man intelligence, theories that have been radically reformulated over time. The most recent incarnation is Sternberg’s notion of successful intelligence. The three components of successful intelligence are (1) analytic abilities, which aid in defining problems, setting up solution strategies, and monitoring solutions and presumably include many of the dimensions outlined in the Horn-Cattell and Carroll models; (2) creative abilities, which involve generating new problem solving options and attempting to convince others of their worth; and (3) practical abilities, which subsume skills in ensuring that one can implement solutions and see that they are carried out. As with information processing approaches, at present no standardized batteries are available to assess constructs within Sternberg’s triarchic theories.

The final theory discussed in this section is the theory of multiple intelligences, described by Gardner (1983). According to this theory, at least eight different types of intelligence can be identified: (1) linguistic intelligence, subsuming language and communication skills; (2) musical intelligence, involving individual differences in rhythm and pitch and skills in composing music; (3) logical-mathematical intelligence, including logical reasoning and number abilities; (4) spatial intelligence, or the ability to understand spatial relations; (5) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, assessed by skills in dancing, acting, and athletics; (6) intrapersonal intelligence, or knowledge of one’s self, feelings, and motives; (7) interpersonal intelligence, or skills in discerning the feelings, beliefs, and intentions of others; and (8) naturalist intelligence, involving seeing and understanding patterns in nature. Gardner has done little research to validate his theory on the types of intelligence. To the extent that evidence supports the notion of different intelligences, the evidence is consistent with the Horn-Cattell and Carroll theories. For example, Gardner’s linguistic intelligence is most similar to Gc in the Horn-Cattell model. As a result, little empirical evidence is available that uniquely supports Gardner’s theory. Moreover, no standardized measures of the constructs in this theory are available.