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OCR for page 48
OCR for page 49
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
December 28, 1873-March 7, 1951
BY ROBERT S. MULLIKEN
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS was a remarkable man. Although
he was rather late in beginning his career as professor of
physical chemistry, his success was outstanding. He was a leader
in nuclear physics at a time when American physicists were
paying no attention to nuclei. Besides this, his work in chem-
istry covers a broad range of physical chemistry, with especial
emphasis on surface phenomena. He was a meticulous and re-
sourceful experimenter, as well as an enterprising one, who
did not hesitate to enter new fields and use new techniques. He
participated broadly, not only in the development of pure
science but also in its industrial applications.
Harkins was born December 28, 1873, the son of Nelson
Goodrich Harkins and Sarah Eliza (Draper) Harkins, in Titus-
ville, Pennsylvania, then the heart of the new, booming oil
industry. At the age of seven, he invested his entire capital
of $12 in an oil well that his father had drilled in the Bradford,
Pennsylvania, fields. This investment returned his capital
several times. Fortunately for science, the returns were not
great enough to attract him permanently into oil production.
In 1892, at the age of nineteen, Harkins went to Escondido,
California, near San Diego, to study Greek at the Escondido
Seminary, a branch of the University of Southern California.
The courses of study are described in the University of Southern
49
OCR for page 50
so
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
California Year-Book for 1891-1892, where Harkins is listed as
a student. Apparently, the seminary (now the Escondido High
School) served as a preparatory school for the university.
Harkins attended the seminary for one year, but had to learn
Greek elsewhere because it was discontinued the year he came;
he enrolled in a general arts course. It seems that Harkins spent
a few more years in Escondido, and made many friends, but
there is no other information as to his activities while there.
Harkins entered Stanford University in 1896 at age twenty-
three and received an A.B. in chemistry in 1900, at twenty-six.
In 1898-1900, he was assistant, then instructor, in chemistry at
Stanford. For the next twelve years, Harkins was professor and
head of the Department of Chemistry of the University of
Montana at Missoula, but he spent a considerable amount of
time in postgraduate and postdoctoral work elsewhere. He did
postgraduate work at the University of Chicago in 1901 and
1904, and at Stanford University, 1905-1906, culminating in a
Ph.D. in chemistry from Stanford on June 10, 1908. He did re-
search in Germany in 1909 and was at the Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology as research associate in 1909-1910.
Harkins left Missoula in 1912 at age thirty-nine for an appoint-
ment at the University of Chicago, where he conducted further
research the remaining thirty-nine years of his life.
In Missoula, Harkins took part in the life of the city and
state: He was President of the Missoula City Board of Health
from 1906 to 1912. He was chemist in charge of smelter in-
vestigations for the Anaconda Farmers Association (1902-1910),
the Montana Copper Company of California (1904), and the
U.S. Department of Justice (1910-1912~. His first four scientific
papers, published during the period 1907-1910, are devoted to
arsenical poisoning of animals by smelter smoke, and related
matters. In 1911 Harkins did some research for the Carnegie
Institution of Washington. On June 9, 1904, he married Anna
Louis Hathaway, who was head of the Department of English
OCR for page 51
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
~1
at the University of Montana. She had also been a graduate
student at the University of Chicago.
At the University of Chicago, with the opportunity to con-
duct pure research and to work with graduate students, Harkins'
advancement was rapid. He was first assistant professor of
general chemistry ~ 1912-1914), then associate professor ~ 1914-
1917), then professor of physical chemistry. In 1916-1917 he
was a professorial lecturer at the Mellon Institute for Industrial
Research, and he lectured at the University of Illinois (1918-
1919~. In 1935 he was appointed Andrew MacLeish Distin-
guished Service Professor at Chicago. He was George Fisher
Baker Lecturer at Cornell University in 1936-1937. In 1939
he retired officially at Chicago, but continued research with
undiminished vigor until his death in 1951.
During World War I, early in 1915, Harkins began work on
explosives for the Allies. Later in the war, he did special work
for the army and the Chemical Warfare Service. Throughout
his career, while carrying on notable work
In pure science, he
also contributed to applied science: as a consulting chemist
with the U.S.13ureau of Mines, 1920-1922; consulting engineer,
U.S. Air Service, 1924-1927; and consulting chemist, Chemical
Warfare Service from 1927, Libby-Owens-Ford Glass Company
from 1929, Universal Oil Products Company, 1930-1951, and
United States Rubber Company, 1939-1941. During World
War II, he was a member of the National Defense Research
Committee (1941-1945~. Civically, he also participated as a
member of the Chicago Commission on Ventilation (1916-
1928~.
Harkins was also active in the affairs of the American Chem-
ical Society. He was editor of the section of General and Physical
Chemistry of Chemical Abstracts (1939-1951), chairman of the
Chicago Section (1915-1916), chairman of the Division of Phys-
ical and Inorganic Chemistry ~ 1919-1920), and councillor-at-
large for a time. He was the recipient of the Willard Gibbs
OCR for page 52
52
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Gold Medal of the American Chemical Society on May 28,
1928, in recognition of his work in surface chemistry and on
nuclear structure and isotopes. He was also a vice president
(chemistry) of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science. Harkins was elected a member of the National
Academy of Sciences in 1921, and at the annual meetings in
Washington in April he took a lively part in the discussions.
He was also a member of the American Philosophical Society,
to which he was elected in 1925.
In Chicago, Harkins always lived with his family near the
university (at 5437 Ellis Avenue). He and his wife had two
children, Henry Nelson Harkins and Alice Marion Harkins.
Henry Harkins (born in Missoula in 1905) obtained B.S. and
M.S. degrees in physical chemistry, a Ph.D. in medicine (1928),
and an M.D. in 1931, all at Chicago. He went on to a distin-
guished career in surgery. His M.S. thesis on surface tension
of blood serum was completed under his father's direction in
1926. Marion Harkins won success as a concert singer. The
members of the family were devout Episcopalians. The Harkins
family had a summer home on Lake Michigan, at Lakeside,
across the lake from Chicago. An active mountain climber in
his youth in California and Montana, Harkins visited the
Rockies annually for many years. At the time of his death, he
had been paying daily visits to the hospital after Mrs. Harkins
had suffered a stroke.
Harkins' contributions to pure science covered a wide spec-
trum in the field of physical chemistry, extending also into
physics. When I came to Chicago as a graduate student in
1918, it was because I had read about Harkins' pioneering work
toward the understanding of nuclear structure, a subject
ignored at that time by American physicists. In fact, during
the period 1913-1928, Harkins and his students were the only
~ G. EgIoff, "Fathers and Sons
22(1944):804.
in Chemistry," Chemical and Engineering News
OCR for page 53
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
53
Americans engaged in work relating to the structure of the
atomic nucleus.
A perusal of the bibliography of Harkins' papers gives a
perspective of his scientific interests and of his graduate students
and other collaborators. In 1915 the diversity of his interests
is already evident. His most extensive work was in surface
chemistry (1 15 papers) and in nuclear and atomic structure and
isotope separation (nearly 80 papers).
On the occasion when he received the Willard Gibbs medal,
Harkins gave an address that shows something of his personality
and the beginnings of his activity in his major fields of research.
Following is a quotation from the introductory part of his
talk.
1 _ r_ ~ _ _ _ . , ~ . . _
"As an undergraduate, research appealed to me as one of
arc ~ ~,~:~r cures, ana 1 was attracted both to the very
large, in astronomy, and to the extremely minute, in chemistry
and physics. While the study of the atom and of radioactivity,
then a new subject, had an extreme fascination, there were two
subjects of investigation in physical chemistry which seemed
to me of such minor importance that I took a firm resolution
never to be enticed into working on either of them.
"These two fields of work were surface tension and solu-
bility. To illustrate, let us consider surface tension. I did not
realize that the importance of the study of surfaces and surface
energy arises from the fact that the surface lies outside every
body, particle or cell. To get inside from outside or outside
from inside, the surface must be traversed.
"In 1909 I went to Germany to study with Fritz Haber,
the chemist whose work on the synthesis of ammonia lengthened
the World War by one or two years. On the first day of my stay
in Karlsruhe, he invited me to lunch with him and his assistant
at the leading, hotel of the city.
"Haber insisted that as a visiting professor—I was then pro-
fessor of chemistry at the University of Montana—only a prob-
OCR for page 54
~4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
lem of extreme importance should be given to me. He and his
assistant rose, drank my health, and Haber said, 'He shall work
on surface tension.' Unfortunately, or fortunately, I knew
hardly enough German to object, and when much later I found
that many of the world's greatest scientists had been interested
in surface phenomena, I was thankful for this lack of knowl-
edge."
The work revealed to Harkins the fascinating problems of
surface chemistry and initiated his highly original work in that
field. When he was able after his establishment in Chicago to
resume that work, he began his investigation of the orientation
of molecules in surfaces. He was one of the three (the others
were W. G. Hardy and Irving Lan~muir) who independently
suggested the theory of orientation of molecules in surfaces. At
Chicago in the winter quarter of 1913-1914, Harkins gave the
earliest series of lectures on the theory of this subject. Thus
began a long chain of steps, from improved experiments to
improved theory to new experiments, which characterized
Harkins' work in surface chemistry and related fields for forty
years. The sequence was particularly fruitful because Harkins
combined meticulous and ingenious experimental techniques
with a knack for original interpretation of data. Now continu-
ing the quotation from Harkins,
'`After the completion of the experimental work, I returned
to America in order to work on physical chemistry with A. A.
Noyes and G. N. Lewis, both of whom have been awarded the
Gibbs Medal. Here I met my second aversion, for A. A. Noyes
stated that, under the grant from the Carnegie Institution which
supported the work, it was expected that the general subject
of research should be the theory of solutions, but the special
subject solubility."
In the last year of his life, Harkins completed a book, pub-
lished in 1952, Physical Chemistry of Surface Films, summariz-
ing his work on the subject. The book contains an introduction
OCR for page 55
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
55
by Thomas F. Young, a younger colleague and a great admirer
of Harkins. This introduction contains a paragraph that com-
ments interestingly on the fruits of Harkins' work at M.I.T.:
"During the brief period which Dr. Harkins spent at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1909-10, Professor
A. A. Noyes was greatly interested in theories of solutions, and
inspired an outstanding group of young men to investigate
the subject. A remarkable series of papers came from the lab-
oratory describing work done by or under the direction of
A. A. Noyes, G. N. Lewis, W. C. Bray, W. D. Harkins, and
others. Of course Harkins did not know then how important
that work on the thermodynamics of electrolytic solutions would
be to his own later investigations of surface phenomena,
especially his studies of adsorption. In 1911 he published three
papers presenting his researches on solubility carried out at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In later years
he contributed about ten more papers on ionic interactions.
The work of A. A. Noyes and his group aided G. N. Lewis in his
discovery of the ionic strength principle.
The latter once re-
marked that the principle was obtained within a few hours
after he had picked up notes of a conference held some ten
years earlier with Harkins."
Continuing further with the quotation from Harkins' Gibbs
Medal address, first about his work on surface chemistry,
"Now the greatest of solubility rules is 'similia similibus solv-
This rule suggested that the
experiments on surface tension might have given results more
in accord with the theory if more complicated molecules, such
as those present in the muscles, had been used. It is advisable,
however, in scientific work, to use as simple materials as will give
the desired behavior, so substances like butyric acid were con-
sidered.... a molecule of this substance possesses the interesting
characteristic that at one end it is like oil, and at the other
like water.
untur' or 'like dissolves like.'
OCR for page 56
56
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
"Thus we may place a thick layer of oil on water and add
butyric acid. The water-like ends of the molecules should be
soluble in water, and the oil-like ends in the oil, but only at the
interface between the two can both ends of the molecule be
satisfied at the same time. From this point of view the butyric
acid should be very much more soluble at the interface than in
either oil or water, which is true. Furthermore, at the interface
there should be a certain structure, since the molecules of
butyric acid should, in general, be oriented with oil-like ends
toward the oil, and water-like ends toward the water....
"A later careful search in the literature showed that
Hardy, a noted English biologist, had just suggested (1912) that
since a surface is extremely unsymmetrical with reference to
the material on its two sides, the molecules in the surface should
be oriented. Thus the theory of dissymmetry and that of solu-
hility gave rise in two different minds to the same suggestion."
Especially in his later papers, Harkins deals extensively
with emulsion polymerization, soap micelles, and other matters
related to the formation of colloids. He also deals with adsorp-
tion and with the surfaces of solids and their interaction with
liquids. Again, in the Gibbs Medal address, Harkins explains
his interest in atomic nuclei as follows:
"In order to understand the action of surfaces, it appeared
essential to learn as much as possible about the electrical struc-
ture of molecules and of atoms, so, in 1913, I began to study
more intensively the current theories of atomic structure. In
1904, Nagaoka had suggested that an atom consists of a central
sun or nucleus and a system of negative electrons as satellites.
This theory was amplified by Rutherford, who showed that the
positively charged atom nucleus appears to be extremely minute
in comparison with the space occupied by the atom. For many
years the phenomena of radioactivity had been extremely fasci-
nating to me, and this was undoubtedly what caused my atten-
tion to be directed more specially to the nucleus, which de-
OCR for page 57
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
57
"ermines the stability and even the existence of the atom as a
whole."
A series of three papers by Harkins and his student E. D.
Wilson in 1915 represents the first of a number of papers pub-
lished over the years in which Harkins developed ideas on the
structure of atomic nuclei. The papers distinguish carefully
between chemical elements and atomic species. In general, an
element is a mixture of atomic species (isotopes). In 1915 it was
already clear that most of the lighter elements have atomic
weights very close to a unit that is slightly (about 0.77 percent)
less than the mass of the hydrogen atom. The 0.77 percent dis-
crepancy was attributed by Harkins and Wilson (and also inde-
pendently by Rutherford and others) to what they called a
"packing effect," ascribed to a loss of mass predictable from
Lorentz' electromagnetic theory if protons and electrons inter-
act at sufficiently close range. They included a speculation that
the conversion of hydrogen to helium might be a source of the
energy for the sun and stars. Harkins' friend A. C. Lunn, pro-
fessor of mathematical physics, made the calculations for him.
As time went on, it became increasingly clear from mass spec-
troscopic evidence that those elements whose atomic weights
differ from integral multiples of the basic unit are mixtures
.
of Isotopes.
Quoting G. N. Lewis Whys. Rev. 46~1934~:897], "It was
Harkins who first called attention to the striking connection
between the atomic weights of the elements and their abun-
dance, not only in the earth's crust, but fas a much better sample
of the solar system], in the meteors." And it was he who first
used these abundances as criteria for the relative stabilities of
various atomic species. After E. Rutherford's proof of the
nuclear atom, and until the experimental proof by J. Chadwick
in 1932 of the independent existence of the neutron, it was
generally believed that nuclei are built of protons (not so named
at first) and electrons. Harkins noticed that the relative abun-
OCR for page 58
58
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
dances, hence stabilities, of different atomic species are by far
greater for nuclei containing an even number of protons and
electrons; the next class, in terms of abundance, contains an
odd number of protons and an even number of electrons. Two
much rarer classes contain an even number of protons but an
odd number of electrons, or odd numbers of both protons and
electrons.
It was also apparent to Harkins that many of the lighter
species (e.g., ]2C, 160, 20Ne) could be thought of as built of
~-particles; the -particle itself, the helium nucleus, being a very
stable composite, formed by close packing of four protons and
——— J ~ ~ A A ~ _ ~
two electrons, pees. The atomic weights of the a! composites
such as ~2C and t60 showed little further packing effect. Harkins
did not attempt to give a categorical answer to the question of
whether such nuclei consist of (nearly unchanged) ~-particles, or
whether they merely could be built from ~-particles. It was of
course known that -particles can have an independent existence.
In a similar way, Harkins concluded that nuclei such as those
of OF and 23Na could be built from, or possibly consist of,
-particles plus a hvt)otheticn1 1,-n~rtirle {noun M~rlrinc rare
tioned, but did not emphasize, the possibility of the inde-
pendent existence of this and other particles (the helion, p4e4;
p2e; the ~ particle, pees; and a particle pe). He mentioned that
pees and p2e, since known, would be isotopes of hydrogen (the
triton, and the deuteron). Rutherford entertained similar
ideas, and independently (and earlier than Harkins) spoke of
packing (of H to form He), but it was Harkins who made the
major contributions on the stabilities of atomic species and the
structure of nuclei. This work culminated in his "new periodic
system" of atomic species expressed in a diagram of "isotonic
~ ~ ~ A_ 1~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ T ~
~ 1 - -A ~ ~ rat \r~-~/~ ,, $~1A-
V - _ _
c~-susaromlc number. Here, if the structure of any
nucleus is written as (p2e)Z spelt, n is the isotopic number if Z
is the atomic number; n was later recognized as a neutron
number.
OCR for page 71
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
71
With H. E. Bowers. The carbon-halogen bond as related to Raman
spectra. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 53:2425.
With D. M. Gans. An adsorption method for the determination of
the area of a powder. i. Am. Chern. Soc., 53:2804.
With D. M. Gans. The direct measurement of the adsorption of
soluble substances by the bubble method. I. Phys. Chem., 35:722.
1932
The hydrogen nucleus of mass 2 (isohydrogen nucleus pee) as a unit
in atom building. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 54:1256.
With R. R. Haun. The Raman spectrum of germanium tetra-
chloride. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 54:3917.
With R. R. Haun. The vibration of atoms at the end of organic
molecules: Raman effect and the carbon-chlorine bond. l. Am.
Chem. Soc., 54:3920.
With D. M. Gans. Monomolecular films. The solid-liquid inter-
face and the sedimentation and flocculation of powders in
liquids. I. Phys. Chem., 36:86.
With L. W. Ryan and D. M. Gans. Flocculation, dispersion, and
settling of pigments in relation to adsorption. Ind. Eng. Chem.,
24:1288.
With E. K. Fischer. Monomolecular films. The liquid-liquid inter-
face and the stability of emulsions. J. Phys. Chem., 36:98.
1933
The neutron, the atomic nucleus and mass defects. l. Am. Chem.
Soc., 55:855.
The new kind of matter: element zero or neutron. Sci. Mon., 36:
546.
With D. M. Gans and H. W. Newson. Atomic disintegration by a
relatively slow neutron. Phys. Rev., 43:208.
With D. M. Gans and H. W. Newson. A neutron of high velocity,
and energy relations for nuclear disintegration by non-capture.
Phys. Rev., 43:307.
Emission of gamma rays by nuclei excited by neutrons, and nuclear
energy levels. Phys. Rev., 43:362.
The neutron, atom building and a nuclear exclusion principle.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 19:307.
With C. Doede. An apparatus for the separation of isohydrogen
(deuterium) oxide by electrolysis. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 55:4330.
OCR for page 72
72
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With D. M. Gans and H. W. Newson. Disintegration of neon nuclei
by fast neutrons. Phys. Rev., 44:236.
With D. M. Gans and H. W. Newson. Failure to detect the radio-
activity of beryllium with the Wilson cloud chamber. Phys.
Rev., 44:310.
With D. M. Gans and H. W. Newson. The disintegration of the
nuclei of nitrogen and other light atoms by neutrons. I. Phys.
Rev., 44:529.
With D. M. Gans and H. W. Newson. Disintegration of fluorine
nuclei by neutrons and the probable formation of a new isotope
of nitrogen (Nisi. Phys. Rev., 44:945.
With J. M. Jackson. A spectroscopic study of the decomposition and
synthesis of organic compounds by electrical discharges: elec-
trodeless and glow discharges. J. Chem. Phys., 1:37.
With E. K. Fischer. Contact potentials and the effects of unimolec-
ular films on surface potentials. I. Films of acids and alcohols.
J. Chem. Phys., 1:852.
1934
Free radicals in electrical discharges. Transactions of the Faraday
Society, 30:221.
Nomenclature for the isotopes of hydrogen (proto- and deuto-hydro-
gen) and their compounds. Science, 79: 138.
With D. M. Gans. Atomic disintegration by "non-capture." Nature,
133:794.
With D. M. Gans. Inelastic collisions with changes of mass and the
problem of nuclear disintegration with capture or non-capture
of a neutron, or another nuclear projectile. Phys. Rev., 46:397.
With D. M. Gans. Artificial radioactivity and the conversion of
kinetic into gamma ray energy associated with nuclear disinte-
gration by neutrons. Phys. Rev., 46:827.
With D. M. Gans. The emission of gamma rays in nuclear reactions.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56:2786.
With D. M. Gans. The mass of the neutron. Nature, 134:968.
With F. E. Kredel and H. N. Harkins. Toxicity of heavy water.
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medi-
cine, 32:5.
1935
With D. M. Gans and H. W. Newson. The disintegration of the
nuclei of light atoms by neutrons. Phys. Rev., 47:52.
OCR for page 73
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
73
With H. E. Ries, fir., and E. F. Carman. Surface pressures and po-
tentials of long molecules: polymers of omega-hydroxy decanoic
acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 57:776.
With E. F. Carman and H. E. Ries, Jr. Monomolecular Elms of
molecules which lie flat on the surface of water. I. Surface pres-
sures and potentials of films of long molecules: polymers of
omega-hydroxy decanoic acid. I. Chem. Phys., 3:692.
With H. E. Ries, Jr., and E. F. Carman. Surface potentials and
force-area relations of monomolecular films. II. d-Pimaric and
tetrahydro-d-pimaric acids. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 57:2224.
1936
Some relations of carbon and its compounds. Journal of Organic
Chemistry, 1 :52.
With R. J. Moon. The production of high velocity ions for the
disintegration of atomic nuclei. Science, 82:244.
Nuclear chemistry, the neutron and artificial radioactivity. Science,
83:533.
With M. D. Kamen, H. W. Newson, and D. M. Cans. Neutron-
proton interaction: the scattering of neutrons by protons.
Phys. Rev., 50:980.
With H. E. Ries, in and E. F. Carman. The rearrangement of
molecules in monomolecular films: polycyclic compounds of the
five ring series. J. Chem. Phys., 4:228.
With E. F. Carman and H. E. Ries, fir. The rearrangement of mole-
cules in plastic monomolecular films: pressure-area and potential
relations for polycyclic compounds of the five ring series. J.
Am. Chem. Soc., 58:1377.
With R. J. Myers. Polymolecular films. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 58:1817.
With R. i. Myers. Hydrogen ion concentration and the behavior
and measurement of monomolecular and polymolecular films on
water. l. Chem. Phys., 4: 716.
With R. l. Moon. An electronic analysis of some surfaces by means
of slow electrons. J. Phys. Chem., 40:941.
With R. I. Myers. Polymolecular films: mixed films with two or
more components. I. Fatty acids and non-polar substances. J.
Phys. Chem., 40:959.
With R. T. Florence and R. I. Myers. Contact potentials of re-
versible soluble films of lauric acid. Nature, 138:405.
OCR for page 74
74
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1937
The intermediate nucleus in the disintegrative-synthesis of atomic
nuclei: disintegration in steps. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 23:120.
The intermediate nucleus and atomic disintegration in steps. Phys.
Rev.,51:52.
The nuclear exclusion principle and the neutron-proton pattern.
Phys. Rev., 52:39.
Linear or edge energy and tension as related to the energy of surface
formation and of vaporization. J. Chem. Phys., 5: 135.
With R. l. Myers. Effects of traces of metallic ions on Elms at inter-
faces and on the surface of water. Nature, 139:367.
With R. l. Myers. Viscosity of monomolecular films. Nature, 140:
465.
~ . .. . . .
With F. M. Fowkes and R. i. Myers. Ultramicroscopic examination
of mixed films. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:593.
With T. F. Anderson. I. A simple accurate film balance of the
vertical type for biological and chemical work, and a theoretical
and experimental comparison with the horizontal type. II. Tight
packing of a monolayer by ions. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 59:2189.
With A. R. Brosi. The abundance ratio of the isotopes in natural
or isotonically separated carbon. Phys. Rev., 52:472.
With R. l. Myers. The viscosity (or fluidity) of liquid or plastic
monomolecular films. l. Chem. Phys., 5:601.
With E. S. Fetcher, fir., and R. S. Lillie. A method for the investi-
gation of electrostenolysis. Journal of General Physiology, 20:
671.
With F. A. Long and G. C. Nutting. The surface tension of aqueous
soap solutions as a function of hydrogen ion (pH) and salt con-
centration. I. Sodium laurate and sodium nonylate. l. Am.
Chem. Soc., 59:2197.
1938
With J. G. Kirkwood. The viscosity of monolayers: theory of the
surface slit viscosimeter. J. Chem. Phys., 6:53.
With R. W. Mattoon. The contact potential of solid films formed
by evaporation and by solidification and of built-up multilayers
on metals. Phys. Rev., 53:911.
With T. F. Anderson. Protein monolayers: films of oxidized cyto-
chrome C. l. Biol. Chem., 125: 369.
OCR for page 75
WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
75
With R. T. Florence. Effect of space isomerism on the squeezing out
of an unsaturated compound from a mixed monolayer on an
aqueous sub-solution. Nature, 142:913.
With R. T. Florence. Molecular interaction in mixed monolayers
on aqueous subsolutions. I. Mixtures of alcohols, acids and
amines. i. Chem. Phys., 6:847.
With F. M. Fowkes. Pressure-area relations of monolayers at the
solid-liquid interface. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 60:1511.
With L. Fourt. Surface viscosity of long-chain alcohol monolayers.
J. Phys. Chem., 42:897.
With R. T. Florence. Molecular interaction in mixed monolayers.
II. Unstable mixtures with unsaturated acids. i. Chem. Phys.,
6:856.
1939
With R. W. Mattoon. Film potentials of stearate multilayers and
other dielectrics on metal surfaces. i. Chem. Phys., 7:186.
With G. E. Boyd. Viscosity of two-dimensional systems: effect of
pressure and temperature, and the detection of phase transitions
in monolayers. I. Chem. Phys., 7:203.
With G. C. Nutting. Pressure-area relations of fatty acid and
alcohol monolayers. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 51: 1180.
With E. Boyd. Molecular interaction in monolayers: viscosity of
two-dimensional liquids and plastic solids. V. Long chain fatty
acids. i. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:1188.
With G. C. Nutting. Energy relations in transformations from three
to two-dimensional systems. I. The latent heat and entropy of
spreading of myristic and pentadecylic acids. l. Am. Chem. Soc.,
61:1702.
With G. Groetzinger. A new method for the investigation of the
electrical properties of multilayers. l. Chem. Phys., 7:204.
With W. D. Harkins. Some aspects of surface chemistry funda-
mental to biology. Publ. 7, Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 19.
With G. C. Nutting. The pressure-area and pressure-temperature
relations of expanded monolayers of myristic and pentadecylic
acids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61:2040.
1940
With L. Fourt and P. C. Fourt. Immunochemistry of catalase. II.
Activity in multilayers. J. Biol. Chem., 132:111.
OCR for page 76
76
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With T. F. Young and E. Boyd. The thermodynamics of films:
energy and entropy of extension and spreading of insoluble
monolayers. J. Chem. Phys., 8:954.
With L. B. Borst. Search for a neutron-deuteron reaction. Phys.
Rev., 57:659.
With G. C. Nutting and F. A. Long. The change with time of the
surface tension of solutions of sodium cetyl sulfate and sodium
lauryl sulfate. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 62:1496.
With G. C. Nutting. The viscosity of monolayers: a test of the canal
viscosimeter. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 62:3155.
With F. M. Fowkes. The state of monolayers adsorbed at the inter-
face solid-aqueous solution. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 62:3377.
1941
Surface chemistry. Nature, 148:743.
A general thermodynamic theory of the spreading of liquids to
form duplex films and of liquids or solids to form monolayers.
I. Chem. Phys., 9:552.
Surface films of fatty acids, alcohols and esters. Chem. Rev., 29:385.
With E. Boyd. The states of monolayers. I. Phys. Chem., 45:20.
1942
Energy relations of the surfaces of solids. I. Surface energy of the
diamond. i. Chem. Phys., 10:268.
(7'
With L. E. Copeland. A superliquid in two dimensions and a first-
order change in a condensed monolayer. I. Energy, compressi-
bility, and order of phase transformations. i. Chem. Phys., 10:
272.
With H. K. Livingston. Energy relations of the surfaces of solids.
II. Spreading pressure as related to the work of adhesion be-
tween a solid and a liquid. l. Chem. Phys., 10:342.
With G. E. Boyd. The energy of immersion of crystalline powders
in water and organic liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 64:1190.
With G. E. Boyd. The binding energy between a crystalline solid
and a liquid: the energy of adhesion and immersion. Energy of
immersion of crystalline powders. II. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 64: 1195.
With G. E. Boyd. The film balance as an analytical tool for bio-
logical and food research. Ind. Eng. Chem., 14:496.
With L. E. Copeland and G. E. Boyd. A superliquid in two dimen-
sions and a first-order change in a condensed monolayer. II.
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WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
77
Abnormal viscosity relations of alcohol monolayers in con-
densed liquid phases. J. Chem. Phys., 10:357.
With L. E. Copeland. The pressure-area-temperature and energy
relations of monolayers of octadecanitrile. l. Am. Chem. Soc.,
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1943
Intermolecular forces and two-dimensional systems. Publ. 21, Am.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 40.
With G. Jura. A new adsorption isotherm which is valid over a very
wide range of pressure. l. Chem. Phys., 11:430.
With G. Jura. An absolute method for the determination of the
area of a fine crystalline powder. l. Chem. Phys., 11:430.
With G. aura. An adsorption method for the determination of the
area of a solid without the assumption of a molecular area, and
the area occupied by nitrogen molecules on the surfaces of solids.
J. Chem. Phys., 11:431.
With G. aura. The extension of the attractive energy of a solid
into an adjacent liquid or film and the decrease of energy with
distance. i. Chem. Phys., 1 1: 560.
With G. aura. The relationship between the energy of adsorption of
a vapor on a solid and of immersion of the solid in a liquid.
J. Chem. Phys., 11:561.
1944
The surfaces of solids and liquids and the films that form upon
them. I. Liquids. In: Colloid Chemistry, ed. by i. Alexander.
New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.
With G. Jura. The surfaces of solids and liquids and the films that
form upon them. II. Solids and adsorption at the surfaces of
solids or liquids. In: Colloid Chemistry, ed. by T. Alexander,
vol. VI. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.
With G. Tura. The decrease of free surface energy as a basis for the
development of equations for adsorption isotherms; and the
existence of two condensed phases in films on solids. I. Chem.
Phys., 12:1 12.
With G. Jura. Surfaces of solids. X. Extension of the attractive energy
of a solid into an adjacent liquid or film, the decrease of energy
with distance, and the thickness of films. l. Am. Chem. Soc.,
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
With G. Aura. Surfaces of solids. XI. Determination of the decrease
of free surface energy of a solid by an adsorbed film. l. Am.
Chem. Soc., 66: 1356.
With G. aura. Surfaces of solids. XII. An absolute method for the
determination of the area of a finely divided crystalline solid.
i. Am. Chem. Soc., 66: 1362.
With G. Jura. Surfaces of solids. XIII. A vapor adsorption method
for the determination of the area of a solid without the assump-
tion of a molecular area, and the areas occupied by nitrogen and
other molecules on the surface of a solid. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 66:
1366.
With G. aura. Equations for the pressure-area relations (isotherms)
of liquid expanded and intermediate monolayers on water. J.
Chem. Phys., 12:113.
With G. Aura. The existence of expanded and intermediate phases
in films on solids. l. Chem. Phys., 12:114.
1945
Determination of surface and interracial tension. In: Physical
Methods of Organic Chemistry, ed. by A. Weissberger, vol. I.
New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc.
Determination of properties of monolayers and duplex films. In:
Physical Methods of Organic Chemistry, ed. by A. Weissberger,
vol. I. New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc.
Surfaces of solids in science and industry. Science, 102:263.
A general theory of the reaction loci in emulsion polymerization.
J. Chem. Phys., 13:381.
With G. Jura, E. H. Loeser, and P. R. Basford. A first order change
which involves the vaporization in two dimensions of n-heptane
on the surface of silver. l. Chem. Phys., 13: 535.
1946
The neutron, the intermediate or compound nucleus, and the
atomic bomb. Science, 103:289.
A general theory of the reaction loci in emulsion polymerization.
II. J. Chem. Phys., 14:47.
With R. W. Mattoon and M. L. Corrin. Structure of soap micelles
indicated by x rays and the theory of molecular orientation. I.
Aqueous solutions. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 68:220.
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WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
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With R. W. Mattoon and M. L. Corrin. Structure of soap micelles
as indicated by x rays and interpreted by the theory of molecular
orientation. II. The solubilization of hydrocarbons and other
oils in aqueous soap solutions. i. Colloid Sci., 1:105.
With G. Aura and E. El. Loeser. Surfaces of solids. XVI. Adsorbed
films of water and normal heptane on the surface of graphite. l.
Am. Chem. Soc., 68:554.
With G. Aura. The contact angle between water and a monolayer
of egg albumin on glass as a function of film pressure. i. Colloid
Sci., 1:137.
With G. Aura. Surfaces of solids. XIV. A unitary thermodynamic
theory of the adsorption of vapors on solids and of insoluble
films on liquid subphases. l. Am. Chem. Soc., 68:1941.
With G. Jura, E. H. Loeser, and P. R. Basford. Surfaces of solids. XV.
First-order phase changes of adsorbed Elms on the surfaces of
solids; the film of n-heptane on ferric oxide. l. Chem. Phys., 14:
117.
With R. S. Stearns. Loci of emulsion polymerization: the diffusion
of organic molecules from emulsion droplets through an aqueous
phase into soap micelles. l. Chem. Phys., 14:214.
With R. S. Stearns. Loci of emulsion polymerization: diffusion of
organic molecules from emulsion droplets through an aqueous
phase into polymer latex particles. i. Chem. Phys., 14:215.
With M. L. Corrin and H. B. Klevens. The critical concentration
for the formation of micelles as indicated by the absorption
spectrum of a cyanine dye. l. Chem. Phys., 14:216.
With G. Jura and E. H. Loeser. Surfaces of solids. XVII. A first-
and second-order phase change in the adsorbed film of n-heptane
on graphite. J. Chem. Phys., 14:344.
With M. L. Corrin and H. B. Klevens. The determination of critical
concentrations for the formation of soap micelles by the spectral
behavior of pinacyanol chloride. J. Chem. Phys., 14:480.
With M. L. Corrin. The effect of solvents on the critical concentra-
tion for micelle formation of cationic soaps. [. Chem. Phys.,
14:640.
With M. L. Corrin. Determination of critical concentrations for
micelle formation in solutions of cationic soaps by changes in
the color and fluorescence of dyes. l. Chem. Phys., 14:641.
With M. L. Corrin. Critical concentrations for micelle formation
in mixtures of anionic soaps. l. Colloid Sci., 1:469.
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BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1947
With M. L. Corrin. Determination of the critical concentration
for micelle formation in solutions of colloidal electrolytes by
the spectral change of a dye. I. Am. Chem. Soc., 69:679.
With M. L. Corrin. The effect of salts on the critical concentration
for the formation of micelles in colloidal electrolytes. l. Am.
Chem. Soc., 69:683.
A general theory of the mechanism of emulsion polymerization.
i. Am. Chem. Soc., 69:1428.
With R. W. Mattoon and R. S. Stearns. Structure for soap micelles
as indicated by a previously unrecognized x-ray diffraction band.
J. Chem. Phys., 15: 209.
With R. S. Stearns, H. Oppenheimer and E. Simon. Solubilization
by solutions of long-chain colloidal electrolytes. l. Chem. Phys.,
15:496.
With R. W. Mattoon and R. Mittelmann. A new type of micelle:
soap with alcohol, amine or other polar-nonpolar molecules.
J. Chem. Phys., 15: 763.
1948
A cylindrical model for the small soap micelle. l. Chem. Phys., 16:
156.
With R. W. Mattoon and R. S. Stearns. Structure of micelles of
colloidal electrolytes. III. A new long-spacing x-ray band, and
the relations of other bands. J. Chem. Phys., 16:644.
With H. Oppenheimer. A new type of micelle; solubility by film
penetration. J. Chem. Phys., 16:1000.
With P. R. Basford and G. Aura. Surfaces of solids. XVIII. The
heats of immersion and desorption of water from graphite at 25°.
i. Am. Chem. Soc., 70:1444.
1949
With M. Popelka, Jr. The existence of stable nuclei as related to the
principle of regularity and continuity of series and the ends of
nuclear shells. Phys. Rev., 76:989.
The effect of nuclear shells upon the pattern of the atomic species.
Phys. Rev., 76:1538.
With H. Oppenheimer. Solubilization of polar-nonpolar sub-
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WILLIAM DRAPER HARKINS
81
stances in solutions of long chain electrolytes. l. Am. Chem.
Soc., 71:808.
With R. Mittelmann. X-ray investigations of the structure of col-
loidal electrolytes. IV. A new type of micelle formed by film
penetration. l. Colloid Sci., 4:367.
With R. Mittelmann and M. L. Corrin. Types of solubilization
in solutions of long-chain colloidal electrolytes. l. Phys. Colloid
Chem.,53:1350.
With M. L. Corrin, E. L. Lind, and A. Roginsky. Adsorption of
long-chain electrolytes from aqueous solution on graphite of
known area and on polystyrene. I. Colloid Sci., 4:485.
1950
The intermediate-compound nucleus in nuclear reactions. In:
Colloid Chemistry, ed. by I. Alexander, vol. VII. New York:
Reinhold Publishing Corporation.
Equivalence of protons and neutrons in nuclei. Phys. Rev., 78:634.
Special and magic numbers as factors in nuclear stability and
abundance. Phys. Rev., 79:724.
With S. H. Herzfeld, A. Roginsky, and M. L. Corrin. Monomer-
polymer ratio in emulsion polymerization of styrene. J. Polym.
Sci., 5:207.
General theory of emulsion polymerization. II. I. Polym. Sci., 5:217.
Soap solutions: salt, alcohol, micelles, rubber. Sci. Mon., 70:220.
With E. H. Loeser. Surfaces of solids. XIX. Molecular interaction
between metals and hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Phys., 18:556.
With E. H. Loeser. Surfaces of solids. XXI. Areas of nonporous
solids from adsorption isotherms of n-heptane or n-hexane. l.
Am. Chem Soc., 72:3427.
With S. H. Herzfeld and M. L. Corrin. The effect of alcohols and
of alcohols and salts on the critical micelle concentration of
dodecylammonium chloride. I. Phys. Colloid Chem., 54:271.
1952
Physical Chemistry of Surface Films. New York: Reinhold Publish-
ing Corporation. xvi + 413 pp.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
william draper
