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OCR for page 156
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
May 16, 1909-December 3, 1977
BY T. R. PI ERCE
THE SUCCESSFUL PURSUIT of science and technology is
something of a mystery. The way of endeavor is con-
spicuously marked by sterile studies and lucky flukes. Yet, ~
believe there are ways conducive to winning. These are il-
lustrated in the work of Rudolf Kompfner. In writing about
him, ~ hope that it will not be taken amiss if ~ refer to him
consistently as Rudi. Few knew him as Kompfner or as Dr.
Kompfner, and none as Rudolf.
Rudi's success in a field that he himself chose is inclubi-
table; it is attested by numerous honors. In 1955 the Physical
Society awardecI him its Duciclell Medal for his invention of
the traveling-wave tube. This lee! him to give a lecture and
later to write a book on The Invention of the Trave1!ing-Wave
Tube. He was made a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers anc! given its David Sarnoff Award in
1960 ant! its highest award, the Mecial of Honor, in 1973. He
received the Stuart Ballantine Mecial of the Franklin Institute
in 1960; the John Scott Award from the City of Philadelphia
in 1974; the Sylvanus Thompson Medal of the Rontgen
Society, incorporated with the British Institute of Radiology,
in 1974; anc! the National Medal of Science in 1975. He was
awarded an honorary doctor of technical science by the Tech-
nische Hochschule of Vienna in 1964 and the honorary de-
157
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158
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
gree of doctor of science from Oxford University in ~ 969. He
was a fellow of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and a member of the National Academy of
Engineering and the National Academy of Sciences. He
served well on important committees of these organizations.
He also server! as a member of the Board of Trustees of
Associated Universities, Inc.
Rudi succeecled—despite very real difficulties—through
hard work and a constellation of qualities so various that they
might be thought inconsistent. He had a driving purpose ant!
intense application in his chosen field. Yet this clid not ex-
clucle a wicle range of interests and enthusiasms. He loved all
good things except poetry, yet he could and did live simply.
Nothing dauntec! him, and few things seemed beyonc! his
range.
He was warm and open and quickly became what seemec!
like a lifelong friend. Felix Bloch regarcled Rudi as a close
friencl, though they met only two years before Rudi's (leash,
when neither was young. People were attracted to Rudi, and
Rucli was attracted to those whom he felt worthy of his in-
terest. Others, he must have ignored. ~ remember a lunch
with Ructi and a foreign visitor. ~ solicited the visitor's opin-
ions, listened intently, ant! commented politely. After lunch,
Rudi seemed almost annoyed! with me. He asked why T hacI
bothered with such a man he was nothing. And of course,
Rudi was right.
To discuss Rudi ant] his career and its significance is no
easy matter. He lived in many places, clid many things, and
interacted with many people. He was born in Vienna, Austria
on May 16, 1909, the son of Bernharcit and Paula Kompfner.
His father was an accountant and a composer of Viennese
songs ant! waltzes who played the piano in a Heurigen in the
outskirts of Vienna. Rucli hac! a book, published in 1913, that
included several of his father's compositions.
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
159
Rudi himself exhibited an early musical talent, picking out
tunes on the keyboard and learning which notes went pleas-
ingly together by trial with, apparently, little error. Piano
lessons failed to teach him to react music; he memorized
instantly the pieces he was told to stucly.
Rudi seems to have Earned to cope with difficulties of life
as he learned music through exposure anc! talent. Toward
the end of World War I, through the armistice, and for some
time thereafter, Viennese children starved because of a total
AlliecT blockade. Rudi survived because he was put on a train
by the Red Cross and sent without his parents knowing
exactly where he was going—to Sweden. The months there,
cluring which he recoverer} from boils and other ills of mal-
nutrition, were spent with a deeply religious family. Their
attitudes impressed him and remained fresh in his memory,
though they had little long-term influence on his own beliefs.
Early reading, and particularly the works of Arago,
enamored Rudi of physics. This was his lifelong love, but he
was not allowed to pursue his chosen career immediately or
directly. Through the influence of his uncle, Fritz Keller, an
architect, he studied architecture at the Technische Hoch-
schule in Vienna, becoming a Diplom-Tngenier in 1933.
This was a difficult time for Jews in Austria. An English-
man, Roy Franey, who had married Rudi's cousin Mowgli
~onasz, was helpful in Rucli's coming to Englanc! in 1934.
Franey later succeeded in getting Rudi's parents and sister
out of Austria in 1938. After Rudi had servect an architec-
tural apprenticeship with P. D. Hepworth in London from
1934 to 1936, he became managing director of Franey's firm,
AImoncl Franey and Son, LtcI., Estate Managers and
BuiTclers, Lonclon, from ~ 936 to ~ 94 ~ .
Here we have a man who had sufferer! starvation during
a terrible war, had been shipped off to one foreign land as a
chiTct, had been compellec! to pursue a career not of his own
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160
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
choosing, and then had to go to another strange lancT ant!
make his way as an architect. We might imagine him as dis-
illusioned, bitter, slighting his own work or forever cut off
from that which he valued most. Not Ructi.
Indeed, ~ believe that he Earned a good clear from archi-
tecture that was valuable in his later endeavors. One thing
was an appreciation of the practical aspects of any art, inclucl-
ing that of the builcler. Another was that in order to accom-
plish something, one must make a start.
Rucli told of staring at a blank piece of paper on his
drawing board after having been instructed to clesign a
house. A senior ciraftsman came, leaned over his shoulder,
ant] saw that he was having trouble. The ciraftsman drew a
square on the paper and told him, "The secret of getting
started is to start." Rucli hacI his start and proceeclecl with the
design.
Audi became an architect of some accomplishment. Ac-
cording to Rucli's recollection, cluring a civil service examina-
tion, C. P. Snow walkecl in, glancecl through Rudi's dossier,
and said:
"Mr. Kompfner, I see you are an Austrian and an architect."
Rudi agreed.
"Mr. Kompfner, Adolf Hitler was an Austrian and an architect. Tell
me which is the better architect, you or Hitler?"
"What I built still stands," Rudi replied.
~ncleecI it does. Among his works is a house in south
London, described and pictured inSmalIHouses, £500-£2500
(editect by H. Myles Wright, London: The Architectural
Press, 1937~. It is an admirable building for a narrow (30-foot
wide), ciark site. Rucli also designed a number of artisan's flats
in the Bermonctsey District.
Rucli's experience in architecture had various influences
in his life. He was acutely aware of buildings, their beauties
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
16
and their failings. I remember his telling me that of two
builclings neighboring St. Mark's in Venice: one is marvelous;
the other, trash. He insisted! that the south facade of the
Parliament building in Vienna is a masterpiece far superior
to the front. He speculated that this was the work of some
junior architect and had escaped attention and ruination. Of
lesser note, driving past a house in Summit, New Jersey, that
we both acimired, he said that the second-story windows were
too close to the roof, which was certainly so.
Another influence of architecture was that it enhanced
Ru(li's natural talent for drawing. In his Viennese days, Ru(li
procluced some striking prints in a then-current style. Later,
he proviclec] twenty-three illustrations for a book, 3 jungen
Ziehen durch Kleinasien, in Veriag Das Bergland-Buch, pub-
lishec! in ~ 936 and written by Rudi's closest and lifelong Vien-
nese friend, Theo Eder.
Ructi's talent for illustration was a joy throughout his life;
he recorded home, family, and a one-time pet raccoon. It
served a different purpose in illustrating his technical
thoughts clearly. At the blackboard, most of us fumble in
trying to convey our ideas; Rucli was never unclear, never at
a loss. He insisted that his students picture things accurately.
One student toIcl me that he continually clemande~l, "draw it
to scale." That can make a real difference.
While Rudi was practicing architecture ant! learning
through it, he began to make his way in his chosen field of
physics.
How cloes one turn from a practicing architect to a physi-
cist? Rucli's approach was phenomenally original. He went to
the excellent Patent Office Library in Chancery Lane and
read journals and books in the evening. Sometimes Peggy
Mason accompanies! him. He had met her at the Westminster
swimming club in 1935; they were married at Caxton Hall,
Westminster on April 29, 1939.
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162
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Beginning in 1935, Rudi recordect in a series of notebooks
those things that interested him most. These incluclect the
television camera tubes of Zworykin and Farnsworth, and
later the microwave tubes of Heil and Varian.
Soon, original ideas and inventions appeared in the note-
books. Among these is the "Relayoscope," in which a pattern
of light (an image) impinging on a nonconducting photo-
electric grit! was to be user] to control the flow of an electron
beam. This lecT to a triple-barrelecl British patent, number
476,31 I, applies] for on June 4, July 27, and August IS, 1936
and accepted on December 6, 1937. The patent covers the
functions of a television pickup tube and the reproduction of
infrared, ultraviolet, or X-ray images as light images. Ruth
triecI vainly to market this invention.
As his reading progressed, Rudi's interests definitely
turned towarc! microwave tubes. He hac! original ideas for
explaining the Hei! tube and the klystron.
What course Rucli's activities might have taken but for the
coming of World War Al in September of 1939 is an unan-
swerable question. In June of 1940 Peggy returned from
work one evening to filch that he had been taken to the
Brixton Police Station for internment as an enemy alien. He
was interned on the Isle of Man from June to December
1940. In some way, through the intervention of Peggy, rela-
tives, friends, and people who knew of his work, including
Hugh Pocock, the editor of the Wireless Engineer, and by
declaring himself a stateless person, Rudi was releasecI.
During internment, Rucli never lost his balance of judg-
ment and was always considerate and charming. He met a
number of German internees, with whom he studied and
discussed physics. He shared quarters with Wolfgang Fuchs,
a mathematician from Cambridge who is now a professor at
Cornell. They became close ant] affectionate friends as well as
collaborators in science. Together they wrote a paper on
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
163
space charge effects in velocity moclulatec! electron beams.
This was eventually published in the Proceedings of the Physical
Society. W. E. Benham, a somewhat eccentric expert on
vacuum tubes with whom Rudi began to correspond on July
9, 1941, was helpful in this connection.
Prior to his internment, Rucli had submitted a paper on
magnetrons to the Wireless Engineer. Hugh Pocock had taken
this to the Acimiralty, and it was cleemed unpublishable in
wartime. The Acimiralty wrote to Peggy, asking for cletails of
Rudi's qualifications. She went to the Acimiralty in late 1940
to see if they might have use for Rucli. Frederick Brundrett
saicT that Rudi shouIc! see them when he was released.
Rucli was released, anct, though Brunctrett saicT that he
was "neither fish nor fowl" to them, in September of 1941 he
was sent to the Physics Department of Birmingham Univer-
sity to work uncler Professor M. L. Oliphant. The work he
found there on high-power magnetrons, the heart of wartime
racier, was a revelation.
Characteristically, however, Rucli soon turned his own
endeavors in a novel direction. The fruitful outcome was the
invention of the traveling-wave tube, while trying to make a
better klystron amplifier for radar receivers. His funcla-
mental idea—the continuous interaction of an electron
stream and an electromagnetic wave of the same velocity
traveling along a helix was ingenious, ant] the realization
worked!
The invention of the traveling-wave tube is characteristic
of Rudi's career in several ways. The big thing of the day was
the magnetron. Rudi hac! already written a paper on the
magnetron. But at Birmingham, the heart of magnetron re-
search, he turned his attention to something else, anti, almost
singlehan(lecl, he succeedecl.
He succeeded in the face of contrary acivice. "Experts"
told him that a collect wire, or helix, wouIct not transmit
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164
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
microwaves. Rucli clidn't believe them. He wound a helix
himself anc! made measurements. He didn't just think and
argue, he clicI something with his own hands, and it suc-
ceeded.
Then he built a traveling-wave tube. This was important,
because what he found went beyond what he hac! expected.
Initially, he had thought only of a strong action of the electric
field of the electromagnetic wave on electrons traveling at the
same velocity. He fount] that as the current of electrons was
increased, the tube broke into microwave oscillation. Not only
did the electromagnetic wave act to bunch the electrons, the
bunched electron beam acted to strengthen the electro-
magnetic wave. The helix anc! beam together constitutes! an
amplifier that gave a very high gain over a very broad band
of frequencies.
Rudi analyzed this phenomenon by means of a series cal-
culation: the effect of the field on the beam, the effect of the
beam on the field, and so on, back and forth. He thus ex-
plained the "Kompfner clip" a reduction of transmission at
a particular electron velocity or accelerating voltage. Joseph
Hatton, a young research student who had begun to work
with Rudi, pusher] the analysis further.
When T react of Kompfner's work through CVD (Com-
mittee on Valve Development) reports, ~ was astonished.
quickly worked out a wave analysis that explained the be-
havior of traveling-wave tubes more to my satisfaction, and,
~ believe, to Rucli's. ~ tract been considering the effect of
traveling waves on electron beams. But because T cticin't think
of that wonderfully simple circuit, the helix, and because T
only calculated an(l didn't builcl anything, ~ missed the most
important point the mutual interaction between the elec-
tromagnetic wave an(l electrons that results in a very great
amplification.
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
165
In 1944 Rudi, deep in work on his traveling-wave tube,
was transferred, still as an employee of the Admiralty, to the
CIarendon Laboratory at Oxford. While there, he met
Neville Robinson, who was working at the Services Electronic
Research Laboratory at BaIdock. It was characteristic that
when Robinson, pursuing some ideas of his own that were
only vaguely related to Rudi's interest, modified the design of
the helix in order to make a narrow-band amplifier, Rudi
realized that while it might not work as Robinson intended,
it might possibly work as a low-noise amplifier. It did.
Beyond his work on traveling-wave tubes, Rudi became
haunted with the idea of a voltage-tunable traveling-wave
oscillator. His interest persisted throughout the period dur-
ing which he studied for his D.Phil. in physics, which he
obtained in 1951. He made some theoretical and experi-
mental progress toward this end, partly in collaboration with
Neville Robinson.
In 1950 Rudi left the Admiralty and became associated
with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, but he con-
tinued to work at the CIarendon Laboratory on microwave
tubes. ~ had hoped that Rudi might come to work at Bell
Laboratories, and we had approached him shortly after the
close of World War IT. At that time he applied for a visa,
which was long in coming. It was granted in 1951, and he
came to the Bell Laboratories at Murray Hill, New Jersey on
December 27, 1951. There he found the facilities necessary
to continue his work on tunable traveling-wave oscillators,
and in a short time he had demonstrated electronic tuning
over an unprecedented range of ~ 0,000 megahertz a wave-
length range from 6.00 to 7.50 millimeters.
Rudi's interest in microwave tubes extended over many
years, and his contributions were various, including the use
of coupled helices, novel means of focusing (Slalom focus-
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66
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
in"), understanding of noise, and the effects of nonreciprocal
loss. Eventually, he assumed greater responsibilities, becom-
ing director of electronics research in 1955, director of elec-
tronics and radio research in 1957, and associate executive
director, research, Communication Sciences Division in 1962.
In 1958 Rucli and ~ became interested! in communication
satellites. He was full of enthusiasm in pushing and augment-
ing an idea that hac! originally been mine. We published a
paper in 1959 outlining the potentialities of such satellites.
Rudi brushed up his spherical trigonometry, a subject of
which T was utterly innocent, in order to calculate earth
coverage areas. We traveled here and there, trying to get
someone to do something. Finally, NASA Aim. The Bell Labora-
tories work on the Echo satellite, which was launcher! on
August 12, 1960, was carried out in Rudi's department and
under his inspiration and direction. He was also deeply in-
volved in the Telstar experiment—the launching by AT&T in
1962 of a satellite that carriect live television across the Atian-
tic for the first time.
But Rucli's influence at Bell Laboratories was wide ant]
pervasive. He loved to hear and talk about novel things. He
proposed new ideas without any concern for personal creclit.
Drafts of technical memoranda were typed on pink paper in
those clays. Nothing delighted Rudi more than to send out
pink drafts for comment in order to stir up the reader. He
said that pink was his favorite color. When what he proposer!
proved wrong, he was not afraid to change his mincl.
The 20-foot horn-reflector antenna built to receive sig-
nals from the Echo satellite was equipped with a low-noise
ruby maser amplifier built for Rucli by Derek Scovil. Charles
Townes had invented the first maser in 1953, and one of
Townes's students and coworkers, Jim Gordon, was aireacly
at work at Bell Laboratories. Early in 1960, when the horn
reflector antenna was partially completed, Rudi invited
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
171
ship and guidance offered by Peggy and Rudi Kompfner,
who will remain an inspiration." '
Rudi invited students, faculty, and friends to his home
and discussed technical matters—and other things. At a
point of great success, he celebrated with the secretary and
the technicians as well as the students and faculty.
For three years, Rudi conductecl in his garage and home
a freshman seminar on how to do research. The students and
he proposer! projects. One among these was chosen by vote.
Analyses and experiments were then made and moctels were
constructed. The three years' projects were: a new form of
windmill, an earthquake-resistant builcting on rollers, and a
wheelchair capable of mounting a curb.
Rudi was clisappointed that in the last year a favorite
proposal of his lost by one vote. That was a very small swim-
ming pool in which one could swim Tong distances against a
current of water, without moving at all with respect to the
pool.
Rudi's versatility and originality lect to a number of in-
genious icleas and contraptions. When a Picturephone
terminal was installed in his office, he put an excellent like-
ness of himself in front of the camera tube, so that those who
called him fount! him remarkably quiet and attentive.
In his home, Rucli built a set of swinging cat doors. When
he found that a raccoon got in and stole the cat's foot! he
arranged a complicated linkage of strings, pulleys, and hooks
by means of which an intruder could be exclu(lecl or trapped.
Later, Rucli feel an abandoned baby raccoon, which became
a pet, and built a marvelous house for it and arranged an
aerial tramway to carry food to it on winter clays.
For several years, Ructi devotect a great clear of time and
ingenuity toward producing four-legged chairs and tables
1. W. B. Colson and S. K. Ride, "A Laser Accelerator," Applied Physics,
20( 1979):65.
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172
B IOGRAPH I CAL MEMOI RS
that would rest steadily on an uneven surface. Alas, a search
revealed a number of patents. Nonetheless, Rucli finally did
construct a table and a chair of his own design—operable,
but not objects of great beauty, and perhaps of marginal
utility. A different invention, a sort of mat or coaster to make
the port and Madeira decanters at All Souls slide more easily
on the table top, has been an unqualified success.
Rudi's analysis of the noise level in the clining room of the
faculty club at Stanford was sound. He arguer! that cliners
talk loudly enough to be heart! across the table against the
voices of other speakers. He worked out a quantitative
theory. The Stanford dining room was so noisy, he showed,
because diners shouted vainly across very wide tables in an
effort to make themselves heard amid the din of the futile
efforts of others to converse at nearby tables.
Eventually, the tables were maple narrower, the diners at
the same table could hear one another, and the hubbub sub-
sided. ~ have not been able to trace the change clirectly to
Rudi's insightful work.
Rudi's life was cut short in the full exercise of his powers
and in full enjoyment of his family, his friends, anct his world.
He must have seen something of himself and of Peggy in his
children, who acquirer! their qualities more by gooc! example
than in any other way. He liver! to see his claughter married
and to wheel his son's son around Palo Alto.
As he enjoyed all good things, ~ am sure that Rudi must
nave valued the many honors that came his way, but he was
a modest man. His students told me that before leaving on a
trip, Rucli usually told them where he was going. When he
didn't, they felt that he must be going to receive some new
honor, and so it prover] to be.
Ru~li's moclesty a(ldecl to the real joy that all his friends
felt for him in his successes. ~ am grateful to have had this
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
173
opportunity to write good and true things about him that he
would not have said himself. But I wish to tell in words that
Rudi himself wrote the true reward that his career brought
him:
THE FEELING ONE EXPERIENCES when he obtains a new and important
insight, when a crucial experiment works, when an idea begins to
grow and bear fruit, these mental states are indescribably beautiful
and exciting. No material rewards can produce effects even dis-
tantly approaching them. Yet another benefit is that an inventor
can never be bored. There is no time when I cannot think of a
variety of problems, all waiting to be speculated about, perhaps
tackled, perhaps solved. All one has to do is to ask questions, why?
how?, and not be content with the easy, the superficial answer.
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174
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1940
Velocity modulation: Results of further considerations. Wireless
Eng., 17:478- 89.
1941
Method of correcting the spherical error of electron lenses, es-
pecially of those employed with the electron microscope. Philos.
Mag., 32:410-16.
1942
Transit-time phenomena in electronic tubes. Wireless Eng.,
19:2-6.
Current induced in an external circuit by electrons moving between
two plane electrodes. Wireless Eng., 19:52-55.
With W. H. l. Fuchso. Space-charge effects in velocity-modulated
electron beams. Proc. Phys. Soc. (London), 54: 135-50.
Velocity-modulating grids: an investigation of their action by
means of analysis and graphical methods. Wireless Eng.,
19: 158-61.
1946
The traveling-wave valve. New amplifier for centimeter wave-
lengths. Wireless World, 52:369-72.
With J. Hatton, E. E. Schneider, and L. A. G. Dresel. The transmis-
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Elect. Eng., 93 Part 3A: 1436-42.
1947
The traveling-wave tube as amplifier at microwaves. Proc. IRE,
35: 124-27.
The traveling-wave tube. Wireless Eng., 24:255-66.
1949
With D. K. C. MacDonald. Fluctuation phenomena arising in the
quantum interaction of electrons with high-frequency fields.
Proc. IRE, 37: 1424-26.
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
175
1950
On the operation of the traveling-wave tube at low level. I. Br. Inst.
Radio Eng., 10:283-89.
1951
With A. Leemans. Heating in vacua by an external radiation source.
Vacuum, 1:203-4.
With F. N. H. Robinson. Noise in traveling-wave tubes. Proc. IRE,
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1952
Traveling-wave tubes. Rep. Prog. Phys., 15:275-327.
.
1953
Backward-wave oscillator. Bell Lab. Rec., 31 :281-85.
With N. T. Williams. Backward-wave tubes. Proc. IRE,41: 1602-11.
1954
Nonreciprocal loss in traveling-wave tubes using ferrite attenua-
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1956
Ferrite attenuators for traveling-wave amplifiers. Bell Lab. Rec.,
34:361-65.
With I. S. Cook and C. F. Quate. Coupled helices. Bell Syst. Tech.
J., 35:127-78.
Some recollections of the early history of the traveling-wave tube.
Yearb. Phys. Soc. (London):30-33.
1957
With i. S. Cook and W. H. Yocom. Slalom focusing. Proc. IRE,
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1958
With C. F. Quate and D. A. Chisholm. The reflex klystron as a
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176
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1959
With I. R. Pierce. Transoceanic communication by means of satel-
lites. Proc. IRE, 47:372-80.
1961
With A. Yariv. Noise temperature in distributed amplifiers. IRE
Trans. Electron Devices, ED-8:207-11.
The sources of noise in the cyclotron-wave amplifier. Nachrichten-
technische Fach., 22:403-5.
1962
With I. P. Kaminow and W. H. Louisell. Improvements in light
modulation of the traveling-wave type. IRE Trans. Microwave
Theory Tech., MTT- 10:311- 13.
1963
With A. B. Crawford, C. C. Cutler, and L. C. Tillotson. The re-
search background of the Telstar experiment. Bell Syst. Tech.
J., 42:747-64.
With C. C. Cutler and L. C. Tillotson. A self-steering array re-
peater. Bell Syst. Tech. I., 42:2013-32.
1964
The invention of the traveling-wave tube. San Francisco: San Fran-
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Off-axis paths in spherical mirror interferometers. Appl. Opt.,
3:523.
1965
The development of the traveling-wave tube. Endeavour, 24~921:
106-10.
Optical communications. Science, 150~3693~: 149- 55.
1966
Beitrage zur Erforschung und Nutzbarmachung von Weltraum-
phanomenen. Elektrotech. Maschinenbau, 83~9~:495-500.
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
177
1967
Windows to space (from 10~° hz up). In: Commercial Utilization of
Space (13th Annual Meeting of the American Astronautical
Society), p. 160.
Electron devices in science and technology past and future. IEEE
Spectrum, 4:47-52.
Foreword. In: J F. Gittens, Power Traveling Wave Tubes, p. v. New
York: American Elsevier.
Foreword. In: Peter Lindsay, An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
for Electrical Engineers. New York and Great Britain: McGraw-
Hill.
1972
Optics at Bell Laboratories optical communications. Appl. Opt.,
11(11):2412-25.
1975
Recent advances in acoustical microscopy. Br. T. Radiol., 48:615.
1976
With R. A. Lemons. Nonlinear acoustic microscopy. Appl. Phys.
Lett., 28:295.
The invention of traveling-wave tubes. IEEE Trans. Electron De-
vices, 23:730.
With H. Park. High-resolution heterodyne coincidence detection of
optical pulse streams. Int. I. Electron., 41:317.
OCR for page 178
178
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
PATENTS
1957
2,804,511. Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier. (Issued 8/27/57.)
2,811,673. Traveling Wave Tube. (Issued 10 / 29 / 57.)
2,812,467. Electron Beam System. (Issued 11 / 5 / 57.)
1958
2,834,908. Traveling Wave Tube. (Issued 5 / 13 / 58.)
2,857,548. Electron Beam System. (Issued 10/ 21 / 58.)
2,860,278. Non-reciprocal Wave Transmission. (Issued 11/ 11/ 58.)
1959
2,867,744. Traveling Wave Tube. (Issued 1 /6/ 59.)
2,879,442. Direct View Storage Tube. (Issued 3/24/59.)
2,891,191. Backward Wave Tube. (Issued 6/ 16/59.)
2,895,071. Traveling Wave Tube. (Issued 7/ 14/ 59.)
2,899,597. Apparatus Utilizing Slalom Focusing. (Issued
8/ 11/ 59.)
2,911,544. Non-reciprocal Wave Transmission Device. (Issued
11/3/59.)
2,916,657. Backward Wave Amplifier. (Issued 12/8/59.)
1960
2,922,917. Non-reciprocal Elements in Microwave Tubes. (Issued
1 /26/60.)
2,925,565. Coaxial Couplers. (Issued 2/ 16/60.)
2,933,640. Pulse Coincidence Detecting Tube. (Issued 4/ 19/60.)
2,939,034. Electron Gun for Slalom Focusing Systems. (Issued
5/31 /60.)
2,949,558. High Efficiency Velocity Modulation Devices. (Issued
8/ 16/60.)
2,955,223. Traveling Wave Tube. (Issued 10/ 4/ 60.)
1961
2,972,081. Low Noise Amplifier. (Issued 2 / 14/ 61.)
2,972,702. High Frequency Amplifier. (Issued 2 / 21 / 61.)
2,985,790. Backward Wave Tube. (Issued 5/23/61.)
3,012,204. Elastic Wave Parametric Amplifier. (Issued 12 / 5 / 61.)
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER
179
1962
3,021,490. Parallel High Frequency Amplifier Circuits. (Issued
2/ 13/62.)
3,021,524. Scanning Horn-Reflector Antenna. (Issued 2 / 13 / 62.)
3,041,559. Microwave Filter. (Issued 6/ 26/ 62.)
3,051,911. Broadband Cyclotron Wave Parametric Amplifier.
(Issued 8/ 28/ 62.)
3,067,379. High Frequency Generator. (Issued 12 / 4 / 62.)
1964
3,133,198. Traveling Wave Light Modulator. (Issued 5 / 12 / 64.)
3,151,325. Artificial Scattering Elements for Use as Reflectors in
Space Communication Systems. (Issued 9129164.)
3,154,748. Detector for Optical Communication System. (Issued
10/27/64.)
1965
3,188,155. Beam Collector with Auxiliary Collector for Repelled
or Secondarily-Emitted Electrons. (Issued 618165.)
3,196,438. Antenna System. (Issued 7 / 20/ 65.)
3,224,331. Sinusoidal-Shaped Lens for Light Wave Communica-
tion. (Issued 12/21 / 65.)
3,224,330. Transmission of Light Waves. (Issued 12/21 / 65.)
1966
3,253,226. Optical Maser Amplifier. (Issued 5124166.)
3,273,151. Antenna System. (Issued 9/ 13 / 66.)
3,285,129. Triple Element S-Lens Focusing System. (Issued
11/ 15/66.)
1967
3,317,861. Spherical Reflector Elastic Wave Delay Device with
Planar Transducers. (Issued 512167.)
1969
3,454,768. Intracavity Image Converter. (Issued 7/8/ 69.)
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180
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1970
3,490,021. Receiving Antenna Apparatus Compensated for An-
tenna Surface Irregularities. (Issued 1 / 13 / 70.)
3,503,070. Anti-Doppler Shift Antenna for Mobile Radio. (Issued
3/24/70.)
3,503,671. Multiple-Pass Light-Deflecting Modulator. (Issued
3/31/70.)
3,503,671. Multiple-Pass Light-Deflecting Modulator. (Issued
3/31 /70.)
3,506,331. Optical Waveguide. (Issued 4/ 14/ 70.)
3,506,834. Time Division Multiplex Optical Transmission System.
(Issued 4/ 14/ 70.)
3,515,455. Digital Light Deflecting Systems. (Issued 6/2/70.)
3,520,584. Method and Apparatus for Obtaining 3-Dimensional
Images from Recorded Standing Patterns. (Issued
a
7/ 14/70.)
3,530,298. Optical Heterodyne Receiver with Pulse Widening or
~ ,
Stretching. (Issued 9/22/70.)
3,532,889. Light Communication System with Improved Signal-
to-Noise Ratio. (Issued 10/ 6/ 70.)
1977
4,012,950. Method of and Apparatus for Acoustic Imaging.
(Issued 3/ 15/ 77.)
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
bell laboratories
