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TABLE 3-9  continued
Vitamin	Alternative Names	1980 RDA, amount per daya	Major Food Sources	Food Supply, Intakes, and Nutritional Status
Vitamin B12	Cobalamin	Infants, 0.5-1.5 µg Children 1-10 years, 2.0-3.0 µg Males and females 11->51 years, 3.0 µg Pregnant women, + 1.0 µg Lactating women, + 1.0 µg	Only foods of animal origin supply B12. Liver, muscle meats, fish, eggs, and milk and milk products supply varying amounts.	Availability of vitamin B12 in the food supply increased up to 1967-1969 but declined 5% by 1985 (Table 3-3). In the 1985 CSFII, the mean intake in the age group 19 to 50 years was 4.85 µg for women, 7.84 µg for men, and 3.80 µg for children 1 to 5 years old. Dietary intakes were positively associated with economic status and were highest in the northeastern region.d In the 1977-1978 NFCS, among all age and sex groups, 67% consumed 100% or more of the RDA. Intakes were higher for males than for females and were higher generally for young adults than for older people.e JNMEC concluded that vitamin B12 intake is adequate. Nutritional surveys have not assessed vitamin B12 nutritional status.f
Folacin	Folic acid Folate	Infants, 30-45 µg Children 1-10 years, 100-300 µg Males and females 11->51 years, 400 µg Pregnant women, +400 µg Lactating women, +100 µg	Liver, dark-green leafy vegetables, dry beans, peanuts, wheat germ, whole grains. Ability to utilize folacin depends on the chemical form in food. Losses in cooking and canning can be very high due to heat destruction.	Availability of folacin in the food supply reached a peak between 1940 and 1950 and has declined somewhat since that time. The current RDA for adults is higher than the availability in the food supply. In the 1985 CSFII, average intakes for men and women 19-50 years of age averaged 305  µg/day and 189 µg/day, respectively. Children 1 to 5 years old averaged 185µg/day.d Folacin intake was not determined in the1977-1978 NFCS because data were unavailable on many foods consumed.e JNMECf concluded that folacin intake and status need to be investigated further. The folacin RDA may be higher relative to population requirements than is the case for other nutrients. On the basis of limited data from NHANES II, females 20 to 44 years of age were judged to be at greatest risk of developing folacin deficiencies. Comment: The current method used to analyze for folacin in foods fails to give reproducible results from laboratory to laboratory. A relatively high percentage of  values for folacin in the USDA data base are imputed rather than measured.d
Vitamin C	Ascorbic acid	Infants, 35 mg Children 1-10 years, 45 mg Males and females 11->51 years, 60 mg	Citrus fruits, dark-green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, liver. The 1977-1978	Availability of vitamin C in the food supply was 13% higher in 1985 than in 1909-1913(Table 3-5). Fortification of fruit drinks and other foods increased the supply. In the 1985 CSFII, the mean daily intakes were: for children, 84 mg; for women, 77 mg; and for

Front Matter (R1-R16)

Part I: Introduction, Definitions, and Methodology (1-2)

1 Executive Summary (3-22)

2 Methodological Considerations in Evaluating the Evidence (23-40)

3 Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status: Trends and Assessment (41-84)

4 Genetics and Nutrition (85-98)

Extent and Distribution of Chronic Disease: An Overview (99-136)

Part II: Evidence on Dietary Components and Chronic Diseases (137-138)

6 Calories: Total Macronutrient Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Net Energy Stores (139-158)

7 Fats and Other Lipids (159-258)

8 Protein (259-272)

9 Carbohydrates (273-290)

10 Dietary Fiber (291-310)

11 Fat-Soluble Vitamins (311-328)

12 Water-Soluble Vitamins (329-346)

13 Minerals (347-366)

14 Trace Elements (367-412)

15 Electrolytes (413-430)

16 Alcohol (431-464)

17 Coffee, Tea, and Other Nonnutritive Dietary Components (465-508)

18 Dietary Supplements (509-526)

Part III: Impact of Dietary Patterns on Chronic Diseases (527-528)

19 Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases (529-548)

20 Hypertension (549-562)

21 Obesity and Eating Disorders (563-592)

22 Cancer (593-614)

23 Osteoporosis (615-626)

24 Diabetes Mellitus (627-632)

25 Hepatobiliary Disease (633-636)

26 Dental Caries (637-648)

Part IV: Overall Assessment, Conclusions, and Recommendations (649-650)

27 Overall Assessment and Major Conclusions (651-664)

Recommendations on Diet, Chronic Diseases, and Health (665-710)

Index (711-749)