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INDEX
A
Acanthocephala, 244
Acarina, 58
Accipiter cf. rufitorques (short-winged hawk), 155
Acid precipitation, 11, 134, 135
Acraeini, 76
Acrocephalus sp. (warblers), 152, 153
Adalia decempunctata (ten-spot ladybird), 42
Adams, Mark D., 289, 299, 518
Africa
birds, 46, 144
extinctions, 144, 515
Agaricus bisphorus (fungus), 116, 117
Agassiz, Louis, 452
Agenda 21, 390
Agriculture.
See also Crops;
Fertilizers
biodiversity losses due to, 10, 13, 127, 134, 378
bioengineering, 220, 518
biological pest control, 219-220, 222-224, 225, 226, 234-235, 283-284, 517
climate change and, 12
contributions of biodiversity, 8-9, 217-219, 220, 224, 513
ecosystem effects, 142, 218
export, 401-402
integrated pest management, 221, 517
origin, 399-400, 519
pest introductions and quarantine, 222-224, 227, 517
pesticides, 218-219
pests, 218, 219, 223, 225, 234, 517
pollution, 127
sustainable, 221-222, 390, 399-400, 401-402
systematics, 219-220, 224-225, 227, 517
wetlands losses, 129, 130
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (bacterium), 284
Aguirre, Alvaro, 344
Ailuroedus sp. (catbirds), 266, 267
Alaska, 152, 157
Albatrosses, 149
Alcataenia (cestodes), 255, 256
Alcidae, 255
Aldabra Atoll, 86
Alder, 177
Aleutian Islands, 255
Algae
brown, 111
described species, 96
dimethyl sulphide production, 283
freshwater, 18-22, 89, 90
green, 111-113
marine, 89, 90, 96
number of species, 90, 366
red, 111 113
Algal blooms, 13
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All Taxa Biodiversity Inventories (ATBI)
benefits, 57, 203, 416-417, 420-421, 438
effectiveness, 438-439, 520
microbial diversity, 472-473
resource requirements, 439-440
sampling regimes, 32-37, 87, 520
Alligator Reef, Florida, 87
Alligatorweed, 235
Alnus sp. (alder), 177
Alouatta sp. (howler monkey), 342
Alveolates, 113
Amazon River basin
biodiversity services, 9-10
birds, 78
butterflies, 69, 75, 76, 78, 79
extractive reserves, 395
fishery, 9-10
habitat fragmentation, 11
hydrological cycle, 10
mammals, 78
Pacific Ocean linkages, 249, 251-253, 258, 516
Amazonia, 11, 134, 136, 181, 400-401
Amblyornis macgregoriae (Macgregor's bowerbird), 268, 270-271, 274
Amblyornis sp. (maypole bower builders), 266, 267, 270-271, 272
Amblyornis subalaris (streaked bowerbird), 268
American Association of Zoos and Aquaria, 352
American Museum of Natural History, 451
American Type Culture Collection, 3, 467-471, 513
Amoeba, 113
Amphibians, 78
Amphipods, 365
Amyelois transitella (naval orangeworm), 235
Anas superciliosa (duck), 153, 155
Anchovies, 252
Andes mountains, 142, 146, 224, 251-252, 457
Andropogon virginicus (grass), 192
Anophryocephalus (pinniped), 247, 255, 256
Anous sp. (tern), 151
Antarctica, insects, 28
Ants
attine, 116-117
number of species, 8, 31, 97
phylogeny, 117
Aotus (owl monkeys), 342
Apicomplexans, 113
Aplonis tabuensis (starling), 156
Apterostigma sp., 116, 117
Aptornithids, 148
Aquatic organisms and systems.
See also Freshwater;
Marine;
individual species
caterpillars, 233
helminthic parasites, 250-251
number of species, 89, 90
weeds, 235
Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (golden eagle), 145
Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress), 292-293
Araceae, 233
Araneae, 64
Archaea, 111, 119-120, 515
Archboldia papuensis (Archbold's bowerbird), 267, 272-273, 274
Aristotle, 508
Arizona
butterflies, 73, 74
gap analysis of biodiversity, 322
Arkansas, butterflies, 73, 74
Artemiq sp. (brine shrimp), 311
Arthropods.
See also Insects;
Crustaceans BIOTA database, 206
Ascaris suum (nematode), 310
Ascomycetes, 226
Ascomycotines, 116
Asia
birds, 144
wetlands, 129
Assessment of biodiversity. See Gap analysis;
Measurement of biodiversity
Aster pilosus, 192
Atalopedes campestri, 74
Ateles (spider monkey), 342
Athelia bombacina, 117
Atitlan, Lake, 128
Atlantic Ocean, 145
Atta cephalotes, 117
Atta sp. (ants), 116
Attamyces bromatificus, 116
Auricularia polytricha, 117
Australia
birds, 144, 267
climate, 169
extinctions, 144
insects, 7, 48, 49
introduced species, 235
marine species, 86, 96
plants, 235
reserve selection, 335
vertebrates, 7-8
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Australian Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN), 484-487, 497
Avena fatua (wild oat), 192
Avocado, 178
B
Babbitt, Bruce, 13, 454, 489
Baccharis pilularis (coyote bush), 328
Bacteria.
See also Microbial diversity;
specific bacteria
aquatic, 89, 119, 285
autotoxins, 18
benefits, 9, 282-284
diversity, 281-282
evolution, 111, 515
in extreme environments, 13, 119, 285
nitrogen-fixing, 17, 283
spiral, 118
Bacteriophages, 96
Bahamas, 87
Baikal, Lake, 127
Baird, Spencer, 13
Bald eagle, 145
Banana, 235
Barn-owls, 148, 155
Barranca del Cobre, Mexico, 143
Barro Colorado Island, 11, 334
Basidiomycotines, 116
Bats, 77, 133
Bees, 97
Beetles (Coleoptera).
See also Tropical forest beetles
biological control agents, 221
collections, 47-48
described species, 29, 97
discrete assemblages, 38
distribution, 28, 32, 45, 47-48, 49, 54
diversity, 53, 514
ecological implications of data, 29, 31
ecosystem roles, 31
host specificity, 54, 221
number of species, 32-33, 49, 51, 53, 56
recorded history, 29
threats to, 61
Belém, Brazil, 75, 79
Belgium, 58
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 221
Bemisia argentifolii (silverleaf whitefly), 220, 227
Bemisia tabaci complex (sweet potato whitefly), 220
Berlese banks, 34
Bicosoecids, 111, 113, 115
Big Pine Key, Florida, 87
BIN21. See Biodiversity Information Network
Biodiversity Forum. See National Forum on Biodiversity
Biodiversity Information Network, 497-498
Biodiversity losses.
See also Extinctions
agriculture-related, 10
behavioral variability, 263-264, 516
coral reefs, 85
ecosystem effects, 154
evolutionary consequences, 132-134, 263
extirpations, 147, 150, 153, 154
genetic variability, 131, 352, 515
from human activities, 1, 61, 103, 126-136, 140-158, 164, 187, 359, 404, 411-414, 435, 492, 507-512, 515-516
pollution and, 10
populations, 131, 147, 515
projected, 136
recovery, 10, 132-133
Biodiversity Treaty, 412.
See also Convention on Biodiversity
Biogeographic realm.
See also individual realms butterfly distribution, 71-72, 77-78, 514
Biogeography.
See also Island biogeography historical, 243, 245
Biomass, 7
Bioremediation, 9, 280, 285.
See also Ecological restoration
Biosystematic Database of World Diptera, 206
Biosystematic Information on Terrestrial Arthropods (BIOTA), 206
Biotechnology
growth of industry, 280-281, 518
history, 279
innovations, 279-280
microbial diversity, 279, 284-285, 515
Birch trees, 177
Birds.
See also individual species
African passerines, 46
butterfly diversity, 76-78, 514
concordance patterns, 305-308
conservation, 141
continental species, 143-146, 515
discovery rates, 158
distribution, 46, 78, 79
endemic areas, 141, 142
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extinctions, 11, 60, 61, 64, 139-158, 515-516
extirpations, 147, 150, 153, 154
habitat destruction, 11, 129-130, 142, 144, 154, 515
island species, 147-156, 515
number of species, 78
parasites, 247
range contractions, 145
restricted-range species, 141, 142
threatened species, 45, 126, 154, 518
tropical forests, 140
United States, 77, 154
waterfowl, 129-130
wetlands, 130
Birds of paradise, 267
Bismarck Sea, 366
Black-headed vireo, 146
Blake, Judith A., 289-299, 518
Boletus santanas (fungus), 117
Bolivia
insects, 59, 76
marsupials, 253
primates, 348
wetlands, 129
Yungas-Chaco ecotone, 253, 258
Bombyx mori (silkworm), 311
Borgia, Gerald, 263-276, 515-516
Borneo, insects, 53, 54, 55, 234
Bos taurus (cattle), 310
Botswana, wetlands, 129
Bowerbird evolution.
See also individual species
avenue builders, 266, 267, 269-270
bowers, 265-271
comparative studies, 264, 266, 515-516
courts, 266, 267, 272-273
displays, 265-271, 516
distribution, 264
hypothesis, 265-266, 267-273, 516
leks, 271-272
mate selection, 265
maypole-builders, 266, 267, 270-271
model, 267-268, 273-274
non-bower-building, 271-273
phylogeny, 266, 267
Brachyteles sp. (muriqui), 342, 344
Brassica napus (oilseed rape), 293
Brazil
birds, 142
conservation politics, 345-346, 395-396, 403-404, 519
deforestation, 345-346
insects, 48, 49, 75, 76, 79
Itatiaia National Park, 75, 76
Poço das Antas Reserve, 348
primates, 344, 348, 349, 352, 353
Serra do Japi Reserve, 76
Tijuca Forest, 403-404
Una Biological Reserve, 346, 353
wetlands, 129
Breeding Bird Survey, 326
British Museum of Natural History (London), 44, 47-48, 54, 234, 238, 522
Brunei, insects, 54
Bryozoans, cheilostome, 87
Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 205
Bult, Carol J., 289-299, 518, 521
Bulweria cf. bulwerii (petrel), 151
Bureau of Biological Survey, 455
Butterfly diversity.
See also individual families and species
biogeographic realm, 71-72, 77-78, 79, 514
bird/mammal diversity and, 76-78, 514
geographic variation, 69-72, 78
host-specificity, 53-54
insect species estimates from, 48
named species, 69, 79, 97
neotropical, 75-76
number of species, 70-71, 78, 231
regular colonists, 72-74
residents, 72-74
threats to, 61
United States, 72-74
vagrants, 72-74
C
Cacajao (uakari), 342
Cacaulandia, Rondônia, Brazil, 76
Cactoblastis cactorum (cactus moth), 235
Cadra Walker (almond moth), 234
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode), 291, 293, 310, 311
Cafeteria roenbergensis (marine flagellate), 114
California, butterflies, 73, 74
California Geological Survey, 453
California gnatcatcher, 11, 146
Callicebus sp. (titi monkey), 342
Callimico sp. (Goeldi's monkey), 342
Callithrix sp. (marmosets), 342, 343, 344, 352
Cameroon, 58
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Campephilus imperialis (imperial woodpecker), 143
Campephilus principalis (ivory-billed woodpecker), 143, 145
Canada, 157, 222-223
Capitella capitata (polychaete worm), 95
Captive breeding and rearing, 141, 351-352, 519
Carabids, 97
Carbon cycle, 283
Carbon dioxide
bacteria and, 283
global warming, 12, 168-170, 188
plant response to, 189-190, 192, 193-194
Cardueline finches, 148
Caribbean Sea, 145, 366
Carolina parakeet, 145
Carson, Rachel, 218
Caspian Sea, 179
Cassava, 225, 517
Caterpillars, snout moth, 233
Cavia sp. (guinea pig), 305, 310
Cebuella sp. (pygmy marmoset), 342, 344
Cebus sp. (capuchin monkey), 342
Cenozoic era, 164, 165, 167, 171, 173, 175, 318
Central America
birds, 142, 144
butterflies, 72
extinctions, 144
plants, 165
Centrocerus urophasianus (sage grouse), 146, 329
Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit fly), 209
Cercidiphyllum sp., 177
Cetaceans, 247
Cettia sp. (warblers), 155
Chalcidoid, 97
Chendytes lawi (flightless duck), 145
Chesapeake Bay, 10, 282
Chilo sp. (rice borers), 234, 235
China. See People's Republic of China
Chiropotes sp. (bearded sakis), 342
Chlamydera maculata (spotted bowerbird), 264, 273
Chlorofluorocarbons, 9, 135, 192
Chlorophytes, 111 113
Cholera, 286
Chordates, 90
Chordeiles minor (nighthawk), 146
Christmas Island, 149, 150
Chromophytes, 111
Chrysauginae, 233
Chrysomelids, 36, 97
Cicadellid bugs, 97
Ciliates, 113
Circulifer tenellus (sugar beet leafhopper), 226
Civilian Conservation Corps, 403-404, 519
Classification of species
approaches, 201-202
bacteriological code, 205
binomial nomenclature, 204
botanical code, 205
butterflies, 69, 79
cataloging, 206
circumscription, 203
cladistic, 201
Codes of Nomenclature, 203
common names, 199
DELTA format, 207
disagreements, 200-201
family-group names, 206
hierarchical, 200
history, 204-205
holistic approach, 2
holotypes, 43-44
homonymy, 202-203, 206
identification aids, 207-210, 215-216, 238-239, 518
importance, 199, 517
information management, 203, 206-207, 236;
see also specific databases
Latin grammar, 205
multiple, 201-202
nomenclature, 199
number named and described, 27, 42-60, 89-97
original name, 202
phenetic, 201
phylogenetic, 201;
see also Molecular phylogeny;
Phylogeny
primates, 342-343
priority, 203
problems, 202-203, 238
rate of description, 444-445
registers, 42
resources, 204
scientific names, 200-201
species problem, 203
standardization, 205-206
synonymy, 42-43, 202-203, 206, 220, 238, 239
tags, 199-200
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two-key, 201-202
universal data dictionary, 204
valid name, 202
zoological code, 205
Clayton, Rebecca, 289-299, 518
Climate. See Global climate change
Cliniodes Guenée (snout moth), 234
Clytorhyncus vitiensis (monarch), 155
Coastal zones
degradation, 84, 100
marine archaebacteria, 120
species diversity, 88, 89, 91-93
surface area, 88-89
tropical, 88, 89-92;
see also Coral reefs
Coastal sage scrub habitat, 11
Cocconeis placentula (diatom), 22
Coconut, 235
Coleophora laricella (larch casebearer), 220
Collections, 43-44, 45, 47-48, 359.
See also Research collections
Collembola, 58
Collocalia sp. (swift), 152, 155
Colombia
birds, 78, 139, 141, 146
epidemics, 286
insects, 48, 49, 76, 78
primates, 342
wetlands, 139
Columbus, Christopher, 399, 519
Colwell, Rita R., 279-287, 515, 518, 520
Conestoga River Basin, 17
Conifers, 15
Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey, 453
Conservation.
See also Captive breeding
birds, 141, 154, 157
characterization, 203-204
coral reefs, 357, 359, 366-367
ecosystem approach, 333-334
education strategies, 350, 352-353
gap analysis, 333-334, 518
genetic diversity, 343
habitat fragmentation, 11
hotspots, 128
INBio approach, 199
information management and networking, 349
insects, 79, 514
international cooperation, 352, 519
Population and Habitat Viability Analysis, 350, 353
Population Viability Analysis, 350
preventive approach, 360
primates, 344, 345, 349-353, 518-519
priorities, 76, 141, 154, 258, 296, 344, 357, 359, 367, 514
Rapid Assessment Program Team, 31
scientific methods, 350, 357, 518-519
training, 157, 350
Conservation International, 349
Conserved wildlands
management, 424-430, 519-520
perceptions, 411-413
use, 427-430
Consortium for Systematics and Biodiversity, 3, 32, 513, 522
Consortium of State Biological Surveys, 454, 522
Consumption, human
net terrestrial primary productivity, 83
Continents, extinction of birds on, 143-146, 515
Convention on Biological Diversity, 394, 472
Cook Islands, 149, 150, 153
Coprinus cinereus (fungus), 117
Coral reef biodiversity.
See also specific reefs and species
complexity, 83
components, 87
conservation, 357, 362, 366-367
cryptofauna, 87
described species, 91-94, 102, 514
distribution patterns, 99, 357-358, 514
documentation, 361
endemism, 358-359
estimates, 85-93, 94
extinctions, 85, 284, 359, 514
global, 88
hotspots, 130
known vs. unknown, 94, 96-97
rain forests compared to, 86, 87, 88, 91-93, 100-101, 514
size of species, 97-100, 102-103, 519
status, 84-85
taxonomy, 360
threats to, 84
value, 83-84
Coral reefs
black band disease, 100
bleaching, 84
hypersalinization, 13
reef-building species, 95
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site selection, 366-367
surface area, 88-89
Corn, 8-9, 143, 222, 223, 224, 234, 235, 375
Cornell University, 214
Corvus corax (raven), 145
Corvus coronoides (crow), 269
Corvus ossifragus (fish crow), 145
Costa Rica
birds, 142
butterflies, 75
Guanacaste Conservation Area, 32-33
La Selva field station, 75
snout moths, 232, 233, 235-239
sustainable development, 430
Cover, Stefan P., 449
Crabs, 95
Cracraft, Joel, 435-446, 517, 520-521, 522
Crambidae, 234
Crambinae, 235, 238
Craneflies, 18
Cretaceous period, 251, 253, 425
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, 181
Cricetulus longicaudatus (hamster), 311
Crinoids, 365
Crops
germplasm, 224, 227
pest resistance, 8-9, 224
UV radiation effects, 193-194
Crustaceans
amphipod, 96, 365
coral reef, 87, 91
decapod, 87, 95
deep sea, 86
described, 96
extinctions, 101
isopod, 96
stomatopod, 98-99
Cryptomonads, 111-112, 115
Csuti, Blair, 321-340, 514, 518, 520, 521
Cuba, 143
Curculionids, 97
Cucurbitaceae, 233
Curlews, 146, 152, 153
Curtis Prairie, 384
Cyanobacteria, 115, 119, 283
Cyphomyrmex sp. (ant), 116, 117
D
Dams, 129, 130
Darwin, Charles, 265, 357, 508
Data collection.
See also Information management
bar-code labels, 236
spreadsheet templates, 37
field data sets, 34-35
sampling regimes, 32-33
Databases.
See also specific databases
biodiversity, 294-295
Diptera, 206
fruit fly, 207, 209-210
genetic sequence, 111, 290, 291-292, 294-295, 518
identification aids, 207-210, 518
molecular, 116-117
RNA sequences, 111
terrestrial arthropods, 206
Davies Reef, 365
DDT, 218
Declio gigas (kookaburra), 269
Deep sea
extinctions, 172-173
species diversity, 86, 95, 96, 366
temperatures, 171
Definition of biodiversity, 1, 15
Deforestation, 129
control, 390-391
effects, 285, 348
erosion, 149
extinction, 52, 140, 149
habitat loss, 1-2, 335-336
oceanic islands, 149
projections, 135
rates, 11, 133, 135
reversibility, 402-403
tolerant species, 152
transportation infrastructure, 398-399
tropical, 1-2, 11, 133, 140
Dendroica cerulea (cerulean warbler), 146
Dendroica kirtlandii (Kirtland's warbler), 146
Dendroica petechia (yellow warbler), 157
Desertification, 135
Detritivores, 18
Diaphania Stephens (snout moth), 233
Diatoms, 22-23, 111-112
Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (sugarcane borer), 235
Dicaeum quadricolor (Cebu flowerpecker), 139-140
Didemnidaceae, 284
Didemnins, 284
Didunculus sp. (pigeon/dove), 155
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Dietz, James M., 341- 356, 514, 518-519, 521
Dimethyl sulphide, 283
Dinoflagellates, 111, 113, 115
Dipodomys deserti, 326
Diplomonads, 111
Diptera (flies), 48, 305-309
Dispersal, 12, 98, 101
Distribution of species. See Gap analysis;
Geographic distribution and range
DIVERSITAS network, 416- 417, 436
Doves, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155
Dragonflies, 78
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), 302, 310, 311
Drought, 190-191, 192
Drugs and pharmaceuticals
analgesics, 284
antibiotics, 9, 284
antihypertensives, 9
antileukemic, 284
aspirin, 9
plant-derived, 9, 84, 134, 279, 280, 284-285, 391
Dry Tortugas, 87
Ducks, 145, 148, 152, 153, 155
Ducula sp. (pigeons, doves), 151, 153, 155
E
Eagles, 148
Easter Island, 149-150
Eclectus sp. (parrot), 155
Ecological processes, and local diversity, 100-101
Ecological restoration
authenticity, 379-381
community building, 383-386, 519
conservation role, 374-375, 381, 519
definition, 372-373, 374
estuary, 378
experience, 382-383
forms, 372-374, 375, 379
impediments, 369-370
potential, 374, 427
prairies, 373, 375-376, 378 379, 381, 384
preservation, 372-373
principles, 371
process, 378, 381-382
quality issues, 375-379
successional, 379
wetlands, 377-378
Ecology, historical, 243, 245
Ecosystem management, integrated approach, 13
Ecosystems
classifying and mapping, 322-326
indicators of change, 10, 29, 31, 519
niche concept, 326-327
perspectives on biodiversity, 9-10, 17-24
Ecotourism, 84, 391, 427-429
Ecuador
birds, 141, 142
epidemics, 286
insects, 48, 76
Edward, Lake, 127
Egretta sacra (heron), 151, 155
Eiseley, Loren, 383
El Niño Southern Oscillation, 285, 286
El Salvador, 396
Elachertus sp. (parasitic wasp), 220
Elasmobranchs, 249, 251-253, 258
Eliade, Mircea, 380
Elm trees, 177
EMBL database, 111, 290, 303
Endangered species. See Threatened and endangered species
Endangered Species Act, 333
Endemic bird areas, 141, 142
Endemism
assessment, 59
birds, 139, 141
coral reef species, 358-359
and extinction, 100
genetic diversity, 131
host-parasite systems and, 248, 257-258
lakes, 125-127, 515
marine vs. terrestrial, 86
moths, 233
wetlands, 129, 130-131
Entomological Collections Network, 206
Environmental monitoring, 29, 345-347, 519
Eocene epoch, 167-170, 171-173, 175, 176-181
Eopsaltria sp. (whistlers, robins), 155
Ephemerella sp. (mayfly), 22-23
Epimachus albertsil (brown sickelbill), 267
Epipaschiinae, 234
ERIN. See Australian Environmental Resources Information Network
Erosion, 2, 84, 127, 149
Erwin, Terry L., 8, 27-40, 513-514, 520
Escherichia coli (bacteria), 291
Estuarine salt flats, 28
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Ethiopian realm, 48
Etiella sp. (snout moth), 234, 235
'Eua, 149, 152, 154, 155-156
Eubacteria, 118
Eukaryotes, 111-114, 115, 118, 515
Euonymus japonica (Japanese evergreen euonymus), 221
Euplopiscium fishelsoni (surgeonfish symbiont), 116-118
Europe
birds, 144
fish, 128
insects, 69
Eutrophication, 84
Evolution, 86.
See also Bowerbird evolution;
Historical reconstruction
biodiversity losses and, 132-134
body size, 97-103, 118
coral reefs/rain forest similarities, 100-101
coevolution, 116, 226, 246, 247-248, 515
comparative molecular studies, 291-292
divergence of species, 311-318, 341 342, 516
eukaryotes, 113-114, 118
eukaryotic crown, 113, 118
genetic markers, 110-111
inferring relationships, 109, 243, 245, 266-267, 291, 296, 301, 317, 436
of plastids, 114
primary lines of descent, 111, 515
of primates, 341-342, 347
rates of change, 111, 133, 316
stramenopiles, 114-115
Exotic species. See Introduced species
Expressed Gene Anatomy Database (EGAD), 294-295
Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
applications, 290-291
database, 294-295
molecular marker design, 292-293
multiple sequence alignment, 293-294, 301;
see also Nuclear-gene-sequence character assessment
Extinctions
background, 102
birds, 60, 61, 139-158, 515-516
body size of species, 99-101, 103
causes, 11, 52, 61, 99-102, 147, 180, 181-182, 187
continental, 143-146
ecosystem effects, 157
estimation/prediction, 2, 60, 62-63, 136, 141, 350
freshwater species, 126, 128
geographic range, 101-102, 103
global warming, 172-173, 176-181, 182, 516
human-caused, 103, 132, 139-158
insects, 41, 52, 60-61, 101
island, 147-157
marine, 85, 99-103, 359, 514, 516
mass, 45, 102, 132, 133, 181
naturally occurring, 140, 147
Paleocene/Eocene, 176-181
plants, 176-181, 187
rates, 12, 45, 60-64, 102, 135-136, 140, 146, 147, 425, 514
recovery, 133, 179
spasms, 128, 132, 133
tropical species, 102
vulnerability, 99-100, 102, 103, 131-132, 139, 147, 191
Extreme environments
biodiversity, 119-120, 188, 285
plant response, 189
F
Family planning, 135
Farr, David F., 475-490, 517, 518, 521
Fatty acid derivatives, 16
Fauchald, Kristian, 366
Fertilizers, 10, 13, 17
Fields, Chris, 289-299, 518
Figueres, Jose Maria, 430
Fires, 130, 189, 373, 381
Fish
cichlids, 127, 128, 515
coral reef, 83, 87
distribution in riverine systems, 18-22
freshwater, 89, 126-128
marine, 89
sampling, 87
threatened and endangered, 126
wetlands, 130
Fisheries
biodiversity services, 9-10
collapse, 13
coral reef, 87
overfishing, 127, 130
Fishing, 142
Flies, 31, 97
Flightless geese, 148
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Flightless rails, 148, 149, 152, 154
Flood control projects, 13, 126
Floods/flooding, 74
Florida
birds, 77
butterflies, 73, 74
ecosystem management, 13
coral reefs, 87, 362
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, 362
Foggers/fogging, 33-34, 50, 53, 54, 59
Food webs, 17-24, 113, 157, 249, 257
Ford, Henry, 397, 519
Forests.
See also Tropical forests
burning, 12
old growth, 189
species composition, 188
Forminafera, 171, 172-173
Forseth, Irwin N., 187-196, 516
Fossils
climate record, 164-167, 168, 169, 171, 177-178, 188-189
primate, 342
Foulehaio carunculata (honeyeater), 156
France, 58
Fregata sp. (frigatebird), 149, 151
Fregetta grallaria (storm petrel), 151
Freshwater ecosystems.
See also Riverine systems
loss, 126, 515
species, 89, 90, 249, 251-253, 515
Friedlander, Timothy P., 301-320, 516, 518
Frogs, 10, 307-309
Fruit Fly Expert System, 207, 209-210
Fulmars, 149
Fundação Biodiversitas, 353
Fungi, 18
biological control agents, 226
cultures, 468-470
Imperfecti, 116
information management, 476-484
number of species, 90, 282
phylogeny, 117
plant ratio, 49-50
symbionts, 116
Fungiid corals, 364
G
Galapagos Islands, 127, 147
Galleriinae, 233
Gallicolumba sp. (pigeons, doves), 151, 153, 155
Gallinula sp. (gallinule), 155
Gallirallus sp., 149, 151, 153, 155
Gallus gallus (bird), 310
Gap analysis
areas managed for biodiversity maintenance, 328, 331-333
classifying and mapping ecosystems, 322-326
conservation, 333-334, 345, 518
history, 322
reserve network selection, 334-337, 346-347
species distribution maps, 326-330
steps, 322
technology, 321-322, 518
Gatun Lake, 11
Geese, 148
GenBank, 111, 290, 303
Gene therapy, 282
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 428
Genetic diversity
adaptability, 132
losses, 131, 132, 515
measurement of, 110-113;
see also Molecular phylogegy
population size, 139
Genetic sequences. See Molecular phylogeny;
Nuclear-gene-sequence character assessment;
Rapid gene discovery
concordance study, 302, 305-308
databases, 111, 290, 291-292, 294-295
mitochondrial DNA, 266, 267, 343, 516
rRNA sequence analysis, 110-112, 114, 116-117, 118, 119
Geographic distribution and range.
See also Biogeographic realm
body size, 98-100, 102-103
and extinction, 101-102, 103
knowledge of, 45-47
latitudinal trends, 54, 69, 71, 74, 91
mapping, 326-328
primates, 343-345
ranges, 48-49, 54
Geographic information systems (GIS), 321, 322-323, 345-347, 518
George, Lake, 127
Georgia
birds, 77, 78
butterflies, 73, 78
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Germplasm collections, 131.
See also Research collections, living
Glaciers, 179, 181
Glaphyriinae, 234, 237-238
Gliocladium sp. (fungus), 226
Global climate change
carbon dioxide, 188, 195
carbon isotopes, 173
disturbance regimes, 189
ecological restoration, 375- 376
effects, 12, 84, 134, 135, 173-175, 187, 195, 255, 257, 258
environmental stresses, 190-192, 516
Eocene epoch, 167-170, 171
equable climate paradox, 167-170
extinctions, 172-173, 176-181, 182, 516
general circulation models, 163, 167-168, 181, 187-188, 516
greenhouse gases, 12, 187, 195, 283
Holocene deglaciation, 163, 179
host-parasite systems, 255, 257
introduced species, 194-195
leaf physiognomy, 164-167, 168, 169, 171
nearest living relative, 164
oxygen isotope studies, 166, 171
Paleocene-Eocene boundary, 163-164, 172, 176-181, 516
paleoclimate reconstructions, 164-167, 170, 181-182, 188-189
plant response, 188-189, 194-195
Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciations, 255, 256, 257, 516
proxy data, 163, 164, 166, 188
research approach, 182
response of species, 143, 179, 188-189, 257, 258, 516
Terminal Paleocene Event, 170-176, 179
Global Environment Facility, 126, 134
Glyphyriinae, 233
Golden-cheeked warbler, 146
Golden Lion Tamarin Conservation Program, 349
Gomphonema olivaceum (diatom), 22
Gray birch, 192
Great auk, 145
Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 87, 284, 362, 364
Great Lakes, 127
Greater prairie chicken, 146
Greece, 131
Greenhouse gases, 12, 169, 187, 195, 283
Greenland, 78
Guadalupe River, 18, 19, 24
Guam, 149, 365-366
Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica, 32-33
Guatemala, 49, 128
Gulls, 148, 149
Guyana, deforestation, 11
Gygis microrhyncha (tern), 151
Gymnogyps californianus (California condor), 144, 145
Gymnorhina tibicen (Australian magpie), 267
H
Habitat loss.
See also specific habitats
biodiversity, 11
birds, 11, 129-130, 142, 144, 154
deforestation, 1-2
extinctions, 61, 142, 144, 154
fragmentation, 11, 102, 135, 143, 146, 375
rates, 86
Habitat monitoring, primate, 345-347
Haemonchus contortus (nematode), 310
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, 322
Halcyon sp. (kingfisher), 152, 153, 155
Hamsters, 306, 307-309
Hanta virus, 285-286
Hapalia machaeralis (snout moth), 235
Haptophytes, 111-113, 114
Hargrove, Gene, 380 n.1
Hawaii Biological Survey, 454
Hawaiian honeycreepers, 7, 148
Hawaiian islands, 11, 86, 147, 148, 322, 366, 518
Hawks, 148, 155
Health, human, biodiversity losses and, 285
Hedylepta accepta Butler (sugarcane leafroller), 235
Heliconius sp. (butterfly), 53-54
Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm), 219
Helminths. See Parasitic helminths
Hemiptera, 55, 97
Henderson Island, 149
Henry Greene Prairie, 378-379
Henry, Joseph, 452
Herons, 148, 150, 151, 155
Hesperiidae, 70, 79
Heterotrophs, 111-113, 114, 115
Hinkle, Gregory, 109-122, 514-515
Histoplasmosis, 113
Historical contexts of biodiversity, 509-512
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N
Nacoleia octasema (snout moth), 235
Names. See Classification of species
Nanochlorum eukaryotum (chlorophyte), 118
National Biological Survey (Service), 13, 321, 324, 426, 454-456, 521, 522
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 293
National Forum on BioDiversity, 2, 31-32, 296, 341, 389, 404
National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory, 366
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 11, 234, 236, 238, 240, 451, 513, 522.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 324
National Science Board Task Force on Biodiversity, 89
National Science Foundation, 350, 423, 459
National Wetlands Inventory, 324
National Zoological Park, 342
Natural Heritage Programs, 333
Natural history museums.
See also Inventories;
Research collections
funding, 522-523
history, 449-453
role, 521
types, 448-449
Natural selection, 132
(The) Nature Conservancy, 322, 328, 333, 349
Nearctic realm, 48
Needlefish, 252
Nematoda, 58, 96, 221, 223, 244, 291, 305-308
Nematodirus battus (nematode), 223
Neotropical realm
beetles, 31, 48;
see also Tropical forest beetles
birds, 78
butterflies, 75-76, 77, 78, 79
mammals, 78
moths, 233
Nesoclopeus woodfordi (flightless rail), 149
Nesofregetta fuliginosa (storm petrel), 151
Neurophyseta Hampson (snout moth), 237
New Britain, 142
New Coke, 12
New Guinea, 142, 145, 270
New Ireland, 142
New Mexico
birds, 77
butterflies, 73, 74
New synthesis, 511
New systematics, 508, 511
New York State Museum, 11
New York State Survey, 453, 454
New Zealand, 48, 165
Niger Delta, Mali, 129
Nile River, 130
Nitrogen, use by plants, 189
Nitzschia linearis (diatom), 22
Nomenclature. See Classification of species
Nongovernmental organizations, 349.
See also specific organizations
North America
birds, 144, 145
climate, 169, 171, 175
east coast, 86, 96
extinctions, 144, 145, 515
floral immigration patterns, 180
forests, 188
insect pests, 220, 223
plants, 165, 171, 175, 176, 179, 180
terrestrial arthropod database, 206
North American Free Trade Agreement, 428
North Carolina Biological Survey, 454
Nuclear-gene-sequence character set assessment
data, 303-305
dopa decarboxylase, 302, 304, 309-313, 316
elongation factor-la, 302, 304 305, 307-309, 311, 313, 315-316, 317-318
elongation factor-2, 302, 306, 311, 313, 315, 316, 317
GAP analysis program, 303
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 302, 305, 310, 312, 313-315, 316
phylogenetic analysis, 308-309
RNA polymerase II, 302, 304, 306, 310, 312, 315, 316, 317
selection of sequences, 301-303
test phylogeny, 305-308
Numenius americanus (long-billed curlew), 145
Numenius borealis (Eskimo curlew), 145
Numenius tahitiensis (bristle-thighed curlew ), 146, 152, 153
Nymphalidae, 75, 79
Nymphulinae, 233, 235
Nycticorax sp. (heron), 155
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O
Oak (Quercus sp.), 54
Oaxala Declaration, 426
Oceania, 147-148, 154
Oceans and seas.
See also Coastal;
Deep sea;
Marine;
Open ocean;
individual oceans and seas
surface area, 88
Octocorals, 364
Oculina arbuscula (coral), 87
Odontiinae, 234
Ohio Biological Survey, 454
Oil extraction, 128
Okavango Swamp, Botswana, 129
Okechobee, Lake, 13
Okhotsk, Sea of, 255
Okinawa, 149
Oklahoma Biological Survey, 454
Oleander, 178
Olson, Storrs, 11
Omiodes Guenee (snout moth), 238
Onchocera volvulus (nematode), 311
Oomycetes, 111-112, 114, 115
Open ocean, bacteria and viruses, 119, 282
Ophyrys sp. (orchids ), 16
Opler, Paul A., 69-82, 514, 520
Opuntia Mill (prickly pear cactus), 235
Oranges, 235
Oregon
butterflies, 73, 74
gap analysis of biodiversity, 322
Orinoco River, 251-252
Ornithologists, 157
Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit), 311
Oryza sativa (rice), 293
Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer), 223, 235
Owlet-nightjars, 148
Owls, 150
Oysters, 10
Ozone, stratospheric, 192
P
Pacific islands, 141, 145, 148, 154
Pacific Ocean, temperatures, 172
Pakistan, 129
Pakitza, Peru, 33, 75, 76
Palau, 87
Palearctic realm, 48
Paleocene epoch, 170-176
Paleocene/Eocene boundary, 176-181, 516
Paleozoic era, 101
Palms, 164, 165
Panama
birds, 78, 142
coral reef taxa, 87, 91
insects, 54, 71-72, 75, 78
Panama Canal, 11
Pantanal Swamp, Brazil, 129-130
Pantoja, Loreto, Peru, 76
Papasula ahhotti (Abbott's booby), 149, 150, 151
Papilionidae, 70, 75, 79
Papua New Guinea, 48, 49, 141, 363-366
Papyrus, 130
Paraguay, 129
Paraguai River, 129-130
Parana River, 251-252, 258
Parasitic helminths
described species, 244
food webs, 249
in freshwater rays, 249, 251-253
historical reconstruction, 239-258
host specificity, 244
in marsupials, 253-254
in pinnipeds, 255-257
in seabirds, 255-257
Parasitic wasps, 220, 222
Parasites.
See also Host-parasite systems
historical probes, 244
of mammals, 113, 223-224
Parrots, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155
Partnership for Enhancing Expertise and Taxonomy, 423
Parus rufescens (chestnut-backed chickadee), 329
Passenger pigeon, 145
Passerherbulus henslouwii (Henslow's sparrow), 146
Passerines, 46, 148
Passifloraceae, 53-54
Patrick, Ruth, 15-24, 213-216, 513, 516-517, 520, 522
Peale, Charles Wilson, 451
Pearl Islands, Panama, 87
Pelicans, 148
Penicillium mold, 9
Pennsylvania Biological Survey, 454
People's Republic of China, 48
Permian/Triassic boundary, 181
Peromyscus sp. (deer mouse), 286
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Perspectives on biodiversity.
See also Biodiversity losses
aesthetic/ethical, 8-9, 520
community (natural), 7
concentration of species, 8, 125-126, 257-258, 284
economic, 12-13, 389-404
evolutionary, 7, 9, 109, 243
global/collective, 7-8, 411, 435
services/ecosystem, 9-10, 17-24, 282-284
sustainable development, 389-404
Peru
birds, 141
epidemics, 286
insects, 33, 48, 59, 75-76
Manu National Park, 75-76, 347
potato, 9
primates, 347, 348
Tambopata Reserve, 75, 76
Peterson's field guides, 207, 208
Petrels, 148, 149, 151
Pets, 144
Pew Charitable Trusts, 214
Phaethon lepturus (tropicbird), 151
Phenacoccus manihoti (mealybug), 225
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 214, 451
Philippines, 49, 128
birds, 139-140, 141, 145
Phosphates, 13
Photoelectors, 34
Phycitinae, 234, 235, 238
Phyllobrotica sp. (leaf beetle), 226
Phylogeny.
See also Molecular phylogeny
applications, 243
bowerbird, 267
historical reconstructions, 245
host-parasite systems, 247, 248, 257-258, 516
primate, 342-343
Phytoplankton, 89
Picoplankton, photosynthetic marine, 96
Pieridae, 75, 79
Pigeons, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153
Pine trees, 143
Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), 194, 293
Pinnipeds, 247, 516
Piping plover, 146
Pit vipers, 9
Pithecia (saki), 342
Pitta gurneyi (Gurney's pitta), 146
Plankton, marine, 95-96, 286
Planococcus sp. (mealybug), 219-220
Plants
aquatic species, 129
carbon-dioxide, 189-190, 192, 193-194
chemical, 16-17
competitive balance, 189-190, 192, 193-195
defenses, 9, 16-17
drought avoiders, 189-190
endemic species, 130-131
evolution, 115
extinctions, 176-181, 187
fibers, 15
fossils, 164-167, 168, 169, 171, 177-178
fungi ratio, 49-50
global warming effects, 175-181, 187-195, 516
human dependence, 15
introduced species, 194-195
leaf physiognomy, 164-167, 168, 169, 171
losses, 133
lowland, 77
medicines, 9, 84, 134, 279, 280, 284-285
migration, 179-180, 188-189, 516
nearest living relative inferences, 164
number of species, 90, 176, 360
nutrient availability, 190, 193
Paleocene/Eocene boundary, 176-181
pollination and seed dispersal, 16, 157
precipitation, 77
species richness, 180-181
stressful habitats, 190
temperatures, 164, 190
threatened and endangered, 187
ultraviolet radiation increases, 192-194
vegetation mapping, 323-326
water use, 189-192, 193
wetlands, 129-130
Plasmodium faciparum (malaria parasite), 293
Platyhelminthes, 244
Pleistocene epoch, 181, 255-257
Pliocene epoch, 255, 256, 257
Plodia Guenee, 234
Plovers, 153
Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), 218
Pluvialis dominica (plover), 153
Poaching, 130
Pocillopora damicornis (coral), 87, 91
Podiceps andinus (Colombian grebe), 139
Political ecology, 109, 395
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Pollution.
See also specific types of pollution
deforestation, 134
indicator species, 95
marine, 84
regional effects, 11-12
Polychaete worms, 86, 87, 95, 96, 366
Polymerase chain reaction, 13, 118-120, 285
Polynesia, 147, 149, 154
Pomarea iphis (monarch flycatcher), 152
Popillia japonica Newman (Japanese beetle), 218
Population (human)
and extinctions, 157
growth, 12, 83, 84, 154
reduction, 135
Population and Habitat Viability Analysis, 350, 353
Porphyrio sp. (rail), 153, 155
Porzana sp. (flightless rail), 149, 151, 152, 153, 155
Potamotrygonidae, 249, 251-253
Potato, wild, 9
Potomac River, 9, 18, 20, 24
Prairies, restoration, 373, 375-376, 378-379, 381, 384
Precipitation, 77
Preservation
definition, 373
forests, 390
importance, 518
restoration, 372-373
samples, 35
wetlands, 372
Presque Isle State Park, Pennsylvania, 140
Priapocephalus (cetacean), 247
Primary producers, 18
Primates
captive breeding and reintroduction, 351-352, 519
conservation strategies, 344, 349-353, 518-519
education on, 352-353, 519
field studies, 347-349
geographic distribution, 343-345
habitat quantity and quality, 345-347
information management and networking, 349, 518-519
international cooperation, 352
phylogeny, 341-343, 347
publications, 349
systematics, 341-342
Prionodura newtoniana (maypole bowerbird), 266
Prions, 148, 149
Procelsterna cerulea (tern), 151
Prochloron, 96
Project Wallace, 55
Prokaryotes, 90, 118
Prosobonia sp. (sandpiper), 151, 153
Protected areas, 134
marine, 359
reserve network selection, 334-337, 518
Protists, 89, 111, 113, 116-117
Protozoa, 18-22, 90
Pselaphids, 97
Psocoptera, 31
Pteridophora alberti (King-of-Saxon bird of paradise), 272
Pterodroma sp. (petrel), 151
Ptilinopus sp. (pigeons, doves), 151, 153, 155
Ptilonorhynchidae, 266
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus (satin bowerbird), 264, 265, 269-270
Ptiloris paradiseus (paradise riflebird), 267
Pueraria lobata (kudzu), 194
Puerto Rico, deforestation and reforestation, 402-403, 519
Puffinus sp. (shearwater), 151
Pyralidae, 234
Pyraloidea. See Snout moths
Pyraustinae, 233, 234, 235, 238
Pyrococcus furiosus, 293
Q
Quaternary period, 256, 258
Quick Taxonomic Assessment System (QTES), 33, 36
R
Rabbits, 307-309
Rails, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 158
Rain forest biodiversity
complexity, 83
coral reefs compared to, 86, 87, 88, 91-93, 100-101, 102-103, 359, 514
described species, 91-93, 102
distribution, 71
economics, 391
extinctions, 62, 63
importance, 86
insects, 71-72, 87, 91
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Rain forests
burning, 86
surface area, 88, 93
Rallus sp. (light-footed clapper rail), 377
Rapid Assessment Program Team, 31, 349
Rapid gene discovery.
See also Expressed Sequence Tags
applications to biodiversity, 295-296
Phylogenetic Species Tags, 296
process, 289-291
Rats, 305-309
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat), 310, 311
Raven, Peter, 214
Rays, freshwater, 249, 251-253
Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L., 83-108, 507-523
Recreation, 84
Red Data Books, 45-46, 60, 61, 63
Red-cockaded woodpecker, 145-146
Red-headed woodpecker, 146
Red maple, 192
Reforestation, 390, 402-404
Refugial habitats, 256
Regier, Jerome C., 301 320, 516, 518
Reintroduction of captive species, 343, 348, 351-352, 519
Relictual communities, 248, 253
Reptiles, 78
Research collections
living, 467-470, 521
use, 456-459
Resmethrin, 33-34
Restoration. See Ecological restoration
Rhode Island, butterflies, 73, 74
Rhode Island Natural History Survey, 45 , 454
Rhodophytes, 111-113, 115
Rhynchosciara americana (fly), 311
Ribosomal RNA Database Project, 111
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis, 110-112, 114, 116-117, 118, 119
Rice, 223, 234, 235
Rieger, John, 377
Rift Valley, 127
Rio Grande Valley, butterflies, 74
Rio Madeira drainage area, 76, 79
Rio Napo, 76
Rio Solimòes, 76, 79
Riodinidae, 79
Riparian habitats, 11, 33
Riverine systems.
See also Freshwater ecosystems
degradation and losses, 126
energy-nutrient transfers, 17-24
Robbins, Robert K., 69-82, 513, 514, 520
Robins, 155
Roblin, Richard O., 467-474, 521
Rodents, 285
Rondonia, 11
Roper, Clyde, 366
Rossman, Amy Y., 217-229, 475-490, 514, 517, 518, 520, 521
Rotenone, 87
Royal Entomological Society of London, 55
S
Sabrosky, Curtis W., 206, 508
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), 291, 293
Saimiri (squirrel monkey), 342
Saguinus sp. (tamarin), 342
Saint Colman, 510-511
Saint Brendan, 510
Saint Kevin of Ireland, 509-510
Salinization, 13
Salmon River estuary, 378
Salvinia preauriculata (aquatic fern), 178
Samoa, 149
Sample preparation
bar-code labels, 2-36
beetles, 35-36
Sampaio, Maria, 342
Sampling
beetles, 33-35, 37-38
training in, 215
fish, 87
rates, 37-38
San Antonio cloud forest, 146
San Blas Islands, Panama, 95
San Diego State University, 377
Sandhill crane, 145
Sandpipers, 148, 151, 152, 153
Santa Rosalia, 507-509
São Paulo, 8, 10
Satellite remote sensing, 321, 324-326, 345-347, 518
Savannah River, 18, 21, 24
Scenopoeetes dentirostris (toothbilled bowerbirds), 266-267, 271-272, 274
Schizophyllum commune (ant), 117
Schneider, Horácio, 342
Schoenobiinae, 235
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Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 436
Scientific method, 350, 357, 518-519
Scirpophaga incertulas (rice moth), 235
Scleractinian corals, 364
Sclerospongia, 284-285
Scopariinae, 234
Scott, J. Michael, 321-340, 514, 518, 520, 521
Scutellaria sp., 226
Sea lions, 256
Sea urchins, 84
Sedge wren, 146
Sedimentation, 84, 127, 128
Sediments, marine, 94-95
Seeds, defensive compounds, 16
Sequences, Sources, Taxa (SST) database, 294-295
Sericomyrmex sp. (ant), 116, 117
Serra do Japi Reserve, 76
Seychelles, 87
Sharks, 95
Shearwaters, 149, 151
Sheep, pathogenic parasites, 223-224
Shrimps and prawns, 13, 87, 97, 98, 99, 307-309
Silent Spring, 218
Size of population (nonhuman), and vulnerability, 139, 147, 518
Size of species
coral reefs, 97-100, 102-103, 514, 519
eukaryote/prokaryote differentiation, 118
extinction rates, 101, 103, 514
geographic distribution, 98-100, 101-102
vulnerability, 348-349
Smithsonian Institution, 3, 8, 95, 214, 342, 451, 452, 513, 522.
See also National Museum of Natural History
Smut, 222-223, 517
Snakes, venom, 9
Snout moths (Pyraloidea)
and agriculture, 234-235, 517
benefits of research, 239-240
biodiversity studies, 234, 515
caterpillars, 233
in Costa Rica, 232, 233, 235-239
families and subfamilies, 232, 234
geographic distribution, 232-233
identification aids, 238-239
number of species, 232
response to environmental disturbance, 233-234
Society Islands, 149
Society of Systematic Zoologists, 508
Sogin, Mitchell L., 109-122, 508, 514-515
Soil
bacteria, 283
biology, 8
moisture, 192
Solis, M. Alma, 231-242, 513, 515, 517, 520
Solomon Islands, 141, 142, 149, 515
Soulé, Michael, 132
South Africa, insects, 48, 49, 54
South America
birds, 142, 144, 146
extinctions, 144
insects, 225
South Carolina
birds, 77
butterflies, 73
Soviet Union (former), insects, 48, 49
Soybeans, 222
Speciation, 58, 126, 127, 132
Species
adaptation, 100-101, 115, 131, 132, 149, 158
definition, 216
discovery rates, 158
distribution and biology, 45-47, 48-49
distribution maps, 326-328
morphospecies concept, 59-60, 95-96
turnover, 58-59, 147, 182
Species, number.
See also Classification of species;
Measurement of biodiversity
aquatic, 89, 90
beta diversity, 58-59
body size, 56, 57-58
concentration, 8
coral reefs, 85-94, 102, 514
estimated, 7, 8, 45, 55-57, 65, 85-86, 91-93, 244, 360, 514
fungi, 90, 282
insects, 29, 32, 55-56, 90, 232, 513-514
marine, 86, 89, 101
microbial, 282
named and described, 42, 45, 85, 89, 90, 91, 102
rain forests, 102, 514
riverine systems, 17
Sulawesi, 55-57
symbiotic, 89, 90
taxa, 57, 90
terrestrial, 89, 90, 96-97, 101
Species losses. See Extinction
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Species Survival Commission, 351-352
Spermophilus brunneus (ground squirrel), 330
Spiders, 96-97
Sponges, 87, 94, 284-285
Sri Lanka, 130-131
Staphylinids, 36, 97
Starlings, 156
State Heritage Program, 454
Steadman, David, 11, 139-161, 515
Steinernema carpocapsae (nematode), 221
Stephen Island wren, 11
Sterna sp. (tern), 151
Stingrays, 249, 251-253, 516
Stoneflies, 18
Stork, Nigel E., 41-68, 97, 99, 514, 515
Storm-petrels, 149, 151
Stramenopile assemblage, 111-114
Strigid owls, 148
Stroud Water Research Laboratory, 18
Subsidies, economic, 134-135, 395
Sudan, 129, 130
Sudd Swamp, Sudan, 129, 130
Sugarcane, 234, 235
Sula sp. (booby), 149, 151
Sulawesi, Indonesia, 52, 55-57, 233-234
Surgeonfish, 116-117, 118
Surinam, deforestation, 11
Surirella ovala (diatom), 22
Surveys, biodiversity.
See also Gap analysis
breeding bird, 326
marine, 359-360
state natural history, 454
wetlands, 324
Sus scrofa (pig), 310
Sustainable development/management, 13
agriculture, 221-222, 399-400, 401-402, 519
Amazonia, 400-401
biodiversity, 390
coral reefs, 84
biosphere initiative, 390
definition, 389-390, 519
extractive reserves, 395
Ford village industry concept, 397, 519
forests, 390-391, 402-403, 519
historical lessons, 396-404
impediments to, 394-396
international cooperation, 426, 519
Maya civilization collapse, 396-397, 519
McKelvey box classification, 391-394
nontimber product marketing, 399, 519
political backlash, 395-396
political/economic dichotomies, 397-398, 519
transportation-development partnerships, 398-399, 519
tropical, 389-404
''use it or lose it" approach, 390-391, 413-414
women's role, 400
Sutton, Granger, 289-299, 518, 521
Swallow-tailed kite, 145
Swans, 148
Sweeney, Mike, 366
Sweet potato whitefly, 220
Swifts, 152, 155
SwissProt database, 290
Symbiotic organisms, 89, 90, 116-118
Systema Naturae, 42, 204, 208, 508
Systematic biology, 108-109
Systematic Entomology Laboratory (USDA), 3, 206, 207, 219, 513
Systematic Zoology, 508
Systematics Agenda 2000, 61, 96, 226-227, 437, 440-442, 444-445, 521-522
Systematists and systematics, 85.
See also Classification of species
agricultural, 219-220, 222-226, 517
components, 436
ecological approach, 437-440, 520
education and training, 157, 213-216, 239-240, 360, 423, 443-444, 516-517, 521-522, 523
institutional infrastructure, 521-522
interinstitutional links, 522
molecular approaches, 157, 291-295;
see also Molecular phylogeny
need, 436-437, 511, 517, 520-521
predictive nature, 200-201, 202, 225-226
primate, 341-342
resources, 204, 224-225, 511, 512
status, 460-462
T
Tambopata Reserve, Peru, 75, 76
Tanganyika, 127, 128
Tangatatau Rockshelter, 150, 153
Tanimbar, 142
Tapeworms, 247, 253-254, 516
Tarahumara, 143
Taxon, 205
Taxonomic Working Group (TWIG), 35, 38
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Taxonomists, need for, 44, 94
Taxonomy.
See also Classification of species
coral reef biodiversity, 360
morphospecies concept, 59-60
number of taxonomists, 360
wildland biodiversity management, 422-424
Teak, 235
Temperatures, environmental.
See also Global climate change
plant response, 164, 189, 194-195
Tepuis, 142
Termites, 31
Terns, 149, 151
Terpenoids, 16
Tertiary period, 249, 251, 253-254
Tethys Sea, 179
Tetrodotoxin, 284
Tretrabothrius (cetacean), 247
Tetraphyllidean cestodes, 249
Texas, butterflies, 73, 74
Thailand, birds, 146
Thanatephorus praticolo (ant), 117
The Institute for Genomic research (TIGR), 290
Thermus aquaticus (bacteria), 285
Thomas, James D., 357-369, 514, 519, 520
Thompson, F. Christian, 199-211, 517, 518, 519
Thoreau, Henry David, 383
Threatened and endangered species
birds, 149, 154, 323
freshwater ecosystems, 126
gap analysis and, 328, 518
insects, 46-47
knowledge base, 45 47, 101
morphospecies concept, 95
plants, 187, 379
and relative rates of extinction, 60-61, 64
Thrushes, 155
Tierra del Fuego, 8
Tilletia sp. (smut), 223
Tirathaba complexa (coconut moth), 235
Tolgren extractor techniques, 34
Tomato, 224
Tonga, 147, 149, 152, 154, 155-156
Toxins and detoxins, 16-17
Toxostoma redivivum (California thrashers), 328
Trachymyrmex sp. (ant), 116, 117
Trapping, insects, 34
Trees
carbon dioxide uptake, 12
number of species, 51, 53, 55-56, 79
tropical forest, 51, 53
Trichoderma sp., 226
Trichogramma sp., 222, 227
Trichomonads, 111
Trigonocotyle, 247
Trillers, 155
Triticum aestivum, 193, 194
Tropical coastal zone, 88-89, 92
Tropical forest beetles
collection-building, 37
collection of data, 32-33
host specific, 51-53
insecticidal fogging method, 30, 50
interim identification, 37
number of species, 28, 51, 54, 59
preparation, 35-36
sampling, 33-35
species-level studies, 30
storage of data, 37
Tropical forests
beetles, see Tropical forest beetles
birds, 140
canopy, 8, 50, 79
deforestation, 1-2, 11, 133, 135, 140
dry, 74
fragmentation, 146, 375-376
hydrological cycle, 10
insects, 27, 74
nontimber products, 390, 391, 394-395, 399
protected areas, 134
species, 8, 27, 51, 53, 91-93, 359
sustainable use, 390-391, 519
Tropical lakes, 126-128
Tropical wetlands, 128-131
Tropicbirds, 149, 151
Trumpeter swan, 145
Tsuga canadensis (Eastern hemlock), 188-189
Tunicates, 284
Turdus poliocephalus (thrush), 155
Turkey, 131
Turner, Frederick, 380, 383
Turner, Victor, 384-386
Tyto alba (barn owl), 155
U
Ua Huka, 149, 150, 151-152
Ucayali, Peru, 76
Uganda, 220
Ulmus (Chaetoptelea) microphylla, 177
Ultraviolet radiation, 84, 134, 192-194, 283
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Umminger, Bruce L., 491-504, 518, 521, 522
Unaspis euonymi (euonymus scale), 221
United Kingdom
extinction rates, 64, 76-77
insect fauna, 7, 54, 69
threatened species, 46, 64
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 324, 416-417, 436
United States
agriculture, 220, 222-223, 517, 519
biotechnology industry, 280- 281
birds, 77, 143, 154
butterflies, 72-74
Civil War, 397-398, 519
conservation strategy, 333
extinctions, 126, 143
habitat losses, 154
insects, 48, 49, 72-74, 220, 222-223
plant species, 129
riverine systems, 126, 515
threatened and endangered species, 126
wetlands, 129
University of Kansas, 214
University of Maryland
Biotechnology Institute, 3, 513
College Park, 3, 219, 513
University of Wisconsin
Genetics Computer Group, 303
Madison Arboretum, 378-379, 381-382, 384
Ursus americanus (black bear), 329
Usumacinta Delta, Mexico, 129
U.S. Biological Survey, 13
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 222-223, 517
Systematics Laboratories, 3, 206, 207, 219, 513
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 324, 326
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 322, 326
U.S. Geological Survey, 324
U.S. National Biodiversity Information Center, 491-497, 498-503, 521, 522
Utah, gap analysis of biodiversity, 322
V
Vanilla, 12
Venezuela, 76, 141
Venter, J. Craig, 289-299, 518
Vermivora bachmanii (Bachman's warbler), 145
Vertebrates
knowledge of biodiversity of, 7-8
number of species, 360
Vestimentifera, 94-95
Vibrio cholerae 01, 286
Victoria, Lake, 127-128
Vini sp. (parrot), 152, 153, 155
Vireo bellii (least Bell's vireo), 379
Virginia, butterflies, 73, 74
Viruses and procaryotes, 89, 90, 96, 282
W
Walker, Francis, 44
Wallace, Alfred, 357, 508
Warblers, 146, 152, 153, 155
Wars and conflicts, and conservation, 396
Washington, George, 402
Washington state, butterflies, 73, 74
Wasps (Chalcidoidea), diversity, 53, 97
Water boatmen (Corixidae), 509
Water hyacinth, 235
Water pollution, 13, 126, 127
Water supply projects, 13
Water use, by plants, 189, 192
Weather, extreme events, 188;
see also Global climate change
Weeds, biocontrol, 234-235, 517
Weevils, 35, 36
Western red cedar, 332
Wetlands.
See also specific wetlands
birds, 140
losses, 128-129, 139
mapping, 324
restoration, 372, 377-378
threats, 129
tropical, 128-131
Whales, 133
Wheat, 131, 193, 194, 222-223, 517
Wheeler, Quentin D., 435-446, 517, 520-521, 522
Whistlers, 155
White Clay Creek, Pennsylvania, 18, 22-23, 517
White, Owen, 289-299, 518, 521
White-eyes, 156
Whiteflies, 220
White Mountains, New Hampshire, 189
Whooping crane, 145
Wilcox, Bruce, 132
Williams, Austin, 366
Willis, Ed, 11
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Wilson, Don E., 507-523
Wilson, Edward O., 1-3, 28, 214, 296, 449, 507-523
Wing, Scott L., 163-185, 516
World Bank, 395
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 498
World Conservation Union, 63, 351
World Wildlife Fund, 349
Wyoming
birds, 77
butterflies, 73
X
Xenopus laetis (frog), 311
Xerocomus chrysenteron (ant), 117
Y
Yellowstone National Park, 13, 119, 285
Young, Steve, 491-504, 518, 521, 522
Z
Zaire, 48
Zambia, 129
Zea mays (maize), 293
Zedler, Joy, 377
Zooarcheology, island birds, 147-153
Zoos. See Captive breeding;
specific institutions
Zosteropidae sp. (white-eyes), 156
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
snout moth
