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Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy
used by the River Action Teams as examples to demonstrate the benefits of the watershed approach.
Effectiveness Monitoring and Evaluation: There is an extensive biological, chemical, and physical monitoring system to track water quality. Results are fed to the River Action Teams, which use the information to further develop and refine protection strategies.
Stakeholder Involvement: The TVA's holistic, multiobjective watershed approach to the Tennessee River and its tributaries relies on the input of multiple stakeholders. Projects undertaken to improve water quality are joint actions of individuals, businesses, local and state agencies, and other federal agencies, along with TVA. Public education and open disclosure of the environmental problems are also part of the solution. For example, RiverPulse, a colorful, easy-to-read document, reports annually on the conditions for swimming and fishing and on overall ecological health of the waters in the Tennessee Valley, and it discusses the progress of some of the projects under way in the watershed.
GOAL AND OBJECTIVE SETTING
Goals provide general direction for source water protection programs by broadly stating the intent of the management plan. A primary goal of all municipal water suppliers is to provide an adequate supply of high-quality water, as defined by its taste, odor, color, clarity, and concentration of contaminants. Beyond this general goal, specific goals can be tailored to a watershed's physical characteristics, existing water quality concerns, contaminant sources, and regulatory constraints (AWWARF, 1991). Detailed numeric objectives often complement general goals by providing quantifiable and measurable direction for source water protection programs.
Source Water Protection Goals
Source water protection goals generally reflect the specific needs and conditions of the watershed and the entity implementing the program. Beyond providing high-quality source water, such programs may strive to (1) reduce or limit sources of contamination, (2) minimize the risk of hazardous chemicals entering
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