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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
March 19,1883-March 4,1957
BY LESTER R. DRAGSTEDT
EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM was born in Chicago, on March 19,
1883, and died in St. Louis of cancer of the lung on March 4,
1957. At the time of his death Dr. Graham was widely recog-
nized as the leading surgeon of his day. He was, in every sense,
a surgical statesman and was for many years the most influential
voice in surgical meetings all over the world. He had devoted
many years to the study of cancer of the lung and, together with
Dr. Alton Ochsner of New Orleans, had pointed out the im-
portant role of cigarette smoking in the cause of this disease. In
1933, he first successfully removed the lung from a patient with
lung cancer. This patient survived ant! was cured of his disease.
Ochsner and Graham noted that practically all of the patients
with lung cancer upon whom they operated were habitual
cigarette smokers. Not long before his final illness, Dr. Graham
and his wife, together with my wife and I, attended a surgical
convention in Glasgow, Scotland, and were houseguests of Pro-
fessor and Mrs. Arthur Mackey. Mrs. Mackey, a charming young
lady, was smoking a cigarette when the Grahams and Dragstedts
arrived at their home. To our consternation, shortly after the
introductions, Dr. Graham took the cigarette away from Mrs.
Mackey and told her that that was the last cigarette that she was
to smoke. He said that he had been a confirmed cigarette smoker
all of his life and that it was too late for him, but not too late for
221
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292
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
her, to quit. Possibly he knew at that time that he had lung
cancer and that the involvement of both lungs made removal
by a surgical operation impossible. Before Dr. Graham and Dr.
Ochsner reported their clinical studies, cigarette smoking was so
common among surgeons that their convention rooms were
often so clouded that it was difficult to see the speakers. By the
time Dr. Graham died, it was almost impossible to find a surgeon
smoking a cigarette.
Evarts Graham attended public schools and subsequently the
Lewis Institute in Chicago. In the fall of 1900 he entered Prince-
ton University and in 1904 graduated. His father, Dr. David
W. Graham, was a leading surgeon on the west side of Chicago.
He was a charter member of the staff of the Presbyterian
Hospital and was president of the medical staff from 1898 to
1901. Although David Graham had contact with Christian
Fenger, the Danish physician who first brought to Chicago and
the Midwest knowledge of cellular pathology, bacteria, and
infectious disease, he remained skeptical and paid scant atten-
tion to aseptic techniques in his surgical work. As a beginning
medical student in 1911, I recall seeing "Daddy" Graham, as we
students called him, perform an operation for the removal of
tuberculous lymph glands in the neck of a child. Evarts Graham
was his assistant and did all that he could to persuade his father
to observe the principles of aseptic surgery. However, when
Daddy Graham had finished scrubbing his hands and rinsing
them in an antiseptic solution, as a final measure he washed his
beard in the solution to the dismay of his son Evarts. We
students were delighted, because, at this time, we had been
taught something of bacteriology and were persuaded of course
about the aseptic method of surgery.
Evarts's mother, Ida Barnett Graham, was a woman of extra-
ordinary intelligence and energy, who devoted much of her life
to public service, especially in connection with the Presbyterian
church and hospital. For many years she was chairman of the
woman's board of the hospital, a voluntary organization repre-
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
223
sensing the Presbyterian churches of the Chicago area and
including a general membership of public-spirited women. This
remarkable woman was not only an inspiration to her husband
and son, but also to other surgeons as well. With this back-
ground it is not surprising that Evarts embarked on a career in
surgery.
After completing his studies at Princeton, Evarts Graham
pursued medicine at Rush Medical College. At that time, the
first two years of the medical course were given at The Univer-
sity of Chicago and the last two years at Rush Medical College,
on the west side of Chicago, near the Cook County Hospital. At
The University of Chicago, he was exposed to the inspiring
teaching of Dr. A. J. Carlson, H. Gideon Wells, R. R. Bensley,
and many others. After the completion of these two years, Evarts
entered Rush Medical College and began his training in the
clinical subjects. He made an outstanding record as an under-
graduate student and was given an appointment in pathology
with Ludvig Hektoen. During this period, he collaborated with
Dr. Ernest E. Irons in a report on generalized blastomycosis. He
received an M.D. degree in 1907 and spent the following year
as an intern in the Presbyterian Hospital, where he became a
close personal friend of Dr. Rollin T. Woodyatt, an internist
. -
some ten years AS SenlOr.
Woodyatt had just returned from a year of postgraduate
study in the clinic of Professor Friedrich Muller, in Munich,
and was charged with enthusiasm for the scientific spirit and
investigative insight of this man. He sought to develop in
Chicago a scientific clinic patterned on that of Muller, who was
an able chemist in addition to being a leading internist; and this
no doubt was responsible for Wooclyatt's advice to Evarts to
secure more training in chemistry. Dr. Arthur Dean Bevan,
Chairman of the Department of Surgery in Rush Medical Col-
lege, thought that Evarts was making a mistake in withdrawing
from clinical work to spend two or three years in chemistry. He,
as well as Evarts's father, failed to see how a knowledge of chem-
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224
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
istry could be useful to a general surgeon. Evarts's persistence in
studying chemistry in spite of this opposition is testimony to his
independence and determination. However, Evarts has said this
about his father: "I shall always be grateful to him. He sum
ported me very eagerly both financially and by sympathetic
understanding during the time that I stretched out my period
of graduate training, even including the two years that I spent
in the study of chemistry."
It was at The University of Chicago that Dr. Graham met
Helen Tredway, who was also a graduate student in pharma-
cology. They were married in 1916. Throughout his life, Dr.
Graham enjoyed the enthusiasm and intellectual support of this
remarkable woman. In addition to her household duties and
the care of two young children, Helen Tredway Graham became
an associate professor of pharmacology at Washington Univer-
sity in St. Louis and continued an active career in teaching and
research until she retired, in 1959. She was also active in a wide
range of educational and civic matters, including civil liberties
and air pollution control. She served as vice-president of the St.
Louis League of Women Voters and a board member of the
St. Louis Civil Liberties Committee. Mrs. Graham helped draft
the civil service provisions of the St. Louis County Charter and
was a member of the Board of Freeholders that drafted the
metropolitan district plan for the coordination of services in
St. Louis County. Like her husband, Mrs. Graham became con-
cerned over the health dangers caused by air pollution and was
instrumental in helping to secure air-sampling stations in St.
Louis. She died of a heart attack in 1971, when she was eighty
years old.
In 1915 Dr. Graham entered upon the private practice of
surgery in a clinic in Mason City, Iowa. This was, on the whole,
a disappointing experience. It was here that be became im-
pressed with the evils of fee splitting and ghost surgery. It was
often the practice of medical men to refer patients to surgeons
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
225
for operations and receive in return a portion of the surgeon's
fee. The surgeon often felt that the medical man was insu~-
ciently rewarded for his diagnostic work and so agreed to the
split. Unfortunately, some surgeons returned a larger portion of
the fee in order to secure more referred patients; and some
medical men chose often inferior surgeons who gave a larger
return. When Dr. Graham became President of the American
College of Surgeons, he used his great influence to persuade the
surgical societies to stop this practice among their members.
In 1918 Dr. Graham enlisted in the U.S. Army, was com-
missioned a captain, and sent to Fort Lee. He had been assigned
to take a course in neurosurgery when he was visited by Dr.
Allen B. Kanavel, a leading Chicago surgeon, who was on duty
as a consultant in the office of the Surgeon General of the Army.
Dr. Kanavel told Graham that there was growing apprehension
about the treatment of empyema (collections of pus in the chest
cavities) in the various army camps. The country was then in the
first year of an influenza epidemic that would undoubtedly in-
crease in severity. Pneumonia, accompanied by empyema, often
followed the influenza and was the chief cause of death. Dr.
Kanavel suggested that Graham work on this problem because
of his unusual chemical training. Dr. Graham agreed and was
shortly sent to Camp Lee to join with bacteriologist Edward K.
Dunham and chemist Richard D. Bell to become what came to
be known as the Empyema Commission.
With the help of Dr. Kanavel, a questionnaire was sent to
the army camp hospitals; and it was found that the mortality
from influenza pneumonia was about 30 percent. Many patients
whose pulmonary reserve had been crippled by massive, often
bilateral bronchopneumonia, were being hurried to an oper-
ating room as soon as fluid containing bacteria was found in the
chest. The operation was rib resection with open tube drainage.
Death often occurred within a half hour after the operation.
At the time when Dr. Graham and his colleagues on the
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226
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Empyema Commission were doing their work, the writer of this
memoir was also in the army serving as pathologist at the general
hospital in Camp Merritt, New Jersey. The influenza was then
at its height, and in the camp of 35,000 men, as well as in the
surrounding cities, there was a general feeling of foreboding—
almost of fear like that described in London and Paris during
the plague. As many as twenty to thirty young soldiers died daily
and were brought to the morgue for autopsy. My examination
usually revealed both pleural cavities filled with pus and causing
such compression on the lungs as to seriously interfere with
breathing. At times I requested the physicians who were caring
for these patients to drain the pleural and pericardial cavities
at an earlier date. They responded by saying that such attempts
had proved invariably fatal. The contribution of Dr. Graham
and his colleagues consisted of devising methods for the closed
drainage of these cavities without permitting air to enter and
collapse the lungs. It was a great contribution to the treatment
of empyema and opened the way for Dr. Graham's subsequent
career as one of the leaders of the new thoracic surgery. Strep-
tococcus hemolyticus usually accompanied the influenza in this
epidemic and was responsible for most of the deaths. Penicillin,
which controls this deadly infection, was not then available.
Fortunately, influenza accompanied by Streptococcus hemoly-
tictts seems now to have disappeared.
At his urgent request, Dr. Graham was given overseas duty
as commanding officer of U.S. Evacuation Hospital #34 in
France. On returning to the United States after the war, in the
spring of 1919, he was assigned to Fort Sheridan, in Illinois. The
following account of Dr. Graham's appointment as Professor of
Surgery at Washington University Medical School was given to
me by Dr. Philip Anderson Shaffer:
"At that time, members of the staff of base hospital #21 from
Washington University were also returning from France. Dur-
ir~g their absence many circumstances had changed. Dr. Fred
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
227
Murphy, chief surgeon of base hospital #21 was also Professor
of Surgery in Washington University and head of that depart-
ment. During his absence the full time system in medicine had
been adopted for heads of the clinical departments. This plan
displeased Murphy and led to his retirement thus making it
necessary to seek his successor.
"In 1916, I had been drafted as Dean of the Washington
University Medical School and, in that capacity, went to Chicago
in search of a candidate for our department of medicine. My
friend Dr. Rollin T. Woodyatt, whom I consulted, told me that
if I had wanted a surgeon he could have named an excellent
candidate. He cited the talents and accomplishments of Evarts
Graham who, however, had just accepted appointment to a clinic
in Mason City, Iowa.
"In 1917, I had~been sent to France as an officer in the section
of food and nutrition in the sanitary corps attached to the
surgeon general's office. At that time I received the resignation
of Dr. Murphy as professor of surgery at Washington University
Medical School. I recalled the praise of Woodyatt and others of
a young surgeon whose name I had forgotten. My files however
disclosed it. Dr. Graham was located at Fort Sheridan and a
committee of the faculty was sent to confer with him as to his
qualifications and interest in the position in St. Louis. He was
invited to visit the school, which he did on June 6 and 7, 1919.
The corporation approved his appointment as Professor of Sur-
gery effective July 1, 1919.
"Evarts's prompt acceptance of this appointment after such a
short visit was surprising to me but was explained many years
later when by chance I recognized his face in a group photograph
of a large attendance at the first convention of the Federation
for Experimental Biology and Medicine to meet in St. Louis.
Examination of the program of that meeting showed that Evarts
had read a paper there and had taken part in the discussion. He
had already explored the plan for a modern medical school and
OCR for page 228
228
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
appreciated the opportunity for the development of his ambi-
tions. With the acceptance of that appointment he entered into
associations that continued for the rest of his life: devoted ant!
loyal to his friends and to his responsibilities, of unshakable
mental integrity, outspoken and with wide vision. He was in-
valuable not only to his department and field, but as a member
of the executive faculty of the whole medical school and from
this post his influence in the field of medical education and
practice spread worldwide." This eloquent tribute by Dean
Shaffer was re-echoed by the many faculty members who at-
tended Dr. Graham's retirement dinner.
Dr. Graham entered upon his work as professor of surgery at
Washington University with enthusiasm and high hopes. He had
long been interested in the work of Peyton Rous and P. D.
McMaster on the function of the gallbladder. These men had
demonstrated that the thin bile from the liver was stored in the
gallbladder between meals and concentrated there by the ab-
sorption of water by the gallbladder mucosa. John I. Abel and
Leonard Rown tree had discovered that the chemical phenol-
tetrachlorphthalein, when injected into the blood stream, was
selectively removed from the blood by the liver and excreted in
the bile. A similar compound, phenoltetrabromthalein, was be-
ing used as a test of liver function. Dr. Graham speculated that
if iodine could be substituted for chlorine in the molecule of
this drug then perhaps the phenol tetraiodothalein would also be
selectively excreted in the bile. Iodine being opaque to X rays
would make the bile cast an X-ray shadow, and so the gallbladder
could be visualized. He was able to secure sodium tetraio-
dophenolphthalein from the Eastman Kodak Company and
began his work in the laboratory on experimental animals. Drs.
Warren Cole and GIover Copher assisted in these experiments.
Dr. Cole relates that, although they were able to visualize the
gallbladder in dogs, when they first administered the drug to
patients with gallstones or suspected gallstones, no visualization
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
229
of the gallbladder occurred. This was a great disappointment,
as it was hoped that by this method of visualizing the gallbladder
by X ray a diagnosis of gallstones could be made or confirmed.
Fortunately, they later gave the drug to patients without symp-
toms of gallbladder disease and found that the gallbladder
visualized perfectly. Subsequent experiments revealed that the
method provided a good test for the function of the gallbladder.
If the gallbladder mucosa were normal, it would concentrate the
bile; and the concentrated bile containing the drug was visual-
ized by X ray. When the gallbladder wall was diseased and did
not concentrate the bile, there was no visualization of the gall-
bladder. Nonvisualization of the gallbladder indicated that the
mucous membrane of the gallbladder was not normal and so did
not concentrate the bile. Often the visualized gallbladder dis-
played gallstones that, because of the absence of the drug in the
stones, cast a negative shadow. These discoveries by Dr. Graham
and his associates made the diagnosis of diseases of the gall-
bladder much more accurate and, in addition, proved very use-
ful in further investigations of the function of the gallbladder in
other conditions. Undoubtedly Dr. Graham's work on the gall-
bladder was influential in his election as a member of the
National Academy of Sciences in 1941.
Although teaching and administrative burdens consumed
much of Dr. Graham's time, he devoted himself with great suc-
cess to the study of chest diseases along with his work on the
gallbladder. His department became one of the leading centers
for thoracic surgery in the United States. At that time removal
of a lobe of the lung was occasionally done in patients with
cancer of the lung where the tumor was thought to be limited tO
one lobe. Dr. Graham was operating upon a fellow physician
when exploration of the lung revealed that the cancer involved
more than one lobe. To the awe of the surgeon spectators, he
then proceeder! to remove the entire lung. It is probable that he
had considered this eventuality before and that his decision to
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930
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
remove the entire lung was not so casual as it seemed. The
patient recovered and was cured of his disease. This surgical
triumph in 1933 electrified the surgical world, and, in addition
to adding to Dr. Graham's fame, stimulated other surgeons to
try to cure these unfortunate patients. In succeeding years, Dr.
Graham and his associates operated upon many more patients
sent to them from all parts of the world. I recall one of his force-
ful statements, namely, that every patient upon whom he had
operated for cancer of the lung had been an inveterate cigarette
smoker.
Four days after Dr. Graham's death, the Board of Directors
of Washington University on March 8, 1957, passed the follow-
· .
ng reso utlon:
"Whereas, Dr. Evarts Ambrose Graham lighted man's way to
longer life and better health by his diligent pursuit of truth and
by his brilliant and courageous achievements in surgery and
medical research; and
"Whereas, Dr. Graham devoted thirty-eight years of his life
to a distinguished career with the Washington University Medi-
cal School, receiving international acclaim for his valuable
leadership in medical education; and
"Whereas, Dr. Graham served the University faithfully and
with excellent results- in many special assignments, including
chairmanship of faculty committees to select new chancellors;
"Therefore, be it resolved that the Board of Directors of
Washington University express its gratitude for the life of this
great man and pay tribute to a memory that will forever deserve
a place of honor in the annals of man."
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
241
The present status of cholecystography and remarks on the mecha-
nisms of emptying of the gallbladder. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 44:
153.
With Joseph W. Larimore. Diverticula and duplicature of the duo-
denum, with reference to the importance of the cholecystitis in
the production of symptoms. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 45:257-65.
Report of surgeon-in-chief of Barnes Hospital. Annul Rep. Barnes
Hosp., 192~1925, pp. 3~53.
The teaching of clinical work to the undergraduate. l. Am. Med.
Assoc., 88: 1379-83.
The treatment of pulmonary suppuration. Ann. Surg., 86: 17~81.
Editor. The Year Book of General Surgery, 1926. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc.
The Department of Surgery, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis. In: Methods and Problems of Medical Edu-
cation, p. 327. Eighth Series. New York: Rockefeller Foundation.
1928
The bronchoscopic and surgical treatments of pulmonary suppura-
tion. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 17:33-41.
With E. R. Wiese. Lipomas of the mediastinum. Arch. Surg., 16:
380-85.
Editor. The Year Book of General Surgery, 1927. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 800 pp.
With W. H. Cole, Glover H. Copher, and S. Moore. Diseases of the
Gall Bladder and Bile Ducts. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea 8c Febiger.
500 pp.
Remarks on carcinoma of the lung. South. Med. i., 21:199-202.
With Warren H. Cole and Glover H. Copher. Stimultanous chol-
ecystography and determination of hepatic function. l. Am. Med.
Assoc., 90: 1111-13.
The roentgenological examination of the gall bladder. Canadian
Medical Association Journal, 17: 1019~-23.
Gall bladder cases. South. Med. i., 21: 271-74.
Report of surgeon-in-chief of Barnes Hospital. Annul Rep. Barnes
Hosp., 1926-1927, pp. 34-38.
Editor. The Year Book of General Surgery, 1928. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 800 pp.
Some functional tests and their significance. N. Engl. l. Med., 199:
1-7.
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242
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1929
Uses and abuses of cholecystography. South. Med. J., 22: 10-15.
The significance of changed intrathoracic pressures. Arch. Surg.,
18: 181-89.
Pulmonary tuberculosis combined with carcinoma of lung. I. Mo.
State Med. Assoc., 26:70-73.
Editor. The Year Book of General Surgery, 1929. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 800 pp.
The surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. l. Mo. State
Med. Assoc., 26:583-86.
Decompression of the heart. Ann. Surg., 90:817-28.
With Duff S. Allen. Effects of pressure on the heart, with reference
to the advisability of decompression of greatly enlarged hearts.
Arch.Surg.,19:1663-71.
With Duff S. Allen. Thoracoplasty and phrenicectomy. Arch. Surg.,
19: 1545-51.
With N. Arneson and R. Elman. Value of blood amylase estimations
in diagnosis of pancreatic disease; clinical study. Arch. Surg.,
19:943-67.
With J. J. Singer. Lung. Clinic demonstrations. Arch. Surg., 19:
1552-70.
St. Louis Meeting of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery.
Arch. Surg., 19: 1545-1678. (Portion of program provided by
Washington University School of Medicine and the Chest Service
of Barnes Hospital)
The application of surgery to pulmonary tuberculosis. Proceedings,
Annual Meeting of the Missouri Tuberculosis Association,
Sept. 27.
1930
Editor. Surgical diagnosis, 3 vols. Philadelphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders
Co.
With Franklin E. Walton and R. M. Moore. The nerve pathways in
the vomiting of peritonitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 27:712-14.
With H. C. gallon, H. M. Wilson, and J. J. Singer. Esophagus,
stomach and heart following unilateral phrenicectomy. Arch.
Surg., 1291-1314.
Editor. The Year Book of General Surgery, 1930. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 848 pp.
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
243
Physiological aspects of the lungs of importance to the surgeon.
In: Practice of Surgery, ed. by Dean Lewis, vol. 4, chap. 9, pp.
1-26. Hagerstown, Md.: W. F. Prior Co., Inc.
1931
With N. A. Womack and W. B. Gnagi, Jr. Adenoma of the Islands
of Langerhans with hypoglycemia. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 97:831-36.
The story of the development of cholecystography. (Alvarez Lecture)
Am. l. Surg., 12:330-35.
With Harry C. gallon. Surgical aspects of cancer of the esophagus.
Annals of Otology, Rhinology, & Laryngology, 40:895.
The prevention of carcinoma of the gallbladder. (Ewing Festschrift)
Ann. Surg., 93:317.
With F. E. Walton and R. M. Moore. The nerve pathways in the
vomiting of peritonitis. Arch. Surg., 22:829-37.
Observations on the reaction of bronchial fistulae to acute infections
of the upper respiratory tract. (Mates Festschrift) Am. i. Surg.,
14:382-83.
Lowering the mortality after operations on the biliary tract. Illinois
Medical Journal, 60: 196-202. (Sept.~: 1-17.
Editor. The Year Book of General Surgery, 1931. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 804 pp.
1932
With Robert Elman. The pathogenesis of the "strawberry" gall-
bladder. Arch. Surg., 24: 14-22.
With Harry Ballon and i. l. Singer. Bronchiectasis. l. Thorac. Surg.
(4 installments), 1~2~:154-93; 1~3~: 296-326; 1~4~:397-431; 145~:
502-61.
Editor. The Year Book of General Surgery, 1932. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 816 pp.
1933
With N. A. Womack. The application of surgery to the hypoglycaemic
state due to islet tumors of the pancreas and to other conditions.
(Bevan Lecture) Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 56: 728~2.
Estimating the risk of operations on the biliary tract by testing the
excretory function of the liver. Radiology, 2 1: 1 05-206.
OCR for page 244
244
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With H. A. Carlson, H. C. gallon, and H. M. Wilson. The effect of
phrenicectomy upon cough and expectoration. l. Thorac. Surg.,
2~6~:573-84.
With Maurice Berck. Principles versus details in the treatment of
acute empyema. Ann. Surg., 98:520-27.
With H. A. Carlson, H. C. gallon, and H. M. Wilson. Effect of
phrenicectomy upon the efficiency of cough and upon elimina-
tion of lipiodol from lungs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 30:292-93.
Editor. The 1933 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 826 pp.
With l. l. Singer. Successful removal of an entire lung for carcinoma
of the bronchus. l. Am. Med. Assoc., 101:1371-74.
1934
The diagnosis and treatment of primary carcinoma of the bronchus
or lung. (Caldwell Lecture) American journal of Roentgenology
and Radium Therapy, 3 1 (2 ): 1 45-52.
With William Ehtlich and Harry gallon. Superior vena caval ob-
struction with a consideration of the possible relief of symptoms
by mediastinal decompression. l. Thorac. Surg., 344~: 352.
With Alexis F. Hartmann. Subtotal resection of the pancreas for
hypoglycaemia. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 59:474-79.
In memoriam Dr. Carl Arthur Hedblom. l. Thorac. Surg., 3~6~:
553-58.
With W. Arthur Mackey. A consideration of the stoneless gall-
bladder. l. Am. Med. Assoc., 103: 1497-99.
The clinical application of some recent knowledge of the biliary
tract (Harvey Lecture) The Harvey Lectures, 1933-1934, 29:176-
203.
Editor. The 1934 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 815 pp.
1 9!35
With J. J. Singer and Harry C. gallon. Surgical Diseases of the
Chest. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1070 pp.
With Robert W. Bartlett and George Crile, Jr. A lymphatic connec-
tion between the gallbladder and liver. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.,
61~3~:363-65.
Editor. The 1935 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 838 pp.
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
245
Tumors of the Islands of Langerhans. In: Ch?~istopher~s Textbook of
Surgery. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.
1936
Primary carcinoma of the lung or bronchus. (Balfour Lecture) Ann.
Surg., 103~1~:1-12.
With H. L. Cabitt and J. J. Singer. Bronchography following
thoracoplasty for tuberculosis. I. Thorac. Surg., 5~3~: 259.
The Islands of Langerhans (hyperinsulinism). In: Christopher's
Textbook of Surgery, pp. 245-47. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Co.
Report of the Committee to Study Further Problems of Postgraduate
Surgical Education in General and the Qualifications for Special-
ization in General Surgery in Particular. Ann. Surg., 103:863-69.
Training of the thoracic surgeon from the standpoint of the general
surgeon. i. Thorac. Surg.,546~:575.
With i. l. Singer. Three cases of resection of calcified pulmonary
abscess (or tuberculosis) simulating tumor. J. Thorac. Surg., 6~2~:
173-83.
Editor. The 1936 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 831 pp.
1937
With Wm. Tuttle and E. l. O'Brien. Studies on tuberculin hyper-
sensitiveness. J. Thorac. Surg., 6~5~: 544-60.
Samuel Gross looks in on the American Surgical Association.
(Address of the President) Ann. Surg., 106 (4) :481 -91.
Graduate training for surgery from the viewpoint of the American
Board of Surgery. Bulletin, American College of Surgeons, Jan.
1938, 2341~:33-34.
Editor. The 1937 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs
1938
,., Inc. 827 pp.
Some accomplishments of thoracic surgery and its present problems.
(Judd Lecture) Surgery, 3~4~:485-505.
With Nathan Womack. Mixed tumors of the lung so-called bron-
chial or pulmonary adenoma. (Hektoen Festschrift) Arch. Pathol.
26: 165-206.
Clinic on bronchiectasis. Surg. Clin. North Am., 1 8 (5~: 1 1 89-1 2 1 7.
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246
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Editor. The 1938 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 781 pp.
1939
With E. M. Bricker. The inhibitory effects of sulfanilamide on
wound healing. l. Am. Med. Assoc., 112:2593-94.
Report on the American Board of Surgery. Ann. Surg., 1 10~6~: 1 1 15-
17.
Editor. The 1939 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 796 pp.
With B. Blades. The surgical treatment of intractable pulmonary
hemorrhage. In: New International Clinics, vol. 4, ser. 2, pp. 77-
8.3 Philadelphia: T. R T innincott Co
~~ rr-
1940
A plea for the earlier recognition of bronchiogenic carcinoma. In:
Frank Howard Lahey Birthday Volume, pp. 199 202. Springfield,
Ill.: Charles C Thomas Publishers.
With how little lung tissue is life compatible? (Mayo Festschrift)
Surgery, 8~2~:239 46.
Aneurysm of the ductus arteriosus, with a consideration of its
importance to the thoracic surgeon. A report of two cases.
(Written for Dean Lewis Volume) Arch. Surg., 41:324-333.
1941
Foreword for Lilienthal Festschrift. Journal of the Mount Sinai
Hospital, 7: 243~4.
Two centuries of surgery. (Address before the Bicentennial Celebra-
tion of the University of Pennsylvania, September 1940) In:
Studies in the History of Science University of Pennsylvania
Bicentennial Conference, pp. 65-87. Philadelphia: Univ. of
Pennsylvania Press.
Editor. The 1940 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 816 pp.
The National Research Council Committee on Surgery—a brief
statement of its work. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 72~2~:541~2.
With N. A. Womack. Epithelial metaplasia in congenital cystic dis-
ease of the lung. Its possible relation to carcinoma of the
bronchus. American Journal of Pathology, 17~:645-54.
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
247
With Brian Blades. Pulmonary abscess and gangrene. In: Nelson's
Loose Leaf Medicine, chap. 11, vol. 3, pp. 501-522C. New York:
Thomas Nelson & Sons.
With Edward M. Kent. Experimental observations on the use of
drugs of the sulfonamide group in the pleural space. (For Brunn
Anniversary Volume) l. Thorac. Surg., 11~2~: 198-202; also in
Medical-Surgical Tributes to Harold Brunn, pp. 231-36. Berk-
eley: Univ. of California Press.
Editor. The 1941 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 768 pp.
With Thomas Burford. The local use of sulfanilamide in the pleural
cavity. J. Thorac. Surg., 11~2~:203-9.
1942
American surgery in a changing world. (Presidential Address-
American College of Surgeons) Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 74:273-
80.
With N. A. Womack. Developmental abnormalities of the lung and
bronchiogenic carcinoma. Arch. Pathol., 34:301-18.
With Brian Blades. The surgical treatment of bilateral bronchiecta-
sis. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 75:457-64.
With C. B. Mueller. Influence of hypophysectomy on the epitheliza-
tion of wounds and on fibroplasia. Arch. Surg., 45:534-41.
Foreword for The Hospital Care of the Surgical Patient, by George
Crile, Jr., and Franklin L. Shively, fir., p. 184. Springfield, Ill.:
Charles C Thomas Publishers.
Editor. The 1942 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc. 848 pp.
With Jacques Bruneau. A caution against too liberal use of citrated
blood in transfusions. Arch. Surg., 47~4~:319-25.
With Saul Mackler. Aneurysm of the ductus Botalli as a surgical
problem. i. Thorac. Surg., 12: 719-27.
lg43
Editor. The 1943 Year Book of General Surgery. Practical Medicine
Series. Chicago: Year Bk. Med. Pubs., Inc.
1944
The modern successful treatment of bronchiogenic carcinoma. Surg.
Clin. North Am., 24:1100-1107. (Bernard Hospital number)
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248
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
What kind of medical officers do the armed services want? Surg.
Gynecol. Obstet., 79: 217- 19.
Indications for total pneumonectomy. Dis. Chest, 10:87-94. (Read
before American College of Chest Physicians)
With Anibal Roberte Valle. Annenesis of the lung. J. Thorac. Surg.,
13:345-56.
1945
With Nathan A. Womack. The problem of the so-called bronchial
adenoma. J. Thorac. Surg., 14: 106-19.
Medical education: a war casualty. Wash. Univ. Med. Alumni Q.?
8: 147-53.
With N. A. Womack. Hypoglycemia. The islands of Langerhans.
In: ~4 Textbook of Surgery, pp. 303-6, 4th ed. Philadelphia:
W. B. Saunders Co.
1946
Chest tumors. I. Mo. State Med. Assoc., 43:837-39.
1947
Chest surgery. In: The Doctors Talk It Over, vol. 6, pp. 86-9~3.
(Radio broadcast sponsored by Lederle Laboratories Division,
American Cyanamid Company)
Some aspects of bronchiogenic carcinoma. (Lister Lecture) Annals of
the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1:248-64.
1948
With Thomas H. Burford and l. H. Mayer. Middle lobe syndrome.
Postgrad. Med., 4:29-34.
The work of the Empyema Commission in World War I. North
Carolina Medical Journal, 9: 5-6.
19~49
With Norman C. Delarue. Carcinoma of the lung. Alveolar cell (pul-
monary adematosis, jagziekte?~. J. Thorac. Surg., 18:237-51.
The first total pneumonectomy. Texas Cancer Bulletin, 2:2-4.
Bronchiogenic carcinoma. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 48:232-34.
Bronchiogenic carcinoma. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 88:129-31.
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EVARTS AMBROSE GRAHAM
1950
249
With Ernest L. Wynder. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiological
factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. l. Am. Med. Assoc., 143:329-
36.
With R. M. Peters, A. Rees, H. Black, and T. H. Burford. Respira-
tory and circulatory studies after pneumonectomy in childhood.
J. Thorac. Surg., 20:484-93.
Primary carcinoma of the lung. Dis. Chest, 18: 1-11.
Changing concepts in surgery. Postgrad. Med., 7: 154-56. (Presi-
dential Address, Interstate Postgraduate Medical Association)
With R. Leonard Kemler. Studies on the influence of sex hormones
on successful heterologous transplantation of human bronchio-
genic carcinoma. Cancer, 3: 735-38.
The problem of bronchiogenic carcinoma. Surg. Clin. North Am.,
30: 1259-77.
Considerations of bronchiogenic carcinoma. Ann. Surg., 132:176-88.
1951
With Ernest Wynder. Etiologic factors in bronchiogenic carcinoma
with special reference to industrial exposure. American Medical
Association Archives of Industrial Hygiene, 4:221-35.
With Martin Bergmann. Pneumonectomy for (severe) irradiation
damage of the lung. T. Thorac. Surg., 22:549-67.
Primary cancer of the lung, with special consideration of its etiology.
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 27:261-76.
Some questions about bronchiogenic carcinoma. (Bigelow Lecture)
N. Engl. i. Med., 245:389-96.
1953
With Ernest L. Wynder and A. B. Croninger. Experimental produc-
tion of carcinoma with cigarette tar. Cancer Res., 13:855-64.
1954
Remarks on the aetiology of bronchiogenic carcinoma. (From the
Second Sir John Fraser Lecture delivered at the University of
Edinburgh on May 11, 1954) Lancet, 1:1305-8.
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250
BIOGRAPHICAL M E M OIRS
1955
A brief discussion of the etiology of bronchiogenic carcinoma.
(Singer Lecture) Dis. Chest, 27:357-68.
With Ernest L. Wynder and A. B. Croninger. Experimental produc-
tion of carcinoma with cigarette tar. II. Tests with different
mouse strains. Cancer Res., 1 ~ :445-48.
1956
Comments. Cancer research. Cancer Res., 16:816-17. (L)
Rene Leriche hommage ~ 1879-1955~. (Rene Leriche Memorial
Volume) Lyon Chirurgical, 52:8.
A tribute to Rollin Turner Woodyatt. (This tribute was the first
part of the First Rollin T. Woodyatt Lecture) Quarterly Bulletin
of else Northwestern University Medical School, 30:286-89.
1957
With V. Suntzeff, A. B. Croninger, E. L. Wynder, and E. V. Cowdry.
Use of Sebaceous-gland test of primary cigarette-tar fractions and
of certain noncarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. Cancer, 10:
250-54.
With Adele B. Croninger and E. L. Wynder. Experimental produc-
tion of carcinoma with cigarette tar. III. Occurrence of cancer
after prolonged latent period following application of tar.
Cancer, 10: 431-35.
With Adele B. Croninger and E. L. Wynder. Experimental produc-
tion of carcinoma with cigarette tar. IV. Successful experiments
with rabbits. Cancer Res., 17:1058-66.
A brief account of the surgery of a half century ago and some
personal reminiscences. Medical Clinics of North America, 41:
1061-70.
A brief account of the development of thoracic surgery and some of
its consequences. (First Annual Rollin T. Woodyatt Memorial
Lecture delivered at Tl~orne Hall, Northwestern University
Medical School, Chicago, 1955) Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 104:241-
50.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
ambrose graham
