| A total of 50 pages of uncorrected, machine-read text were searched in this chapter . 21 pages were identified which contain a total of 40 lines that match "marijuana."
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... 2 CANNABINOIDS AND ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Introduction Much has been learned since the publication of the 1982 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Marijuana and Health.* Although it was clear then that most of the effects of marijuana were due to its actions on the brain, there was little information ... most affected by THC. Too little was known about cannabinoid physiology to offer any scientific insights into the harmful or therapeutic effects of marijuana. That is no longer true. During the past 16 years, there have been major advances in what basic science discloses about the potential medical ... of cannabinoids, the group of compounds related to THC. Many variants are found in the marijuana plant, and other cannabinoids not found in the plant have been chemically synthesized. Sixteen years ago it was still a matter of debate as to ...
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...; Basic science is the wellspring for developing new medications and is particularly important for understanding a drug that has as many effects as marijuana. Even committed advocates of the medical use of marijuana do not claim that all the effects of marijuana are desirable for every medical use. But ... do claim that the combination of specific effects of marijuana enhances its medical value. An understanding of those specific effects is what basic science can provide. The multiple effects of marijuana can be ... out and studied with the goals of evaluating the medical value of marijuana and cannabinoids in specific medical conditions, as well as minimizing unwanted side effects. An understanding of the basic mechanisms through which ...
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... biology offers new insights into clinical use, especially given the scarcity of clinical studies that adequately evaluate the medical value of marijuana. For example, despite the scarcity of sub-...
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... components of that machinery with enough detail to permit the reader to compare what is known about basic biology with the medical uses proposed for marijuana. For some readers that will be too much detail. Those readers who do not wish to read the entire chapter should, nonetheless, be mindful of the ...
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...—as known today. It thus provides a scientific basis for interpreting claims founded on anecdotes and for evaluating the clinical studies of marijuana presented in chapter 4....
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... cannabinoids on the brain is based on animal studies. Many speakers at the public workshops associated with this study argued that animal studies of marijuana are not relevant to humans. Animal studies are not a substitute for clinical trials, but they are a necessary complement. Ultimately, every ... clinical studies. At the same time, animal studies can never inform us completely about the full range of psychological and physiological effects of marijuana or cannabinoids on humans....
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... The Active Constituents of Marijuana D9-THC and D8-THC are the only compounds in the marijuana plant that produce all the psychoactive effects of marijuana. Because D9-THC is much more abundant than D8-THC, the psychoactivity of marijuana has been attributed largely to the effects of D9-THC. 11-OH-D9-THC ...
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..., although a few studies have been done to examine whether other cannabinoids modulate the effects of THC or mediate the nonpsychological effects of marijuana. Cannabidiol (CBD) does not have the same psychoactivity as THC, but it was initially reported to attenuate the psychological response to THC in ... volunteers reported that CBD can block the anxiety induced by high doses of THC (0.5 mg/kg).177 There are numerous anecdotal reports claiming that marijuana with relatively higher ratios of THC:CBD is less likely to induce anxiety in the user than marijuana with low THC:CBD ratios; but, taken together, ...
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... Main psychoactive cannabinoid in marijuana plant; largely responsible for psychological and physiological effects (except in discussions of the different forms of THC, THC is used as a synonym ...
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... Slightly less potent than D9-THC and much less abundant in marijuana plant but otherwise similar....
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... Bioactive compound formed when body breaks down D9-THC; presumed to be responsible for some effects of marijuana....
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...;and activate cannabinoid receptors. THC is the primary psychoactive molecule found in marijuana. CP 55,940 is a THC analogue; that is, its chemical structure is related to&...
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... cellular studies, such as these, are generally much higher than the concentrations of THC or CBD in the body that would likely be achieved by smoking marijuana....
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... Cannabinoid Receptors and Brain Functions Motor Effects Marijuana affects psychomotor performance in humans. The effects depend both on the nature of the task and the experience with marijuana. In general, effects ...
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... Memory Effects One of the primary effects of marijuana in humans is disruption of short-term memory.68 That is consistent with the abundance of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus, the brain region most ...
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... Pain After nausea and vomiting, chronic pain was the condition cited most often to the IOM study team as a medical use for marijuana. Recent research presented below has shown intriguing parallels with anecdotal reports of the modulating effects of cannabinoids on pain—both ...
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...,119 hypothermia,42,125 neuroendocrine effects,134 and analgesia.4 Tolerance also develops to the cardiovascular and psychological effects of THC and marijuana in humans (see also discussion in chapter 3).55,56,76...
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PAGE 57
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... It is difficult to extend the findings of short-term animal studies to human marijuana use. To simulate long-term use, higher doses are used in animal studies than are normally achieved by smoking marijuana. For example, the average ... injection of THC at a level of 0.06 mg/kg,118 compared with the 10-20 mg/kg per day used in many chronic rat studies. At the same time, doses of marijuana needed to observe behavioral changes in rats (usually changes in locomotor behavior) are substantially higher than doses at which people feel "high." ...
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... memory in response to the initial sublethal infection.87 Note that these are very high doses and are considerably higher than doses experienced by marijuana users (see Figure 3.1).115 In rats, doses of 4.0 mg/kg THC are aversive.95...
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... HU-211 is a synthetic cannabinoid that does not bind to cannabinoid receptors and is not psychoactive;7 thus, without direct evidence, the effects of marijuana cannot be assumed to include those of HU211. CT-3, another atypical cannabinoid, suppresses acute and chronic joint inflammation in animals.178 It is ...
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... tive of 11-THC-oic acid (a breakdown product of THC) and does not appear to bind to cannabinoid receptors.129 Cannabichromene, a cannabinoid found in marijuana, has also been reported to have antiinflammatory properties.173 No mechanism of action for possible antiinflammatory effects of cannabinoids has been ... , and the effects of these atypical cannabinoids and effects of marijuana are not yet established....
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... CONCLUSION: At this point, our knowledge about the biology of marijuana and cannabinoids allows us to make some general conclusions:...
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... of cannabinoids and provides a foundation for the next two chapters which review studies on the potential health risks (chapter 3) and benefits of marijuana use (chapter 4)....
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... enhances ventral tegmental somatodendritic dopamine levels but not forebrain dopamine levels: Evidence for local neural action by marijuana's psychoactive ingredient. Brain Research 621:65-70....
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... 56. Haney M, Ward AS, Comer SD, Foltin RW, Fischman MW. 1999. Abstinence symptoms following smoked marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology 141:395-404....
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... 84. Klein TW, Friedman H. 1990. Modulation of murine immune cell function by marijuana components. In: Watson R, Editor, Drugs of Abuse and Immune Function. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press....
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... 85. Klein TW, Friedman H, Specter SC. 1998. Marijuana, immunity and infection. Journal of Neuroimmunology 83:102-115....
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... 86. Klein TW, Newton C, Friedman H. 1987. Inhibition of natural killer cell function by marijuana components. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 20:321-332....
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... 87. Klein TW, Newton C, Friedman H. 1994. Resistance to Legionella pneumophila suppressed by the marijuana component, tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Infectious Diseases 169:1177-1179....
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... 117. O'Leary D, Block RI, Flaum M, Boles Ponto LL, Watkins GL, Hichwa RD. 1998. Acute marijuana effects on rCBF and cognition: A PET study. Abstracts-Society for Neuroscience: 28th Annual Meeting. Los Angeles, November 7-12, 1998. Washington, DC:...
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... 155. Specter S, Lancz G, Hazelden J. 1990. Marijuana and immunity: Tetrahydrocannabinol mediated inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis. International Journal of Immunophar-macology 12:261-267....
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... 168. Watzl B, Scuder P, Watson RR. 1991. Marijuana components stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cell secretion of interferon-gamma and suppress interleukin-1 alpha in vitro. International ...
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