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Committee on Animal Nutrition
Board on Agriculture
National Research Count
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1 997
· 1
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. · Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distin-
guished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National
Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in
its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the
National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth
I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A.
Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, under Agreement No. 59-32U4-5-6, by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and
Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under Cooperative
Agreement No. FD-U-000006-10, and by the American Feed Industry Association. Any opinions,
findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authoring
committee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-06354-X
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-80669
Additional copies of this report are available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Av-
enue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, D.C. 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the
Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Printed in the United States of America
Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION
DONALD C. BEITZ, Chair, Iowa State University
GEORGE C. FAHEY, University of Illinois
DELBERT GATLIN III, Texas A&M University
RONALD L. HORST, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa
TERRY KLOPFENSTEIN, University of Nebraska
AUSTIN J. LEWIS, University of Nebraska
CARL PARSONS, University of Illinois
ALICE N. FELL, Cornell University
GARY D. POTTER, Texas A&M University
KARIN M. WITTENBERG, University of Manitoba, Canada
STEERING COMMITTEE ON THE ROLE OF
CHROMIUM IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
JERRY L. SELL, Chair, Iowa State University
DONALD C. BEITZ, Iowa State University
GEORGE C. FAHEY, University of Illinois
DELBERT GATLIN III, Texas A & M University
RONALD L. HORST, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa
KARIN M. WITTENBERG, University of Manitoba, Canada
Staff
CHARLOTTE KIRK BAER, Program Officer
MELINDA SIMONS, Project Assistant
. . .
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE
DALE E. BAUMAN, Chair, Cornell University
JOHN M. ANTLE, Montana State University
SANDRA S. BATIK, Michigan State University
MAY R. BERENBAUM, University of Illinois
LEONARD S. BULL, North Carolina State University
WILLIAM B. DELAUDER, Delaware State University
ANTHONY S. EARL, Quarles & Brady Law Firm, Madison, Wisconsin
ESSEX E. FINNEY, JR., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Mitchellville,
Maryland
CORNELIA FLORA, Iowa State University
GEORGE R. HALLBERG, University of Iowa
RICHARD R. HARWOOD, Michigan State University
T. KENT KIRK, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin
HARLEY W. MOON, Iowa State University
WILLIAM L. OGREN, University of Illinois
GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR., Colorado State University
JOHN W. SUTTIE, University of Wisconsin
JOHN R. WELSER, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan
JAMES J. ZUICHES, Washington State University
Staff
J. PAUL OILMAN, Executive Director
MICHAEL J. PHILLIPS, Director
V
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Preface
The United States feed industry manufactures thousands of tons of supple-
ments and feed additives each year. It has been suggested that chromium should
become a constituent in certain nutritional supplements for animals. Chromium
sources, other than chromium picolinate (CrPic) for swine, however, have not
been approved officially as feed additives for food-producing animals in the
United States mainly because there has been a lack of consensus among animal
nutritionists that chromium is an essential nutrient and because scientifically
based dietary requirements for chromium have not been established for food-
producing animals.
Chromium is active biologically as a component of glucose tolerance factor
(GTF), which enhances tissue sensitivity to insulin and glucose utilization. Re-
sults of research and clinical investigations have shown that human patients who
receive parenteral nutrition and those who are type II diabetics respond favorably
to chromium supplementation. There also is evidence showing that dietary chro-
mium is beneficial for people undergoing physical or metabolic stress.
Although definitive data showing the effects of dietary chromium on me-
tabolism, health, end performance of food-producing animals are relatively mea-
ger, sufficient evidence is available which, when taken together with observa-
tions made with humans, indicates that chromium may be an essential nutrient for
animals. Some research results also indicate that chromium supplementation of
practical diets of food-producing animals is beneficial. Because of the uncertain-
ties associated with the role of supplemental chromium in animal diets, the Board
on Agriculture' s Committee on Animal Nutrition of the National Research Coun-
cil conducted a review and an evaluation of the scientific literature on the use of
v
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v!
PREFACE
supplemental chromium in diets of livestock and laboratory animals. The
committee's charge was to conduct a thorough review of the scientific literature
on chromium, determine whether chromium should be classified as an essential
nutrient, and analyze the effects of chromium as a supplement of practical animal
diets. A steering committee, composed of members of the Committee on Animal
Nutrition, was formed in April 1996. The following individuals were responsible
for the respective sections of the report: Donald C. Beitz and Ronald L. Horst,
introduction and metabolic role of chromium; Karin M. Wittenberg, ruminants
and horses; Jerry L. Sell, swine and poultry; George C. Fahey, laboratory animals
and rabbits; and Delbert Gatlin III, fish.
The report begins with a discussion of the absorption, transport, and deposi-
tion of chromium in humans and animals in Chapter 1. Current knowledge of the
role of chromium in metabolism of humans and animals is described in Chapter
2. Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive review of data describing the effects of
supplemental dietary chromium on cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, horses, rats,
rabbits, and fish. The information reviewed for each species is summarized from
the perspective of whether there is sufficient evidence to conclude that chromium
is an essential nutrient and whether supplementation of practical animal diets
with chromium is needed.
Jerry L. Sell, Chair
Steering Committee
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Acknowledgments
The Committee acknowledges many scientists who provided input during
the report preparation process. Numerous individuals supplied information and
materials that were used during the Committee' s deliberations. We extend spe-
cial thanks to Nancy Arth for her assistance with preparation of the report manu-
script. In addition, the secretarial assistance of Ann Shuey and Mary Cochran,
Iowa State University, is gratefully acknowledged.
. .
vat
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ruminants, 2
Nonruminants, 3
Conclusions, 4
1 INTRODUCTION
Absorption, Transport, and Content in Animal Tissues, 7
CHROMIUM AND METABOLISM
Carbohydrate Metabolism, 11
Lipid Metabolism, 12
Protein Metabolism, 13
Nucleic Acid Metabolism, 13
Stress, 13
Chromium Toxicity, 13
CHROMIUM IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
Ruminants, 15
Lactating Cows, 15
Preweaned Calves, 17
Growing-Finishing Cattle, 22
Sheep, 32
Summary, 33
Nonruminants, 36
Growing-Finishing Swine, 36
Fix
1
6
10
15
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x
Sows, 42
Summary, 42
Poultry, 43
Summary, 62
Horses, 62
Rats, 63
Summary, 65
Rabbits, 65
Summary, 66
Fish, 66
Summary, 68
Conclusions, 68
REFERENCES
AUTHORS
TABLES
2-1 Signs and Symptoms of Chromium Deficiency, 11
COME
70
79
3-1 Influence of Supplemental Dietary Chromium on Lactating Dairy Cows, 18
3-2 Influence of Supplemental Dietary Chromium on Cattle, 24
3-3 Influence of Supplemental Dietary Chromium on Sheep, 34
3-4 Influence of Supplemental Dietary Chromium on Swine, 44
3-5 Influence of Supplemental Dietary Chromium on Young Poultry, 56
3-6 Influence of Supplemental Dietary Chromium on Laying Hens, 60
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