila, but with mice
the number of gametes that it was feasible to test was too small;
also the X-ray dose used was probably too low. Two variants
appeared, but at least one of these also turned up in the con-
trols.
In 1922, at the age of thirty-three, Dr. Little became presi-
dent of the University of Maine. He was at this time the
youngest college president in the country. Perhaps his most
successful innovation during the three years that he held this
office was the establishment of Freshman Week. This was held
prior to the opening of college and was "designed to instruct
all freshmen in methods of study, in choice of courses, and in
the aims and value of college work as well as to give an oppor-
tunity for the study of the individual freshman in order to
recognize, measure, and in so far as possible begin to utilize
his particular abilities, and to avoid or to bolster up his weak-
nesses." The success of this institution is attested to by its
permanence and its imitation by other universities. Although
there was some growth in the university plant during Dr.
Little's term of office, he was not as successful in obtaining
money from the legislature as he had hoped to be.
One of Dr. Little's stipulations in accepting the University
of Maine presidency was that he have funds and facilities to
continue his biological research. Several young men whom he
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
interested in biology during this period remained associated
with him for years. He also succeeded in establishing at Bar
Harbor, Maine, a summer laboratory on the site where The
Jackson Laboratory was later to be built.
After three years at the University of Maine, Dr. Little was
offered and accepted the presidency of the University of Mich-
igan. His appointment provided "an unprecedented $5000 for
research assistance," testimony to his determination to continue
his research. He was later able to add substantial support from
outside sources. Again his tenure of office was marked by inno-
vation and attempted innovation. A Freshman Week was in-
troduced; a School of Forestry and a Department of Post-
graduate Medicine were established; the first faculty research
fund was created, and research expanded substantially. A plan
to enroll all freshmen and sophomores in a separate University
College under its own dean encountered a barrage of faculty
criticism and was dropped. Lack of funds rather than active
opposition was principally responsible for the demise of a plan
for the erection of dormitories housing a few instructors or
professors as well as students and designed to serve as small
residential colleges.
The latter plan was typical of Dr. Little's interest in the
welfare of the undergraduate. A representative group of stu-
dents met regularly in his home. He worked successfully for
better intramural athletic facilities that could serve the student
body as a whole. Less popular in some quarters was a ban on
liquor in fraternity houses and, with some exceptions, on the
use of autos by students.
But probably nothing stirred up more controversy than
Little's views on birth control. He spoke out for this boldly
and repeatedly. Many people were not ready for such frank
talk, and some bitter criticism resulted. The official history of
the university refers to his presidency as a "stormy term" and
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CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
245
"brilliant but tactless," but in retrospect it appears that his
successes were substantial and his failures prophetic.
The year 1929 was a turning point in Dr. Little's life. In
January of that year he submitted his resignation to the Regents
of the University of Michigan. He also was divorced from his
first wife after eighteen years of marriage and three children.
Doubtless his divorce had something to do with his break with
the university, as did the antagonism he had aroused in some
quarters among the faculty. Perhaps he had decided also that
ins talent lay In pioneering and not in routine administration.
'_ . 1 _ . ~ ~ .
With financial help from the Jackson and Ford families of
Detroit and Mount Desert Island, he turned to his first love,
research, and set out to create in Bar Harbor a laboratory for
the study of mammalian genetics and cancer. When Roscoe B.
Jackson, one of the major donors, died, the laboratory was
named in his honor.
The laboratory was staffed by a group of six young men and
one woman who had worked with "Prexy," as he was still called,
during his years as college president. The first major project
undertaken by the staff was a study of the genetics of tissue
transplantation. Crosses were made between the now highly
inbred strains of mice, and data gathered on the growth of
transplantable tumors in the parental and various hybrid gener-
ations. The existence of multiple genes for susceptibility and
resistance, subsequently called histocompatibility penes, was
thereby established.
Another project took advantage of the
great difference in mammary tumor incidence between some
of the inbred strains. In a cross between high and low strains,
it was found that tumor incidence of the first hybrid generation
was determined by the maternal parent. Subsequent foster
nursing experiments implicated some agent transmitted through
the mother's milk. Dr. Little at the time was under the in-
fluence of the antivirus school of thought—the word virus was
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
taboo, as at least one young staff member discovered—but other
laboratories picked up the work and proved the existence of a
mammary tumor virus.
In these early days, the research at the laboratory, despite
its substantial success, was not carried on in easy circumstances.
Nineteen twenty-nine was the year when the stock market
broke. After a brief honeymoon, the deepening depression
cut off sources of support. The research continued, but on a
curtailed basis while the staff turned to fishing, gardening, and
canning to provide food. It was at this time that the laboratory
initiated the sale of its inbred strains to other investigators, an
activity that ultimately became both a major service to re-
searchers all over the world and a much needed source of un-
committed income.
The depression finally passed. Dr. Little initiated a program
of modest expansion that ultimately was to change the char-
acter of the laboratory considerably, but for the first two
decades of its existence its small size and location in "down-east"
Maine permitted a mode of life that he and his associates found
much to their liking. Dr. Little was an enthusiastic outdoors-
man, a knowledgeable ornithologist, and an accomplished fisher-
man. The Maine countryside provided an ideal setting for
these interests. He raised a strain of dachshunds that his father
had first brought to this country and was in demand as a judge
at dog shows. The life at the laboratory was kept informal.
During the winter there were monthly parties, with games and
refreshments, in which all employee families participated. If
the games lagged, which they seldom did, Dr. Little could always
liven the occasion with some good stories. In the warmer
seasons there might be a laboratory picnic at which he could
still display his prowess in a footrace. World War II took a
number of workers away from the laboratory and led to a
greatly increased production of mice suitable for the study of
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CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
247
tropical diseases, but the research went on, even though cur-
tailed.
It was during this same early period that Dr. Little started
a program of summer training in research for precollege and
college students. This program was ultimately to expand con-
siderably. Its numerous alumni, many of them now physicians
or engaged in biological research, still refer fondly to Dr. Little
as "Prexy."
With the end of the war the laboratory seemed headed for a
period of substantial expansion when disaster struck a second
time. The main laboratory building was largely destroyed in
the forest fire of 1947 that burnt part of the town of Bar Harbor
and many summer estates and hotels. The mice were wiped out
excepting a few in a fireproof section of the building. Resisting
pressure from friends to relocate at some major research center,
Dr. Little, with the enthusiastic agreement of the staff, deter-
mined to rebuild in Bar Harbor. Part of the staff moved to
temporary quarters in other laboratories, part to a remodeled
barn on a summer estate that had been donated earlier. The
inbred strains of mice flooded back from laboratories around
the world, and potential grantors heard, as they never would
have otherwise, of their essential value to hundreds of re-
searchers. Within two and one half years the laboratory was
housed in far better quarters than it had enjoyed before the
fire, and Dr. Little was able to see the staff expand and the
research grow and diversify.
One project in which Dr. Little took particular pleasure
was the Behavior Study, centered in the barns of the estate
already mentioned. Because of the favorable location and Dr.
Little's knowledge of genetics and of dogs, Alan Gregg of the
Rockefeller Foundation planned with him the creation of a
center for the study of behavioral genetics. The project was
started with colonies of several breeds of dogs, but inbred mice
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
were later included with considerable profit. Dr. Little followed
the project with interest and found time to study the segrega-
tion of canine coat color genes in the second and third genera-
tion hybrids of the various breeds.
The founding and direction of a laboratory would have
been enough of a career for most men, but Dr. Little found the
rime and energy for additional major undertakings. In 1929
he became managing director of the American Cancer Society
and retained this position till 1945. In the fall of 1930 he
traveled extensively throughout western Europe, studying
methods of cancer research and care. He was impressed by the
long-term view of European cancer workers and urged the de-
sirability of a cancer research program in the United States
with similar orientation. He also stressed the need for better
facilities for cancer patients and for doctor education in cancer
detection and care. In 1935, with these goals substantially at-
tained, he led in the organization of the Women's Field Army,
dedicated to lay education concerning cancer. This had a
tremendous influence in changing the public attitude toward
cancer and in encouraging early diagnoses.
Dr. Little's recognized scientific accomplishments and ability
as a leader, his impressive good looks, his warm personality, and
his talents as a public speaker and raconteur naturally led him
into other positions and~activities. He was twice president of
the American Association of Cancer Research and was influ-
ential in creating Cancer Research as its official journal. At one
time or another he also served as president of the American
Eugenics Society, the American Birth Control League, and the
American Euthanasia Society. He was for years a warden in the
Bar Harbor Episcopal Church. He was in demand as a speaker
and always drew a good audience at local affairs, including the
occasional church service at which he gladly filled in for the
rector. In 1937 Dr. Little was appointed as one of the six
original members of the National Advisory Cancer Council, a
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CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
249
body created by the act of Congress that established the National
Cancer Institute. The council played an influential role in
setting the policies for cancer research in this country. There
were considerable differences of opinion within the council.
Dr. Little appears to have been one of the active supporters of
the grants-in-aid and peer-review systems that have done so
much to further biomedical research in this country.
In 1954, shortly before his retirement as director of The
Jackson Laboratory, Dr. Little accepted a position as scientific
director of the Tobacco Industrial Research Committee, a posi-
tion he held until his death. Because of the link between
cigarette smoking and cancer, already suspected at the time, he
was widely criticized for accepting this position. Doubtless
there were many reasons back of his decision. It did have at
least two positive aspects. It gave him continuing opportunity,
and probably considerable freedom, to influence biomedical
research through the disbursement of funds; by providing an
outlet for his still considerable energies, it enabled him to
make a complete break with the laboratory, giving his successor
a free hand.
Dr. Little was a member of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, to which
he was elected in 1945, as well as of various scientific societies.
He was the recipient of numerous honorary degrees. The
Clarence Cook Little Hall at the University of Maine, the
Clarence Cook Little Science Building at the University of
Michigan, and most recently the Clarence Cook Little Library
and Conference Center at The Jackson Laboratory were named
in his honor.
In both science and education, Dr. Little was perhaps more
the originator than the exploiter of new developments. He
preferred the broad view to attention to detail. But despite his
diversity of interests, he found the time to be a productive
scientist. He was the author of 188 papers, three books on
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250 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
cancer directed primarily at the layman, and a book on coat
color in dogs. Of his scientific achievements, perhaps four
stand out: the development of inbred strains of mice and the
demonstration of their value in medical and biological research;
the formulation of the genetic theory of susceptibility and
resistance to tissue transplants; the discovery of the milk-trans-
mitted murine mammary tumor incisor; and the establishment,
with Rockefeller Foundation initiative and support, of a study
of the genetics of behavior. Of necessity, Dr. Little's personal
participation in these projects decreased as his executive duties
increased. But if his varied administrative responsibilities nar-
rowed his own opportunities for scientific exploration, he used
them, with warmth and wisdom, to open the doors so that
younger men could reach for new horizons. Perhaps this was
his greatest contribution.
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CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
1918
253
Color inheritance in cats with special reference to the colors black,
yellow, and tortoise-shell. i. Genet., 8:279-90.
1919
A note on the fate of individuals homozygous for certain color
factors in mice. Am. Nat., 53:185-87.
Some factors influencing the human sex ratio.
Med., 16:127-30.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
With E. E. ~ones. The inheritance of coat color in Great Danes.
i. Hered., 10: 309-20.
1920
Alternative explanations for exceptional color classes in doves and
canaries. Am. Nat., 54:162-75.
Is there linkage between the genes for yellow and for black in mice?
Am. Nat., 54:267-70.
Note on the occurrence of a probable sex-linked lethal factor in
mammals. Am. Nat., 54:457-60.
With L. C. Strong. Tests for physiological differences in trans-
plantable tumors. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 18:45~8.
A note on the human sex ratio. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 6:250-53.
Factors influencing the growth of a transplantable tumor in mice.
J. Exp. Zool., 31:307-26.
The heredity of susceptibility to a transplantable sarcoma (~.W.B.)
of the Japanese waltzing mouse. Science, 51:467-68.
1921
Keport of the committee on genetic form and nomenclature. Am.
Nat., 55:175-78.
Evidence for sex-linked lethal factors in man.
Med., 18:111-15.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Non-disjunction of the fourth chromosome of Drosophila. Science,
53:167.
1922
With B. W. Johnson. The inheritance of susceptibility to implants
of splenic tissue in mice. I. Japanese waltzing mice, albinos,
and their F1 generation hybrids. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
19: 163-67.
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254
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Relation between research in human heredity and experimental
genetics. Sci. Mon., 14:401-14.
1923
Congenital and acquired predisposition and heredity. Abt's Pedi-
atrics, 1: 1 7 1-256.
With H. i. Bagg. The occurrence of two heritable types of ab-
normality among the descendants of x-rayed mice. Am. l.
Roentgen Radium Ther., 10:975-89.
Inheritance of a predisposition to cancer in man. Eugenics, Ge-
netics, and Family, 1:186.
With E. E. Jones. The effect of selection upon a Mendelian ratio.
Genetics, 8:1-26.
i
1924
With H. J. Bagg. Hereditary and structural defects in the descend-
ants of mice treated with Roentgen-ray irradiation. American
Journal of Anatomy, 33:119-45.
With L. H. Snyder and M. Schneider.
~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ —
A report of a histological
Truly OI one eyes ana gonads ot mice treated with a tight dockage
of x-rays. Am. Nat., 58:383-84.
The genetics of tissue transplantation in mammals.
8:75-95.
be, ^ ~ ~~ ~~ =
J. Cancer Res.,
With L. C. Strong. Genetic studies on the transplantation of two
adenocarcinomata. J. Exp. Zool., 41:93-114.
With H. l. Bagg. The occurrence of four inheritable morpho-
logical variations in mice and their possible relation to treatment
with x-rays. J. Exp. Zool., 41:45-91.
With J. M. Murray and W. T. Bovie. Influence of ultra-violet light
on nutrition in poultry. Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion Bulletin, 320:141-64.
1925
Inaugural address of the president of the University of Michigan.
School and Society, 22:1-16.
1926
Preparation and practice in medical education.
4:781-87.
Ann. Clin. Med.,
A discussion of certain phases of sterility. Ann. Clin. Med., b:1-4.
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CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
Genetic investigations and the cancer problem.
Review, 8: 130-36.
1927
255
Commonwealth
Preliminary report on a species cross in rodents, Mus musculus x
Mus wagneri. Papers of Michigan Academic Sciences, Arts and
Letters, 8: 393-99.
Notes on a species cross in mice and on an hypothesis concerning
the quantitative potentiality of genes. Science, 66:542-43.
1928
Report of Committee on Formal Education of the American
Eugenics Society, Inc. New Haven, The Society.
Agents modifying the germ plasm. Surgery, Gynecology and Ob-
stetrics, 46: 155-58.
Shall we live longer and should we? (president's address) Proceed-
ings of 3d Race Betterment Conference January), pp. 5-14.
Battle Creek, Michigan, Race Betterment Foundation.
Evidence that cancer is not a simple Mendelian recessive. l. Can-
cer Res., 12:30-46.
Opportunities for research in mammalian genetics. Sigma Xi Q.,
16: 16-35.
Opportunities for research in mammalian genetics. Sci. Mon., 26:
521-34.
lD31
Education in cancer. Am. l. Cancer, 15:280-83.
The present status of the cancer problem. Annals of Surgery, 93:
11-16.
The effects of selection on eye and foot abnormalities occurring
among the descendants of x-rayed mice. Am. Nat., 65:370-75.
The role of heredity in determining the incidence and growth of
cancer. Am. J. Cancer, 15: 2780-89.
With R. A. Hicks. The blood relationship of four strains of mice.
Genetics, 16:397-421.
1932
With B. W. McPheters. The incidence of mammary cancer in a
cross between two strains of mice. Am. Nat., 66:568-71.
With B. W. McPheters. Further studies on the genetics of ab-
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256
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
normalities appearing in the descendants of x-rayed mice. Ge-
netics, 17: 674-88.
Cancer survey of St. Louis and St. Louis County, Missouri, 1931.
Journal of the Missouri Medical Association, 29:249-75.
1933
Individuality and the hereditary process in mammals. Recordings
of the Genetic Society of America, 2:65.
With B. W. McPheters. Hound-eared mice. I- Hered., 24:157-58.
Variability and individuality. Science, 77:195-97.
The relation of the American Society for the Control of Cancer to
radiologists. Am. i. Roentgen Radium Ther., 30:723-26.
Not dead but sleeping. I. Hered., 24:149-50.
The challenge of cancer. Maine Medical Journal, 24:165-68.
The existence of non-chromosomal influence in the incidence of
mammary tumors in mice. Science, 78 :465-66.
1934
How to educate women to recognize breast tumors. Bull. Am.
Cancer Soc., August, 3 pp.
Inheritance in Toy Griffons. J. Hered., 25:198-200.
With P. Weir. The incidence of uterine cancer in Jews and
Gentiles. I. Hered., 25 :277-80.
The relation of coat color to the spontaneous incidence of mam-
mary tumors in mice. I. Exp. Med., 59:229-50.
The bearing of genetic work with transplanted tumors on the ge-
netics of spontaneous tumors in mice. Am. I. Cancer, 22:578-85.
Education and cancer control. International Journal of Medicine
and Surgery, 47: 49-50.
White cats and deafness.
Nature, 133:215.
1935
With S. G. Warner. Failure to transmit carcinogenic agents from
the pregnant mouse embryos in utero. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med., 32:866-69.
With W. S. Murray. The genetics of mammary tumor incidence in
mice. Genetics, 20:466-96.
With W. S. Murray. Further data on the existence of extra-
chromosomal influence on the incidence of mammary tumors
in mice. Science, 82:228-30.
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CLARET CE COOK LITTLE
257
With A. M. Cloudman. A laboratory test of "Hoxin" as a claimed
cancer "cure." J. Am. Med. Assoc., 104: 1815.
Some recent advances in cancer research. Sigma Xi Q., 23:128-34.
lg36
Applications of biology to human affairs. J. Hered., 27: 317-18.
With A. M. Cloudman. The genetics of tumor formation in mice,
in relation to the gene T for brachyury. I. Genet., 32:487-504.
Charles Velmar Green. Science, 83: 543.
With W. S. Murray. Extrachromosomal influence in relation to the
incidence of mammary and non-mammary tumors in mice. Am.
I. Cancer, 27:516-18.
The present status of our knowledge of heredity and cancer. I.
Am. Med. Assoc.,, 106: 2234-35.
The constitutional factor in the incidence of mammary tumors.
Am. J. Cancer, 27:551-55.
Genetics in relation to carcinoma. Proceedings of the StaR Meet-
ing of the Mayo Clinic, 11:782-83.
1937
The genetics of spontaneous mammary carcinoma in mice. Occas.
Publ. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 4:17-21.
With A. M. Cloudman and i. l. Bittner. The relationship between
the histology of spontaneous mouse tumors and the genetic
constitution of the animals in which they arise. Occas. Publ.
Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 4:37-41.
The social significance of cancer. Occas. Publ. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., 4:242-45.
Biology of cancer. Proceedings of Annual Congress on Medical
Education, February 15-16, pp. 12-14.
With I. J. Bittner. The transmission of breast and lung cancer in
mice. I. Hered., 28: 117-21.
With A. M. Cloudman. The occurrence of a dominant spotting
mutation in the house mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 23:535-37.
1938
Influence of intrinsic factors on development of tumors in mice.
University of Wisconsin, Symposium on Cancer, pp. 20-31.
Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.
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258
B I O G R A P H I C A L M E M O I R S
With i. H. Mowat. Effect of choline chloride on oestrus cycle of
mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 39:211-12.
Recent advances in research on biology of cancer. Journal of
Medicine, 18:567-72.
With S. P. Reimann. Dialogue on the relations of genetics and
experimental embryology to neoplasia. American Journal of
Clinical Pathology, 8: 109-19.
Fundamental cancer research. Report of a committee appointed by
the Surgeon General.
Public Health Report, 53:2121-30.
1939
With W. S. Murray and A. M. Cloudman.
The genetics of non-
epithelial tumor formation in mice. Am. i. Cancer, 36:431-50.
With W. S. Murray. Chromosomal and extrachromosomal influ-
ence in relation to the incidence of mammary tumors in mice.
Am. J. Cancer, 37: 536-52.
Civilization against Cancer.
150 pp.
New York, Farrar & Rinehart, Inc.
Some contributions of the laboratory rodents to our understanding
of human biology. Am. Nat., 73:127-38.
With W. S. Murray and A. M. Cloudman. The genetics of non-
epithelial tumor formation in mice. Am. Nat., 73:467-69.
With G. W. Woolley and E. Fekete. Mammary tumor development
in mice ovariectomized at birth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 25:277-
79.
Hybridization and tumor formation in mice.
Sci., 25:452-55.
1940
Cancer control: early is the word.
Of Columbia, 9:97-98.
Proc. Natl. Acad.
Medical Annals of the District
Hospitals and cancer. Hospitals, 14:109-10.
Deadly disease number 3—cancer. Hygeia, 18:316.
Criteria for genetic susceptibility to tumor formation in mice. Acta
Unio Internationales Contra Cancrum, 5:15-24.
With J. Pearsons. The results of a "functional test" in a strain of
mice (C57 black) with a low breast tumor incidence. Am. I.
Cancer, 38: 224-33.
With G. W. Woolley and E. Fekete. Differences between high and
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CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
259
low breast tumor strains of mice when ovariectomized at birth.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 45:796-98.
1941
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of material influencing the incidence of mammary carcinoma in
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With E. Fekete and A. M. Cloudman. Some effects of the gene
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bility of mice to a transplantable melanoma. l. Natl. Cancer
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1942
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OCR for page 260
260
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1943
Cancer research. Bull. Am. Soc. Control Cancer, 25:113-15.
With G. W. Woolley and L. W. Law.
Increase in mammary car-
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With G. W. Woolley and E. Fekete. Gonadectomy and adrenal
neoplasms. Science, 97:291.
1944
Facing the challenge of a new era. Hospitals, 18:23-25.
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Parental influence on incidence of cancer. i. Am. Med. Assoc.,
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Cancer prevention clinic.
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1945
With H. McDonald. Abnormalities of the mammae in the house
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With G. W. Woolley. The incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma
in gonadectomized female mice of the extreme dilution strain:
II. Observations on the accessory sex organs. Cancer Res., 5:
203-10.
With G. W. Woolley. The incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma
in gonadectomized male mice of the extreme dilution strain.
Cancer Res., 5:211-19.
With E. Fekete. Histological study of adrenal cortical tumors in
gonadectomized mice of the ce strain. Cancer Res., 5:220-26.
With G. W. Woolley. The incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma
in gonadectomized female mice of the extreme dilution strain:
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With G. W. Woolley. The incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma
in male mice of the extreme dilution strain over one year of
age. Cancer Res., 5: 506-10.
The incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma
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C L A R E N C E C O O K L I T T L E
261
With E. M. Vicari. "Lipid-steroid" fractions of mouse adrenal
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1946
Some aspects of cancer research. Alexander Blain Hospital Bul-
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Parental influence of mammary tumor incidence.
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Surgery, 19: 25-
With G. W. Woolley. Transplantation of an adrenal cortical car-
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With G. W. Woolley. Prevention of adrenal cortical carcinoma by
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1947
With H. J. Muller and L. H. Snyder. Genetics, Medicine and Man.
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The genetics of cancer in mice. Biological Review, 22:315-43.
With K. P. Hummel. A reverse mutation to a "remote" allele in
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Genetics in cocker spaniels. I. Hered., 39:181-85.
1949
Biological research in cancer.
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With K. P. Hummel. Studies on the mouse mammary tumor agent.
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logic or endocrine state of the donor. Cancer Res., 9: 129-34.
With K. P. Hummel. Studies on the mouse mammary tumor agent.
II. The neutralization of the agent by placenta. Cancer Res.,
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With K. P. Hummel. Studies on the mouse mammary tumor agent.
III. Survival and propagation of the agent in transplanted
tumors and in hosts that grew these tumors in their tissues.
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1951
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Genetics in cancer. American {ournal of Obstetrics and Gynecol-
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Genetics and the cancer problem.
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With K. P. Hummel, M. Eddy and B. Rupple. Young produced
from ovaries subjected to endocrine imbalance. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci., 37: 666-69.
1952
With G. W. Woolley and M. M. Dickie. Adrenal tumors and other
pathological changes in reciprocal crosses in mice. I. Strain
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With E. Fekete and F. L. Richardson. The influence of blockage
of the nipples on the occurrence of hyperplastic nodules in the
mammary glands of C3H mice. Cancer Res., 12:219-21.
1953
With G. W. Woolley and M. M. Dickie. Adrenal tumors and other
pathological changes in reciprocal crosses in mice. II. An in-
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1954
Genetics, Biological Ind ivid uality, and Cancer.
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With L. C. Stevens. Spontaneous testicular teratomas in an inbred
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1957
The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs. Ithaca, Comstock Pub-
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Conference (1956), pp. 469-72. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott
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Four-ears, a recessive mutation in the cat. J. Hered., 48:57.
The yellow Siamese cat. i. Hered., 48:57-58.
1958
Biological aspects of cancer research. I. Natl. Cancer Inst., 20:
441-64.
OCR for page 263
CLARENCE COOK LITTLE
Coat color genes in rodents and carnivores.
Biology, 33: 103-37.
1959
263
Quarterly Review of
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F. Hamburger, pp. 127-51. New York, Paul B. Hoeber, Inc.
With K. P. Hummel. Comparison of the virulence of the mam-
mary tumor agent from four strains of mice. I. Natl. Cancer
Inst., 23:813-21.
Francisco Duran-Reynals, bacteriologist.
1961
Science, 129:881-82.
Some phases of the problem of smoking and lung cancer. Neal
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1963
With K. P. Hummel. Comparative virulence of the mammary
tumor agent from different sources; qualitative and quantitative
differences. i. Natl. Cancer Inst., 30:593-604.
John Joseph Bittner, 1904-1961. Oncologia, 16:354-56.
1964
The relation of age to the incidence of cancer of certain sites.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 52:865-69.
1965
Trends in reported incidence of cancer by age in Connecticut and
in New York State (1935-1960~. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 54:
1779-85.
1967
With W. S. Murray. Genetic studies of carcinogenesis in mice.
I. Natl. Cancer Inst., 38:639-56.
1969
With W. S. Murray. Reproductive effectiveness in crosses between
five inbred strains of mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 42:219-25.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
clarence cook