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Marine Mammals and
Low-Frequency Sound
Progress Since ~ 994
Committee to Review Results of ATOC's
Marine Mammal Research Program
Ocean Studies Board
. .
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS · 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW · Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This report was supported by grants from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the
Office of Naval Research. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the sponsors.
Library of Congress Catalog Number 00-101832
International Standard Book Number 0-309-06886-X
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Box 285
Washington, DC 20055
800-624-6242
202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area)
http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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:~x :; ~ ~ ~~ ~~ :~ :: ::: ~. ::::::::: : :::
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
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that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.
Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of
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The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
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purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
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Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf
are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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COMMITTEE TO REVIEW RESULTS OF ATOC'S MARINE
MAMMAL RESEARCH PROGRAM
ARTHUR N. POPPER (Chair), University of Maryland, College Park
HARRY A. DEFERRARI, University of Miami, Florida
WILLIAM F. DOLPHIN, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
PEGGY L. EDDS-WALTON, Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University,
Chicago, Illinois
GORDON M. GREVE, Consultant, Durango, Colorado
DENNIS MCFADDEN, University of Texas, Austin
PETER B. RHINES, University of Washington, Seattle
SAM H. RIDGWAY, Navy Marine Mammal Program, San Diego, California
ROBERT M. SEYFARTH, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
SHARON L. SMITH, University of Miami, Florida
PETER L. TYACK, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts
OSB Liaison to Committee
DAVID BRADLEY, Pennsylvania State University, State College
Staff
EDWARD R. URBAN, ,IR., Study Director
JENNIFER WRIGHT, Senior Project Assistant (until April 1999)
LORA TAYLOR, Senior Project Assistant (April 1999)
jODI BACHIM, Project Assistant (starting May 1999)
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OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
KENNETH BRINK (Chair), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts
ALICE ALLDREDGE, University of California, Santa Barbara
DAVID BRADLEY, Pennsylvania State University, State College
DANIEL BROMLEY, University of Wisconsin, Madison
OTIS BROWN, University of Miami, Florida
CORT COOPER, Chevron Chemical Company LLC
CARL FRIEHE, University of California, Irvine
RAY HILBORN, University of Washington, Seattle
EDWARD HOUDE, University of Maryland, Solomons
JOHN KNAUSS, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett
ROBERT A. KNOX, University of California, San Diego
RAY KRONE, University of California, Davis
CINDY LEE, State University of New York, Stony Brook
ROGER LUKAS, University of Hawaii, Manoa
NANCY MARCUS, Florida State University, Tallahassee
NEIL OPDYKE, University of Florida, Gainesville
MICHAEL K. ORBACH, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina
WALTER SCHMIDT, Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee
GEORGE SOMERO, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California
KARL K. TUREKIAN, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
Staff
MORGAN GOPNIK, Director
EDWARD R. URBAN, ,IR., Senior Program Officer
DAN WALKER, Senior Program Officer
ALEXANDRA ISERN, Program Officer
SUSAN ROBERTS, Program Officer
ROBIN MORRIS, Administrative Associate
SHARI MAGUIRE, Research Assistant
ANN CARLISLE, Senior Project Assistant
LORA TAYLOR, Senior Project Assistant
JODI BACHIM, Project Assistant
MEGAN KELLY, Project Assistant
v
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COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT,
AND RESOURCES
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER (Chair), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
RICHARD A. CONWAY, Union Carbide Corporation (Retired), S. Charleston,
West Virginia
LYNN GOLDMAN, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health,
Baltimore, Maryland
THOMAS E. GRAEDEL, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
THOMAS ,1. GRAFF, Environmental Defense Fund, Oakland, California
EUGENIA KALNAY, University of Maryland, College Park
DEBRA KNOPMAN, Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.
BRAD MOONEY, J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia
HUGH C. MORRIS, E1 Dorado Gold Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia
H. RONALD PULLIAM, University of Georgia, Athens
MILTON RUSSELL, Joint Institute for Energy and Environment and
University of Tennessee (Emeritus), Knoxville
ROBERT ,1. SERAFIN, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,
Colorado
ANDREW R. SOLOW, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole
Massachusetts
E-AN ZEN, University of Maryland, College Park
MARY LOU ZOBACK, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
Staff
ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director
GREGORY H. SYMMES, Associate Executive Director
,IEANETTE SPOON, Administrative and Financial Officer
DAVID FEARY, Scientific Reports Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
MARQUITA SMITH, Administrative Assistant/Technology Analyst
al
,!
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r
Acknowledgments
In accordance with NRC report review policies, this report has been reviewed
by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. This
independent review provided candid and critical comments that assisted the
authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and
ensured that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence,
and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and
draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative
process. The Committee and staff wish to thank the following individuals for
their participation in the review of the report: David Farmer (Institute of Ocean
Sciences, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans), Jonathan Gordon
(Oxford University and International Fund for Animal Welfare), Robert Hofman
(U.S. Marine Mammal Commission), Glenis Long (Purdue University), James
Lynch (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), Donald Malins (Pacific North-
west Research Institute), Andrew Solow (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu-
tion), and Bernd Wursig (Texas A&M University). While these people provided
many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content
rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
. .
vim
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r
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
The ATOC Concept, 13
Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Vertebrates, 15
Origin of Study, 17
EVALUATION OF THE MARINE MAMMAL
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Description of MMRP Results, 21
California ATOC Source, 23
Hawaii ATOC Source, 31
Comparison of the Recommendations of NRC (1996) and MMRP
Responses, 34
Maintenance of the Shore Station and Playback Experiments, 36
Need for Prompt Data Analysis, 38
Ensonified Species Other than Marine Mammals, 39
Significance of the MMRP to Research Uses of Sound, 39
3. ASSESSMENT OF CONTINUING RESEARCH NEEDS
Behavior of Marine Mammals in the Wild, 43
Structure and Function of Marine Mammal Auditory Systems, 49
Effects of Low-Frequency Sounds on the Food Chain, 60
Potential Nonauditory Acoustic Effects on Marine Animal Health, 62
Long-Term Acoustic Monitoring of Critical Habitats, 63
Ax
9
21
41
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x
4. REGULATORY ISSUES
Acoustic Harassment, 65
Definition of Level A Acoustic Harassment, 67
Definition of Level B Acoustic Harassment, 68
Scientific Research Permits, 70
Incidental Harassment Authorization, 70
Cumulative Impacts, 71
c FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Results of the MMRP, 73
Future Research and Observations, 76
Priority Studies, 77
Response to Stranded Marine Mammals, 80
Multiagency Research Support, 82
Multidisciplinary Research Teams and Peer Review, 83
Population-Level Audiograms, 85
National Captive Marine Mammal Research Facility, 86
Regulatory Reform, 87
Comprehensive Monitoring and Regulation of Sound in the Ocean, 88
References
Appendixes
A Committee Biographies
B Summary from NRC (1994)
C Relevant U.S. Legislation and Regulations for Marine Mammals
D OS HA Regulations
Glossary of Acronyms
F Species Mentioned in This Report
CONTENTS
65
73
91
101
103
107
141
143
145
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Marine Mammals and
·ow-Frequency Sound
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