Contents

Title Page and Notice			i
National Academies Statement			iii
Committee			v
Preface			ix
Acknowledgment of Reviewers			xii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY			1
1	DIGITAL REVOLUTION, LIBRARY EVOLUTION		23
	Introduction		23
	Context		24
		The Need for Cooperation Among Libraries	24
		The Rapid Rise of Information Resources in Electronic Formats	26
		High Initial Cost of the Electronic Environment	40
		User Demand for Electronic Resources	41
		Digital Materials, Ownership Rights, and Libraries	42
	The Great Libraries in the Electronic Age		43
	Roadmap for This Report		48
2	THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: FROM JEFFERSON TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY		50
	A Brief History		50
	Units of the Library of Congress		53
		Office of the Librarian	54
		Library Services	54
		Law Library	67
		Copyright Office	69
		Congressional Research Service	71
		National Digital Library Program	74
	Looking to the Future: The Library of Congress in 2010		76
3	BUILDING DIGITAL COLLECTIONS		82
	Traditional Collections: Scope and Responsibility		82
	The Challenges of Digital Collections		85
	Defining and Building Collections in the Digital Era		90
		Defining the Scope of "Collecting" Responsibility	90
		Mechanisms for Building Digital Collections	93
		Copyright Deposit	93
		Licensed Resources	97
		Collecting Web-based Resources	99
		Building Infrastructure for Digital Collections	101
4	PRESERVING A DIGITAL HERITAGE		105
	Preservation: Traditional Scope and Responsibilities		105
	Preservation Challenges for Digital Collections		106
	Organizational Issues: Defining the Scope of the Library's Preservation Responsibilities		108
		The Library of Congress As Owner and Primary Custodian	108
		The Library of Congress As a Fail-safe Mechanism	110
		The Library of Congress As a Participant in Shared Responsibilities for Long-term Preservation	114
	What Does the Library of Congress Need to Do to Fulfill Its Long-term Preservation Responsibilities?		119
5	ORGANIZING INTELLECTUAL ACCESS TO DIGITAL INFORMATION: FROM CATALOGING TO METADATA		122
	A History of Leadership in Cataloging Standards		123
		Machine-Readable Cataloging	124
		General Cataloging Standards	126
		Encoded Archival Description	126
	The Digital Context and Its Challenges to Traditional Cataloging Practices		127
		Scale	130
		Permanence	131
		Credibility	131
		Variety	132
	Metadata as a Cross-Community Activity		133
		Dublin Core Metadata Initiative	135
		Geospatial Metadata Standards	136
		Content Rating	136
		E-commerce and Rights Management	136
		Resource Description Framework	137
	Interoperability of Metadata Standards		137
	New Cataloging Models		140
	Summary		141
6	THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AND THE WORLD BEYOND ITS WALLS		144
	The Library of Congress--Roles for the New Millennium		147
		The Library as Convenor, Coordinator, Partner, Collaborator, and Leader	147
		The Library of Congress Made Visible	149
		The Library of Congress Is Not the "National Library,"	151
		The Library of Congress and Other U.S. "National Libraries,"	152
		Findings and Recommendations	153
	Funding for the Library of Congress		155
		Findings and Recommendations	161
7	MANAGEMENT ISSUES		163
	Human Resources		166
		Library of Congress Challenges	166
		Lessons Learned from Library Projects	173
		Human Resources Processes and HR21	174
		Findings and Recommendations	177
	Coordination of Information Technology Vision, Strategy, and Standards		179
		Present Situation	179
		The Chief Information Officer Function	181
		Vision and Implementation	182
		Outside Expertise	184
		Findings and Recommendations	185
	Executive Management		186
		The Office of the Librarian	189
		New Tasks for Executive Management	190
		Findings and Recommendations	192
8	INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE		193
	The Information Technology Services Directorate		194
		Outsourcing	196
		The Information Technology Services Directorate As a Service Organization	200
		Information Technology Support Beyond the ITS Organization	202
		Findings and Recommendations	202
	Hardware and Software		203
		Information Technology Security	204
		Networking	207
		Databases and Storage	209
		Information Retrieval	210
		Digital Repository	211
		Findings and Recommendations	212
AFTERWORD			214
BIBLIOGRAPHY			217
APPENDIXES
A	Biographies of Committee Members		243
B	Briefers at Plenary Meetings and Site Visits		253
C	List of Letters Received		261
D	Acronyms		262