TCRP Legal Research Digest 35:

Reductions in Transit Service or Increases in Fares: Civil Rights, ADA, Regulatory, and Environmental Justice Implications

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Size: 54 pages, 8.5 x 11

Publication Year:2011

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Authors:
Larry W Thomas; Transportation Research Board
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TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Legal Research Digest 35: Reductions in Transit Service or Increases in Fares: Civil Rights, ADA, Regulatory, and Environmental Justice Implications explores the legal implications of reductions in transit service or increases in fares in ...
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Table of Contents
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COVER	1-1	(skim)
CONTENTS	2-2	(skim)
I. INTRODUCTION	3-4	(skim)
B. No Cause of Action Under Disparate-Impact Regulations Promulgated Under Section 602 of Title VI to Effectuate the Provisions of Section 601	5-5	(skim)
D. USDOT Title VI Order (1997) Incorporating the Principles of Environmental Justice in Decision-Making Practices of All USDOT Programs, Policies, and Activities	6-6	(skim)
E. Guidance Provided by FTA Title VI Circular (2007) for Recipients and Subrecipients of FTA Financial Assistance Regarding Compliance with Title VI and Integration of the USDOT Order as Well as Policy Guidance Concerning Limited-English-Proficient Persons	7-8	(skim)
F. Application of Principles of Environmental Justice to Avoid, Minimize, or Mitigate Disproportionately High and Adverse Human Health and Environmental Effects on Low-Income Populations	9-10	(skim)
G. Executive Order 13166 (2000), Department of Justice and USDOT Policy Guidance, and the 2007 FTA Title VI Circular Regarding Access to Transit Services for LEP Persons and Compliance with Title VI	11-11	(skim)
H. Recipients' and Subrecipients' Obligation to Promote Inclusive Public Participation	12-12	(skim)
I. Applicability of Title VI and the ADA to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009	13-13	(skim)
A. Section 601 Proscribes Only Intentional Discrimination	14-14	(skim)
A. Proof of Disparate Treatment: The Arlington Heights Factors	15-16	(skim)
B. Title VI and Recent Cases	17-20	(skim)
C. Pre-Sandoval Disparate-Impact Cases	21-22	(skim)
A. Cases Holding That Disparate-Impact Claims Are Not Actionable Under Section 1983	23-23	(skim)
B. Sovereign Immunity and Section 1983	24-24	(skim)
A. Procedures Applicable to Complaints	25-25	(skim)
B. Title VI Administrative Complaints Based on Reduction in Service or Increase in Fares	26-26	(skim)
D. Transit Agencies' Responses to Title VI Complaints	27-27	(skim)
A. Statutory Provisions Applicable to Public Transportation Providers	28-28	(skim)
B. DOT Regulations Implementing the ADA	29-29	(skim)
C. The Availability of a Private Right of Action Under the ADA	30-30	(skim)
D. The ADA and Paratransit Service	31-32	(skim)
E. ADA Administrative Compliance and Enforcement	33-33	(skim)
G. Whether State Transit Agencies Have Sovereign Immunity	34-34	(skim)
A. Prohibition of Discrimination in Public Accommodations	35-35	(skim)
B. Public Transportation Services Provided by Private Entities	36-36	(skim)
D. Administrative Action and Enforcement	37-37	(skim)
A. Transit Agencies' Title VI Policies	38-38	(skim)
B. Low-Income Populations	39-39	(skim)
C. Limited-English-Proficiency Persons	40-41	(skim)
D. Transit Agencies' ADA Policies	42-42	(skim)
E. Transit Agency Coordination	43-43	(skim)
F. Transit Agency Resources	44-44	(skim)
G. Policy Regarding Review of Legal Issues When Reducing Service or Increasing Fares	45-45	(skim)
X. CONCLUSION	46-46	(skim)
APPENDIX A - SURVEY QUESTIONS	47-50	(skim)
APPENDIX B - TRANSIT AGENCIES RESPONDING TO THE SURVEY	51-52	(skim)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	53-53	(skim)
BACK COVER	54-54	(skim)

Description

TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Legal Research Digest 35: Reductions in Transit Service or Increases in Fares: Civil Rights, ADA, Regulatory, and Environmental Justice Implications explores the legal implications of reductions in transit service or increases in fares in the context of environmental justice. Based on federal environmental justice principles, the report analyzes constitutional and statutory provisions and regulations in regard to transit agencies' compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).

TCRP Legal Research Digest 35:

Reductions in Transit Service or Increases in Fares: Civil Rights, ADA, Regulatory, and Environmental Justice Implications

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