| Title Page and Notice |
i |
| National Academies Statement |
iii |
| Committee |
v |
| Preface |
vii |
| Acknowledgment of Reviewers |
xi |
|
| SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
1 |
|
| 1 |
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, PRODUCTIVITY, AND CREATIVITY |
15 |
| |
Inventive and Creative Practices |
16 |
| |
Domains and Benefits of Creativity |
18 |
| |
The Creative Industries |
20 |
| |
Interactions Among Domains of Creative Activity |
22 |
| |
The Roles of Information Technology |
24 |
| |
The Race for Creativity in a Networked World |
27 |
| |
Roadmap for This Report |
28 |
|
| 2 |
CREATIVE PRACTICES |
30 |
| |
What Makes People Creative |
30 |
| |
How Creative People Work |
34 |
| |
|
Individuals with Diverse Expertise and Skills |
36 |
| |
|
Successful Collaborations |
40 |
| |
|
|
Architecture |
44 |
| |
|
|
Movie Production |
45 |
| |
|
|
Computer Games |
48 |
| |
Cultural Challenges in Cross-disciplinary Collaborations |
51 |
| |
|
Overcoming Preconceived Notions About Computer Scientists and Artists and Designers |
52 |
| |
|
Minimizing Communications Clashes |
55 |
| |
Resources That Support Creative Practices |
57 |
| |
|
Skills Training |
57 |
| |
|
Work Spaces |
58 |
|
| 3 |
ADVANCING CREATIVE PRACTICES THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY |
61 |
| |
Strange Bedfellows? |
61 |
| |
Tools Needed to Support Creative Work: Hardware and Software |
65 |
| |
|
Hardware and Software Tools: A Mixed Blessing |
68 |
| |
|
Support for Flexibility, Experimentation, and Play |
74 |
| |
|
The Internet and the Web |
75 |
| |
|
Economic Realities |
81 |
| |
|
Standards |
84 |
| |
|
Selected Areas for the Development of Hardware and Software That Would Promote Creative Work |
86 |
| |
|
|
Distributed Control |
87 |
| |
|
|
Sensors and Actuators |
88 |
| |
|
|
Video and Audio |
89 |
| |
|
|
Generative Processes |
92 |
| |
|
|
Reliable, Low-latency Communication over the Internet |
93 |
| |
|
|
Tool Design and Human-Computer Interaction |
94 |
| |
|
|
Programming Languages |
95 |
|
| 4 |
THE INFLUENCE OF ART AND DESIGN ON COMPUTER SCIENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT |
96 |
| |
Beyond Tools |
96 |
| |
|
The Information Arts |
96 |
| |
|
Modeling Disciplines: From Multidisciplinary to Transdisciplinary |
99 |
| |
|
Implications for Computer Science |
102 |
| |
Promising Areas |
104 |
| |
|
Mixed Reality |
105 |
| |
|
Computer Games |
107 |
| |
|
Narrative Intelligence |
108 |
| |
|
Non-utilitarian Evaluation |
111 |
| |
|
Experimental Consumer Product Design |
112 |
| |
|
Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing |
113 |
| |
Conclusion |
115 |
|
| 5 |
VENUES FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE PRACTICES |
118 |
| |
Studio-Laboratories |
119 |
| |
|
Historical Perspective |
119 |
| |
|
Three Classes of Modern Studio-Laboratories |
120 |
| |
Multifaceted New-Media Art and Design Organizations |
125 |
| |
|
Standalone Centers |
125 |
| |
|
Hybrid Networks |
128 |
| |
Other Venues for Practitioners |
130 |
| |
|
Virtual-Space-based Strategies |
130 |
| |
|
Professional Conferences |
133 |
| |
Public Display Venues |
136 |
| |
Corporate Experiences with Information Technology and Creative Practices |
143 |
|
| 6 |
SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES |
151 |
| |
Organizational Models for Supporting Work |
152 |
| |
|
Specialized Centers |
152 |
| |
|
Workshops |
155 |
| |
|
Service Units |
157 |
| |
Fostering ITCP Work Within Mainstream Departments and Disciplines |
158 |
| |
|
Computer Science |
158 |
| |
|
|
Examples of ITCP Work |
159 |
| |
|
|
Challenges in Computer Science Departments |
162 |
| |
|
Art Practice and Design |
165 |
| |
|
Schools of Art and Design |
167 |
| |
Cross-cutting Issues |
170 |
| |
|
Hiring Faculty |
170 |
| |
|
Encouraging Multiskilled Individuals and Collaborations |
171 |
| |
|
Designing Curricula |
173 |
|
| 7 |
INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND PUBLIC POLICY |
176 |
| |
Digital Copyright |
177 |
| |
Digital Archiving and Preservation |
181 |
| |
Validation and Recognition Structures |
184 |
| |
|
Publication |
188 |
| |
|
Curatorial Web Sites |
189 |
| |
|
Awards and Prizes |
190 |
| |
The Geography of Information Technology and Creative Practices |
191 |
| |
|
Information Technology Hot Spots |
192 |
| |
|
Geographically Distributed Creativity |
194 |
| |
|
Technology-supported Networks of Creativity |
195 |
|
| 8 |
SUPPORTING WORK IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE PRACTICES |
197 |
| |
Funding in the United States |
199 |
| |
|
Sources of Funds |
200 |
| |
|
|
Federal Funding for the Arts—The National Endowments |
202 |
| |
|
|
Indirect Public Funding for the Arts |
204 |
| |
|
|
Funding by Private Philanthropy |
205 |
| |
|
|
Prizes |
210 |
| |
|
|
Federal Funding for Information Technology Research |
211 |
| |
|
Funding for Infrastructure |
213 |
| |
|
Risk Preferences and the Challenge of Supporting Emerging Areas |
216 |
| |
|
Reexamining Funding Policies and Practices |
220 |
| |
Funding in the International Context |
225 |
| |
|
Public Support for the Arts |
225 |
| |
|
Public Support for Information Technology Research |
230 |
| |
|
Private Philanthropy |
234 |
|
| APPENDIXES |
| A |
Biographies of Committee Members and Staff |
237 |
| B |
Briefers at Committee Meetings |
247 |
|
| The Computer Science and Telecommunications Board |
251 |
