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HARDBACK + PDF your price: $47.00 add to cart HARDBACK list:$39.95 Web:$35.96 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $31.00 add to cart PDF CHAPTERS your price: $2.70 select Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Public Financing and Delivery of HIV/AIDS Care: Securing the Legacy of Ryan White From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition Other Related Titles The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases (1997) Institute of Medicine (IOM) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 311   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Appendix B Characteristics of Major STDs in the United States Page 311 FRONT MATTER (R1-R14) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (1-18) INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND (19-27) THE NEGLECTED HEALTH AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STDs (28-68) FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIDDEN EPIDEMIC (69-117) PREVENTION OF STDs (118-174) CURRENT STD-RELATED SERVICES (175-219) ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SYSTEM TO PREVENT STDs (220-302) APPENDIX A (303-310) APPENDIX B (311-315) APPENDIX C (316-329) APPENDIX D (330-356) APPENDIX E (357-362) APPENDIX F (363-369) APPENDIX G (370-382) APPENDIX H (383-393) APPENDIX I (394-399) APPENDIX J (400-410) INDEX (411-432)

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--> Appendix B Characteristics of Major STDs in the United States

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--> STD (etiologic agent) Estimated Annual Incidence, 1994a Estimated Prevalence, 1994b Estimated Annual Total Costs (millions of 1994$)c Routes of Transmissiond Frequency of Asymptomatic Infectionse Major Long-Term Health Consequences.f Increases Risk for Acquisition or Transmission of HIV Infection?g Effective Curative Treatment Available/ Vaccine Available?h             Adults Pregnant Women and Infants     Chlamydial infection (Chlamydial trachomatis) 4,000,000 NA 2,013 Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission. Women: very common. Men: common. Women: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Men: epididymitis, urethral stricture. Women and men: Reiter's syndrome (arthritis), complications of septicemia. Infants: neonatal eye disease, pneumonia. Pregnant women: prematurity and other complications. Yes Yes/No Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) 800,000 NA 1,051 Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission. Women: common. Men: uncommon. Women: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Men: epididymitis, urethral stricture. Women and men: complications of septicemia. Infants: eye infections (conjunctivitis), blindness. Pregnant women: prematurity and other complications. Yes Yes (but antibioticresistant strains exist)/No Syphilis (all stages) (Treponema pallidum) 101,000 NA 106 Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission. Very rarely by direct nonsexual contact with infectious lesions. Rarely through blood transfusion if donor is in early stages of disease. Women: common. Men: common or less common. Women and men: cardiovascular problems, neurological disorders, damage to other organ systems, often years after the initial infection. Infants: congenital syphilis. Pregnant women: stillborn fetus, premature delivery. Yes Yes/No Human papillomavirus infection (human papillomavirus) 500,000-1,000,000 24,000,000 3,827 Vaginal, anal, and probably oral sex. Occasional mother-to-infant transmission. Women and men: very common. Women: genital cancer (vulvar, cervical, vaginal). Men: penile cancer. Women and men: anal cancer. Infants: wart-like tumors of larynx. No evidence Yes/No Genital herpes (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) 200,000-500,000 31,000,000 237 Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Direct nonsexual contact with infectious lesions. Mother-to-infant transmission. Women and men: common. Women and men: recurrent lesions. Infants: fetal malformations, severe mental retardation, brain damage. Pregnant women: spontaneous abortion, premature delivery. Possible No/No

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--> STD (etiologic agent) Estimated Annual Incidence, 1994a Estimated Prevalence, 1994b Estimated Annual Total Costs (millions of 1994$)c Routes of Transmissiond Frequency of Asymptomatic Infectionse Major Long-Term Health Consequences.f Increases Risk for Acquisition or Transmission of HIV Infection?g Effective Curative Treatment Available/Vaccine Available?h             Adults Pregnant Women and Infants     Hepatitis B virus infection (hepatitis B virus) 53,000 (sexually transmitted cases) NA 156 (sexually transmitted cases) Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Parenterally, through exposure to infectious blood, especially intravenous drug use. Mother-to-infant transmission. Close direct contact with infectious body fluids, especially in health care settings, including blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal fluids. Women and men common. Women and men: chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer, death. Infants: same as adults, chronic infection more likely. No evidence No/Yes Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) 3,500 NA 1 Vaginal and anal sex. Women: common. Men: uncommon. Long-term consequences uncommon. Unknown. Yes Yes/No Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) 3,000,000 NA NA Vaginal sex. Women: common. Men: very common. Women: chronic vaginal discharge. Infants: possible low birth weight. Pregnant women: possible preterm delivery. Possible Yes/No HIV-1 infection (human immunodeficiency virus) NA 630,000-897,000 (estimate for January 1993) 6,683 (sexually transmitted cases) Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Parenterally, through exposure to infectious blood, especially through intravenous drug use. Mother-to-infant transmission. Women and men: common. Women and men: AIDS. Infants: pediatric AIDS.   No/No NOTE: NA = not available. a CDC, DSTD/HIVP (Division of STD/HIV Prevention). Annual report, 1994. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. CDC, DSTDP (Division of STD Prevention). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1994. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. b CDC, DSTD/HIVP, 1995 (see above). Rosenberg PS. Scope of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. Science 1995;270:1372-5. c IOM Committee on Prevention and Control of STDs, Chapter 2 of this volume. d Benenson AS, ed. Control of communicable disease manual. 16th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, 1995. Wasserheit JN, Aral SO, Holmes KK, Hitchcock PJ, eds. Research issues in human behavior and sexually transmitted diseases in the AIDS era. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1991. Donovan P. Testing positive: sexually transmitted disease and the public health response. New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1993. e Categories are (a) very common: > 75 percent of infections; (b) common: > 25 to 75 percent of infections; (c) less common: 5 to 25 percent of infections; and (d) uncommon: < 5 percent of infections are asymptomatic. SOURCE: Wasserheit et al., 1991 (see above). f Wasserheit et al., 1991 (see above). Donovan, 1993 (see above). g Wasserheit et al., 1991 (see above). h CDC. 1993 Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-14).

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Representative terms from entire chapter:

premature delivery