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Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) (2005)
Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)

Page
518
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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.


Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids

Bonanome A, Grundy SM. 1988. Effect of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. N Engl J Med 318:1244–1248.

Bonanome A, Grundy SM. 1989. Intestinal absorption of stearic acid after consumption of high fat meals in humans. J Nutr 119:1556–1560.

Boulton TJC, Magarey AM. 1995. Effects of differences in dietary fat on growth, energy and nutrient intake from infancy to eight years of age. Acta Paediatr 84:146–150.

Bourre J-M, Francois M, Youyou A, Dumont O, Piciotti M, Pascal G, Durand G. 1989. The effects of dietary α-linolenic acid on the composition of nerve membranes, enzymatic activity, amplitude of electrophysiological parameters, resistance to poisons and performance of learning tasks in rats. J Nutr 119:1880–1892.

Bourre J-M, Dumont O, Durand G. 1996. Does an increase in dietary linoleic acid modify tissue concentrations of cervonic acid and consequently alter alpha-linolenic requirements? Minimal requirement of linoleic acid in adult rats. Biochem Mol Biol Int 39:607–619.

Brauer PM, Slavin JL, Marlett JA. 1981. Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in elderly and young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1061–1070.

Brenner RR. 1974. The oxidative desaturation of unsaturated fatty acids in animals. Mol Cell Biochem 3:41–52.

Brossard N, Croset M, Pachiaudi C, Riou JP, Tayot JL, Lagarde M. 1996. Retroconversion and metabolism of [13C]22:6n-3 in humans and rats after intake of a single dose of [13C]22:6n-3-triacylglycerols. Am J Clin Nutr 64:577–586.

Bruckner G, Shimp J, Goswami S, Mai J, Kinsella JE. 1982. Dietary trilinoelaidate: Effects on metabolic parameters related to EFA metabolism in rats. J Nutr 112:126–135.

Bunker CH, Ukoli FA, Okoro FI, Olomu AB, Kriska AM, Huston SL, Markovic N, Kuller LH. 1996. Correlates of serum lipids in a lean black population. Atherosclerosis 123:215–225.

Burr GO, Burr MM. 1929. A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J Biol Chem 82:345–367.

Butte NF. 2000. Fat intake of children in relation to energy requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1246S–1252S.

Butte NF, Garza C, Smith EO, Nichols BL. 1984. Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 104:187–195.

Byard RW, Makrides M, Need M, Neumann MA, Gibson RA. 1995. Sudden infant death syndrome: Effect of breast and formula feeding on frontal cortex and brainstem lipid composition. J Paediatr Child Health 31:14–16.


Calles-Escandon J, Goran MI, O’Connell M, Nair KS, Danforth E. 1996. Exercise increases fat oxidation at rest unrelated to changes in energy balance or lipolysis. Am J Physiol 270:E1009–E1014.

Carlson SE, Rhodes PG, Ferguson MG. 1986. Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula. Am J Clin Nutr 44:798–804.

Carlson SE, Cooke RJ, Werkman SH, Tolley EA. 1992. First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n-3 supplemented formula. Lipids 27:901–907.

Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Peeples JM, Cooke RJ, Tolley EA. 1993. Arachidonic acid status correlates with first year growth in preterm infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1073–1077.

Page
518
Front Matter (R1-R26)
Summary (1-20)
1. Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (21-37)
2. Methods and Approaches Used (38-52)
3. Relationship of Macronutrients and Physical Activity to Chronic Disease (53-83)
4. A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (84-106)
5. Energy (107-264)
6. Dietary Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches (265-338)
7. Dietary, Functional, and Total Fiber (339-421)
8. Dietary Fats: Total Fat and Fatty Acids (422-541)
9. Cholesterol (542-588)
10. Protein and Amino Acids (589-768)
11. Macronutrients and Healthful Diets (769-879)
12. Physical Activity (880-935)
13. Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Macronutrients (936-967)
14. A Research Agenda (968-971)
Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms (972-977)
Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (978-984)
Appendix C: Acknowledgments (985-987)
Appendix D: Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (988-1027)
Appendix E: Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, 1998 (1028-1065)
Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990-1997 (1066-1075)
Appendix G: Special Analyses for Dietary Fats (1076-1077)
Appendix H: Body Composition Data Based on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (1078-1103)
Appendix I: Doubly Labeled Water Data Used to Predict Energy Expenditure (1104-1202)
Appendix J: Association of Added Sugar Intake and Intake of Other Nutrients (1203-1225)
Appendix K: Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996, 1998 (1226-1243)
Appendix L: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (1244-1249)
Appendix M: Nitrogen Balance Studies Used to Estimate the Protein Requirements in Adults (1250-1258)
Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members (1259-1274)
Index (1275-1318)
Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes (1319-1331)
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