Pollination

Role of biota in movement of floral gametes

Pollination of wild plants species

Biological control

Population control through trophic-dynamic relations

Control of pests and diseases

Providing habitat (suitable living space) for wild plant and animal species

Refugium

Suitable living space for wild plants and animals

Maintenance of biological and genetic diversity

Maintenance of commercially Harvested species

Nursery

Suitable reproductive habitat

Hunting; gathering of fish, game, fruit, etc.

Aquaculture

Provision of natural resources

Food

Conversion of solar energy into edible plants and animals

Building and manufacturing

Fuel and energy

Fodder and fertilizer

Raw materials

Conversion of solar energy into biomass for human construction and other uses

Improve crop resistance to pathogens and pests

Genetic resources

Genetic material and evolution in wild plants and animals

Drugs and pharmaceuticals

Chemical models and tools

Test and assay organisms

Medicinal resources

Variety of (bio)chemical substances in, and other medicinal uses of, natural biota

Ornamental resources

Variety of biota in natural ecosystems with (potential) ornamental use

Resources for fashion, handicraft, worship, decoration, etc.

Providing opportunities for cognitive development

Aesthetic

Attractive landscape features

Enjoyment of scenery

Recreation

Variety in landscapes with (potential) recreational uses

Ecotourism