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Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition, 1986 (1986)
Board on Agriculture (BOA)

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Nutrient Requirements of Cats Revised Edition, 1986 Subcommittee on Cat Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture National Research Council NAT10NAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington. DC 1986

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National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Acad- emy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, under Agreement No. 59-32U4-5-6, and by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under Cooperative Agreement No. FD-U-00000~05-1. Additional support was provided by the American Feed Industry Association, Inc. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authoring subcommittee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nutrient requirements of cats. (Nutrient requirements of domestic animals) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Cats—Food. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Cat Nutrition. II. Series: Nutrient requirements of domestic animals (Unnumbered) SF447.6.N88 1986 636.8'08'52 86-8685 ISBN 0-309-03682-8 Copyright (3 1986 by the National Academy of Sciences No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system' transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by the IJnited States Government Printed in the United States of America First Printing, July 1986 Second Pnniing, September 1989 Third Pnnnng, November 1990 Fours Printing, June 1991 Fifth Pnnung, November 1992

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Preface This report is one of a series issued under the (Erection of the Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agri- culture, National Research Council. It was prepared by the Subcommittee on Cat Nutrition, and is a revision and expansion of the 1978 edition of Nutrient Require- ments of Cats. A substantial quantity of new informa- tion on cat nutrition has been published since the last edition. Estimates of all the amino acid requirements, including taurine, have been included. New informa- tion on diet and acid-base balance has been included with an emphasis on how diet composition affects the risk of feline urological syndrome (FtJS). The essential fatty acid requirements have been included in this edi- tion. There has been an expansion of the section on other feed ingredients, including dietary effects of such items as sodium benzoate and propylene glycol. Finally, an increased number of feed ingredients used for cat diets has been included in the feed composition tables and nutritional values for many other ingredients have been updated. This new edition describes the minimal requirements of the growing kitten based on nutrient availability sim- ilar to that found when purified diets are used as the sole food source. For nutrients where information on mini- mal requirements was not available, minimal quantities known to give satisfactory performance were used or es- timates were made based on other species. Guidelines are given for applying these minimal requirements to diets containing natural feedstuffs. General recommen- dations are also given for maintenance and reproduc- tion for the adult cat. The reader interested in the man- agement of the cat as a laboratory animal is referred to a report entitled Laboratory Animal Management Cats, 1978, which is available from the Institute of Lab- oratory Animal Resources, National Research Council. The subcommittee is indebted to Selma P. Baron and Philip Ross of the Board on Agriculture for their assis- tance in the production of this report; to the members of the Committee on Animal Nutrition for their sugges- tions; ant] to Ronald S. Anderson, Norlin J. Benevenga, Richard D. Kealy, and Duane E. Ullrey for their com- prehensive reviews and constructive comments on the report. We are especially grateful to John A. Pino who reviewed the report for the Board on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Cat Nutrition QUINTON R. ROGERS, Chairman University of California, Davis DAVID H. BAKER University of Illinois KENNETH C. HAYES Brandeis University PETER T. KENDALL Pedigree Petfoods JAMES G. MORRIS University of California, Davis ... 111

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COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION JAMES G. MORRIS, Chairman, University of California, Davis FRANK AHERNE, University of Alberta RICHARD E. AUSTIC, Cornell University JIMMY H. CLARK, University of Illinois DONALD E. JOHNSON, Colorado State University ROY J. MARTIN, JR., University of Georgia FREDRIC N. OWENS, Oklahoma State University GARY L. RUMSEY, USDI, Tunison Laboratory of Fish Nutrition DALE R. WALDO, USDA, Animal Science Institute SELMA P. BARON, Staff Officer BOARD ON AGRICULTURE WILLIAM L. BROWN, Chairman, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. JOHN A. PING, Vice Chairman, Inter-American Development Bank PERRY L. AOKISSON, Texas A&M University C. EUGENE ALLEN, University of Minnesota JOSEPH P. FONTENOT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ROBERT M. GOODMAN, Calgene, Inc. RALPH W. F. HARDY, Cornell University and BioTechnica International, Inc. ROGER L. MITCHELL, University of Missouri CHARLES C. MUSCOPLAT, Molecular Genetics, Inc. ELDOR A. PAUL, Michigan State University VERNON W. RUTTAN, University of Minnesota THOMAS D. TRAUTMAN, General Mills, Inc. JAMES G. TEER, Welder Wildlife Foundation JAN VAN SCHILFGAARDE, ARS/USDA VIRGINIA WALBOT, Stanford University CONRAD I. WEISER, Oregon State University CHARLES M. BENBROOK, Executive Director 1V

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Conten';s 1. INTRODUCTION 2. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS........ Energy, 3 Energy Content of Diets and Ingredients, 3 Basis for Establishing Energy Requirements, 3 Requirements for Adult Maintenance, 4 Requirements for Growth, 4 Requirements for Gestation and Lactation, 4 Energy Allowances, 5 Carbohydrates, 6 Digestibility, 6 Fat, 7 Analytical Procedures, 7 Digestibility, 7 Dietary Fat Concentration, 7 Essential Fatty Acids, 8 Signs of Deficiency, 8 Protein, 9 Nitrogen Requ Arginine, 10 Histidine, 10 Isoleucine, 10 Leucine, 11 Lysine, 11 irements of Cats, 9 Methionine, 11 Phenylalanine, 12 Threonine, 12 Tryptophan, 12 Valine, 13 Amino Acid Availability from the Diet, 13 Amino Acid Interactions, 13 Taurine (Feline Central Retinal Degeneration), 13 v

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Minerals, 15 Calcium ant] Phosphorus, 15 Magnesium, 16 Potassium, 16 Sodium and Chloride, 17 Iron and Copper, 17 Iodine, 18 Zinc, 18 Manganese, 19 Cobalt, 19 Selenium, 19 Sulfur, Fluorine, Molybdenum, Tin, Silicon, Nickel, Vanadium, ant] Chromium, 19 Effect of Acid-Base Balance on Nutrient Requirements, 19 Vitamins, 21 Vitamin A, 21 Vitamin D, 23 Vitamin E, 23 Vitamin K, 24 Thiamin, 24 Riboflavin, 25 Vitamin Be, 26 Niacin, 26 Pantothenic Acid, 27 Folacin, 27 Biotin, 27 Vitamin Bl2, 28 Choline, 28 Ascorbic Acid, 28 3. WATER. 4. FORMULATED DIETS FOR CATS Dry-Type Cat Foods, 30 Semimoist Cat Foods, 30 Canned Cat Foods, 30 Nutrient Content of Commercial Diets, 31 Guidelines for Formulating Diets from Natural Ingredients, 32 Protein Amino Acids, 32 Vitamins, 32 Minerals, 32 5. OTHER FOOD CONSTITUENTS Food Additives, 34 Benzoic Acid and Related Compounds, 34 Color, 35 Sodium Nitrite, 35 Propylene Glycol, 35 Other Food Items, 35 V1 .29 .30 .34

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6. COMPOSITION OF FEEDS Metabolizable Energy, 37 Nomenclature, 37 Locating Names in the Tables, 38 TABLES . . . REFERENCES INDEX ·— V11 .37 .39 .69 .77

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abbes 1. Daily Metabolizable Energy Intakes Observed for Cats, 41 2. Minimum Requirements for Growing Kittens, 42 3. Proximate Composition, Apparent Digestibility, and Digestible and Metabolizable Energy of Some Commercial Cat Diets, 43 4. Estimated Daily Food Allowances for Cats, 44 5. Fat, Fatty Acid, and Metabolizable Energy Composition of F`eed Ingredients, 45 6. Taurine Content of Selected Foods, 47 7. Composition of Some Common Cat Feeds, Excluding Minerals and Amino Acids, 48 8. Mineral Composition of Some Common Cat Feeds, 56 9. Common Mineral Sources for Cats, 62 10. Amino Acid Composition of Some Common Cat Feeds, 63 11. Abbreviations for Terms Used in Tables 5, 7, 8, and 10, 68 12. Weight-Unit Conversion Factors, 68 13. Fat-Soluble Vitamin Equivalents, 68 · -— vail

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Nutrient Regliirements of Cats Revised Edition, 1986

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