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Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents
Subcommittee on Toxicity Values for Selected Nerve and Vesicant Agents
Committee on Toxicology
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Commission on Life Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C.,
1997
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National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The project was supported by contract DAMD 17-89-C-9086 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
Additional copies of this report are available from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.
Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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Subcommittee on Toxicity Values for Selected Nerve and Vesicant Agents
LOREN D. KOLLER (Chair),
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.
DONALD E. GARDNER,
Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, N.C.
DAVID W. GAYLOR,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.
SIDNEY GREEN,
Corning Hazleton, Inc., Vienna, Va.
ROGENE F. HENDERSON,
Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.
BERNARD M. WAGNER,
Wagner Associates, Inc., Millburn, N.J.
Staff
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Project Director
LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor
Sponsor.: U.S. Department of Defense
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Committee on Toxicology
ROGENE F. HENDERSON(Chair),
Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.
DONALD E. GARDNER (Vice-Chair),
Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Raleigh, N. C.
GERMAINE M. BUCK,
State University of New York at Buffalo, N.Y.
GARY P. CARLSON,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.
JACK H. DEAN,
Sanofi Winthrop, Inc., Malverne, Pa.
KEVIN E. DRISCOLL,
Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.
DAVID W. GAYLOR,
US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.
JUDITH A. GRAHAM,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
IAN A. GREAVES,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
SIDNEY GREEN,
Corning Hazleton, Inc., Vienna, Va.
WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, Ga.
LOREN D. KOLLER,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.
DNIEL KREWSKI,
Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
THOMAS E. MCKONE,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
MICHELE A. MEDINSKY,
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.
ROBERT SNYDER,
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.
BERNARD M. WAGNER,
Wagner Associates, Inc., Millburn, N.J.
ANNETTA P. WATSON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,
University of California, Davis, Calif.
GAROLD S. YOST,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Staff
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director
MARGARET E. MCVEY, Program Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor
CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant
LINDA V. LEONARD, Senior Project Assistant
LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant
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Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
PAUL G. RISSER (Chair),
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.
MAY R. BERENBAUM,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
EULA BINGHAM,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
PAUL BUSCH,
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, N.Y.
EDWIN H. CLARK II,
Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Va.
ELLIS COWLING,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.
GEORGE P. DASTON,
The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
PETER L. DEFUR,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.
DAVID L. EATON,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
DIANA FRECKMAN,
Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo.
ROBERT A. FROSCH,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
DANIEL KREWSKI,
Health & Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ont.
RAYMOND C. LOEHR,
The University of Texas, Austin, Tex.
WARREN MUIR,
Hampshire Research Institute, Alexandria, Va.
GORDON ORIANS,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
GEOFFREY PLACE,
Hilton Head, S.C.
BURTON H. SINGER,
Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
MARGARET STRAND,
Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.
BAILUS WALKER, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
GERALD N. WOGAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
TERRY F. YOSIE,
Ruder Finn Inc., Washington, D.C.
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Senior Staff Officers
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director for Applied Ecology
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology
CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment
LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Information Systems and Statistics
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
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Commission on Life Sciences
THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),
The Salk Institute, La Jolla, Calif.
FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.
JOHN C. BAILAR III,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
PAUL BERG,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
JOHN E. BURRIS,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.
SHARON L. DUNWOODY,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.
URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,
Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.
HENRY W. HEIKKINEN,
University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colo.
HANS J. KENDE,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
SUSAN E. LEEMAN,
Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
THOMAS E. LOVEJOY,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
DONALD R. MATTISON,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.
JOSEPH E. MURRAY,
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
EDWARD E. PENHOET,
Chiron Corporation, Emeryville,
EMIL A. PFITZER,
Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, N.J.
MALCOLM C. PIKE,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
HENRY C. PITOT III,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.
JONATHAN M. SAMET,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
CHARLES F. STEVENS,
The Salk Institute, La Jolla, Calif.
JOHN L. VANDEBERG,
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Tex.
PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director
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Other Recent Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet: A Comparison of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Substances (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (Urinary Toxicology (1995), Immunotoxicology (1992), Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992), Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), Reproductive Toxicology (1989))
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Waste Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press
(800) 624-6242 (202) 334-3313
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Other Recent Reports of the Committee on Toxicology
Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants, Volume 1 (1997)
Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 (1996)
Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994), Volume 2 (1996), and Volume 3 (1996)
Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (1995)
Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995)
Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)
Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)
Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993)
Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances (1993)
Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992)
Review of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Toxicology Division (1991)
Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants (1991)
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Preface
Due to the Existence of large stocks of chemical-warfare (CW) agents, their easy producibility from ordinary industrial chemicals, and their potential lethal effects, there is a critical need to determine as precisely as possible the exposure levels at which CW agents cause toxic effects. This information could aid in protecting soldiers in the event of a CW attack.
This report, by the Subcommittee on Toxicity Values for Selected Nerve and Vesicant Agents of the National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology, is intended to assist the U.S. Army by assessing the scientific validity of existing human-toxicity estimates for several CW agents. The estimates considered in this report were proposed recently in the Army's Chemical Defense Equipment Process Action Team (CDEPAT) report entitled Review of Existing Toxicity Data and Human Estimates for Selected Chemical Agents and Recommended Human Toxicity Estimates Appropriate for Defending the Soldier (1994). The report was authored by S.A. Reutter, Ph.D., and W.A. Wade, D.V.M.; it is classified ''secret" and can be obtained only with permission from the director of the U.S. Army Edgewood Research, Engineering and Development Center, Edgewood, Md.
We gratefully acknowledge Carl Curling, Jerry Glasow, William
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Klenke, Francis O'Donnell, Forrest Oliverson, Gerald Palmer, Sharon Reutter, Harry Salem, and Sandra Thomson (all from the U.S. Army) for providing background information. We also thank Gail Charnley (Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management) and Annetta Watson (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) for making presentations to the subcommittee and providing useful information.
We are grateful for the assistance of the National Research Council staff in preparing this report. Staff members who contributed to this effort are Paul Gilman, executive director of the Commission on Life Sciences; James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Carol A. Maczka, program director for toxicology and risk assessment; Ruth E. Crossgrove, editor; Lucy V. Fusco, project assistant, and Catherine M. Kubik, senior program assistant. We especially wish to recognize the major contributions of the project director, Kulbir S. Bakshi, who directed the preparation of the subcommittee's report. His knowledge of the scientific and technical literature and his tireless efforts to obtain information and to organize the study plan, the subcommittee meetings, and the subcommittee's report aided in the successful completion of the project.
Finally, we would like to thank all the members of the subcommittee for their dedicated efforts throughout the development of this report.
LOREN D. KOLLER, PH.D.
CHAIR, SUBCOMMITTEE ON TOXICITY VALUES
FOR SELECTED NERVE AND VESICANT AGENTS
ROGENE F. HENDERSON, PH.D.
CHAIR, COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
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Contents
Summary
1
1
Introduction and Background
17
2
Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for GA (Tabun)
20
Percutaneous Vapor Exposure
20
Inhalation Vapor Exposure
22
Percutaneous Liquid Exposure
24
Conclusions and Recommendations
25
3
Review of Acute Human-Txicity Estimates for GB (Sarin)
28
Percutaneous Vapor Exposure
28
Inhalation Vapor Exposure
29
Percutaneous Liquid Exposure
31
Conclusions and Recommendations
32
4
Review of Acute Human-toxicity Estimates for GD (Soman)
35
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Percutaneous Vapor Exposure
35
Inhalation Vapor Exposure
37
Percutaneous Liquid Exposure
38
Conclusions and Recommendations
40
5
Review of Acute Human-toxicity Estimates for GF
43
Percutaneous Vapor Exposure
43
Inhalation Vapor Exposure
45
Percutaneous Liquid Exposure
46
Conclusions and Recommendations
47
6
Review of Acute Human-toxicity Estimates for VX
50
Percutaneous Vapor Exposure
50
Inhalation Vapor Exposure
53
Percutaneous Liquid Exposure
55
Conclusions and Recommendations
56
7
Review of Acute Human-toxicity Estimates for HB
59
Percutaneous Vapor Exposure
59
Inhalation Vapor Exposure
61
Percutaneous Liquid Exposure
63
Conclusions and Recommendations
64
8
Evaluation of the Risk-estimation Procedures Used in the CDEPAT Report
67
Use of Log-Probit Analysis
67
Use of the ECt50
68
Use of Confidence Limits
71
References
72
Glossary
77
Appendix
80
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Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for Selected Chemical-Warfare Agents
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