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Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base (1992)
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP)

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National Research Council. "Q Geoengineering Options." Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1992. 1. Print.

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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.


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(the cost of parachute fabric is about 3 times the cost of the yarn, based on information from a colleague at Du Pont Industrial Fabrics), cost of controls, dust dispensing, and so on, $15/kg can be estimated or 1.5 × 105 kg/balloon × $15/kg = 2.25 × 106 $/balloon.

Twenty lifts are necessary in 40 years:

image

2 × 106 balloons × 2.25 × 106$/balloon = $4.25 × 1012.

Consider the additional costs of infrastructure and support: there will be 2 × 106 lifts in 40 years or

image

If there are 100 crews (each responsible for 2 lifts per day on 250 days a year) and each crew has 100 people,

104 people × 105 $/person/yr × 40 years = $4 × 1010

image $1011 with an overhead of 150%.

If each station is capitalized at $109, another $1011 is required, but this infrastructure barely affects costs, as does the cost of dust even at $0.50/kg or hydrogen at $10/kg.

Hydrogen can currently be purchased as liquid hydrogen in 1500-gallon lots (equivalent to 169,000 standard cubic feet) for $2.5/100 ft3. For conversion, 1 kg of hydrogen = 432.3 standard cubic feet. Thus the cost is

image

In quantities of 100 × 106 ft3/day, Ogden and Williams (1989) quote costs lower than $30/GJ. This is

image

Each balloon has a mass of 4.2 × 106 m3 × 1/14 × 8.8 × 10-2 kg/m3 = 2.6 × 104 kg of hydrogen. At 5 × 104 balloon lifts per year, the annual quantity is

13.2 × 108 kg image 109 kg = 423 × 109 ft3 image 109 ft3/day = 102 × 106 ft3/day.

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820
Front Matter (R1-R26)
Part One: Synthesis (1-2)
1 Introduction (3-4)
2 Background (5-11)
3 The Greenhouse Gases and Their Effects (12-28)
4 Policy Framework (29-35)
5 Adaptation (36-47)
6 Mitigation (48-64)
7 International Considerations (65-67)
8 Findings and Conclusions (68-72)
9 Recommendations (73-83)
Individual Statement by a Member Of The Synthesis Panel (84-86)
Part Two: The Science Base (87-88)
10 Introduction (89-90)
11 Emission Rates and Concentrations Of Greenhouse Gases (91-99)
12 Radiative Forcing and Feedback (100-110)
13 Model Performance (111-116)
14 The Climate Record (117-134)
15 Hydrology (135-139)
16 Sea Level (140-144)
17 A Greenhouse Forcing and Temperature Rise Estimation Procedure (145-152)
18 Conclusions (153-154)
Part Three: Mitigation (155-156)
19 Introduction (157-170)
20 Framework for Evaluating Mitigation Options (171-200)
21 Residential and Commercial Energy Management (201-247)
22 Industrial Energy Management (248-285)
23 Transportation Energy Management (286-329)
24 Energy Supply Systems (330-375)
25 Nonenergy Emission Reduction (376-413)
26 Population (414-423)
27 Deforestation (424-432)
28 Geoengineering (433-464)
29 Findings and Recommendations (465-498)
Part Four: Adaptation (499-500)
30 Findings (501-507)
31 Recommendations (508-514)
32 Issues, Assumptions, and Values (515-524)
33 Methods and Tools (525-540)
34 Sesitivities, Impacts, and Adaptations (541-652)
35 Indices (653-656)
36 Final Words (657-658)
Individual Statement by a Member of the Adaptation Panel (659-660)
Appendixes (661-662)
A Questions and Answers About Greenhouse Warming (663-691)
B Thinking About Time in the Context of Global Climate Change (692-707)
C Conservation Supply Curves for Buildings (708-716)
D Conservation Supply Curves for Industrial Energy Use (717-726)
E Conservation Supply Data for Three Transportation Sectors (727-758)
F Transportation System Management (759-766)
G Nuclear Energy (767-774)
H A Solar Hydrogen System (775-778)
I Biomass (779-785)
J Cost-Effectiveness of Electrical Generation Technologies (786-791)
K Cost-Effectiveness of Chlorofluorocarbon Phaseout—United States and Worldwide (792-797)
L Agriculture (798-807)
M Landfill Methane Reduction (808-808)
N Population Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (809-811)
O Deforestation Prevention (812-813)
P Reforestation (814-816)
Q Geoengineering Options (817-835)
R Description of Economic Estimates of the Cost of Reducing Greenhouse Emissions (836-839)
S Glossary (840-846)
T Conversion Tables (847-848)
U Prefaces from the Individual Panel Reports (849-854)
V Acknowledgments from the Individual Panel Reports (855-857)
W Background Information on Panel Members and Professional Staff (858-868)
Index (869-918)
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