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OCR for page R1
AN EVALUATION OF THE U.S. NAVY'S
EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM
Committee to Evaluate the U.S. Navy's
Extremely Low Frequency Communications System
Ecological Monitoring Program
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Commission on Life Sciences
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C., ~ 997
OCR for page R2
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, NVV Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to
procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the
National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
The project was supported by contract DAMD 17-89-C-9086 between the National
Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings,
conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authoress
and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided
support for this project.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 96-70733
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05590-3
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NW
Box 285
Washington, DC 20055
800-624-6242 or
202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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COMMI! ILK TO EVALUATE THE U.S. NAVY'S EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM
DUNCAN T. PATTEN (Chair), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
OM P. GANDHI, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
THOMAS GETTY, Michigan State Universy, Hickory Corners, Michigan
WIGWAM E. GORDON, Rice University, Houston, Texas
I. WOODLAND HASTINGS, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
PETER KAREIVA, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
JAMES C. LlN, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
ROBERT G. ObsEN,Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
JOHN PASTOR, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota
BEVERLY J. RATHCKE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
ANTONIO SASTRE, Midwest Research Tnstitute, Kansas City, Missouri
LAWRENCE A. SHEPP, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
and AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey
Staff
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Project Director and Program Director for
Environmental Sciences and Engineering
BONNIE A. SCARBOROUGH, Research Assistant
RUTH P. DANOFF, Senior Project Assistant
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Editor
KATE~NE TVERSON, Information Specialist
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Defense
·~.
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BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
PAUL G. RISSER (Chair), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
MAY R. BERENBAUM, University of Illinois, Urbana, TIlinois
EULA BINGHAM, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
PAUL BUSCH, Malcolm Pirnie, Tnc., White Plains, New York
EDWIN H. CLARK II, Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia
ELLIS COWLING, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
GEORGE P. DASTON, The Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
PETER L. DEFUR, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
DAVID L. EATON, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
DIANA FRECKMAN, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
ROBERT A. FROSCH, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
DANIEL KREWSN, Health & Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
RAYMOND C. LOEHR, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas
WARREN MUIR, Hampshire Research Tnstitute, Alexandria, Virginia
GORDON ORIANS, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
GEOFFREY PLACE, Hilton Head, South Carolina
BURTON H. SINGER, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
MARGARET STRAND, Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.
BAILUS WALKER, JR., Howard University, Washington, D.C.
GERALD N. WOGAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
TERRY F. YOSIE, Harrison/Ruder Finn Co., Washington, D.C.
Senior Staff Officers
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director for
Applied Ecology
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology
CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director for Toxicology and Risk
Assessment
I,EE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Information Systems and Statistics
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director for Environmental Sciences and
. . .
. engineering
IV
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COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
THOMAS D. POLLARD (ChairJ, The Salk Institute, La lolIa, California
FREDERICK R. ANDERSON, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington,
D.C.
JOHN C. BAILAR III, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
PAUL BERG, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
JOHN E. BURRIS, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts
SHARON L. DUNWOODY, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
URS - A W. GOODENOUGH, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
HENRY W. HEADMEN, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley,
Colorado
HANS J. KENDE, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
SUSAN E. LEEMAN, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts
THOMAS E. LOVEJOY, Smithsonian :Institution, Washington, D.C.
DONALD R. MATTISON, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
JOSEPH E. MURRAY, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts
EDWARD E. PENHOET, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California
EMU A. PFITZER, Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack,
New Jersey
MALCOLM C. PINE, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
California
HENRY C. PITOT III, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
JONATHAN M. SAMET, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland
CHARLES F. STEVENS, The Salk Tnstitute, La lolIa, California
JOHN L. VANDEBERG, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San
Antonio, Texas
PAUL GERMAN, Executive Director
v
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OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet: A Comparison of
Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Substances (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (Urinary Toxicology (1995), Immunotoxicology (1992),
Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992), Pulmonary Toxicology (1989),
Reproductive Toxicology (1989~)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
(three reports, 1994-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Waste Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies
Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)
Copies of these reports may be orderedfrom
the National Academy Press
(800) 624-6242
(202) 334-3313
Vl
OCR for page R7
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-
perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and
engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that
requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under
the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization
of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the
selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National
Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes
the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president
of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National
Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of
appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to
the health of the public. The Tnstitute acts under the responsibility given to
the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an
adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify
issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth T. Shine is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy
of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and
technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general
policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal
operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the
National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government,
the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice
chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
vii
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Preface
THE U.S. NAVY has an extremely-Iow-frequency (ELF) communications
system that transmits from Wisconsin and upper Michigan using electric and
magnetic fields (EMFs) to communicate with submarines anywhere in the
world. In response to recommendations in a 1977 National Research Council
report, the Navy conducted a multiyear program to monitor possible effects
on plants and animals in the vicinity of the transmitting antennas. Possible
effects on humans were not addressed in the program.
The Navy arranged for the TIlinois Tnstitute of Technology Research Insti-
tute (PETRI) to manage the ecological monitoring program and provide engi-
neering support, such as performing ELF-EMF measurements. The program
included i! monitoring studies, which were undertaken by subcontracting
researchers from Michigan State University, Michigan Technological Univer-
sity, the University of M~nnesota-Duluth, the University of Wisconsin-Milwau-
kee, and the University of Wisconsin-Parkside. Each research team prepared
a final report on the results and conclusions of its multiyear effort.
In 1995, at the Navy's request, the National Research Council convened the
Committee to Evaluate the U.S. Navy's Extremely Low Frequency Communi-
cations System Ecological Monitoring Program to review independently the
results of the Navy's multiyear program. The committee was not charged or
constituted to address the broader topic of biologic effects of EMFs. Thus,
it did not separately investigate mechanisms by which EMFs might affect
biologic systems. Rather, the committee placed its emphasis on reviewing and
IX
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PREFACE
x
evaluating the study designs, analyses of data, and interpretations of results in
the Navy's program. Possible human effects of EMF exposure have been
addressed in another National Research Council report, Possible HeaZth Elects
of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields (NRC 1997~.
As part of its analysis, the committee reviewed documents from the ecologi-
cal monitoring program, including the requests for proposals, the proposals
themselves, annual and final reports, reviewer comments, and engineering
reports. The committee also received information in response to questions that
it asked of the Navy, UTRT, and subcontracting researchers. Documents from
the Ecological Monitoring Program are available to the public from the Na-
tional Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.
The committee sought additional levant information from grass-roots organi-
zations active in protesting the use of the ELF system and from various indi-
viduals with scientific expertise on the effects of electric and magnetic radia-
tion on plants and animals. No data relevant to ecological effects were ob-
tained through such requests.
At its first meeting in July 1995, the committee heard presentations by
Dennis Murphy, Communications Systems Project Office, Space and Naval
Warfare Systems Command, U.S. Navy; Anthony Valentino, Vice President,
TTTRI; John Zapotosky, Program Manager, ]:TTRI; and Abdu} El-Shaarawi,
statistical consultant to IlTR]. Information was also provided by Robert
Yacovissi, Non Ionizing Radiation Health Branch, Bureau of Medicine and
Surgery, U.S. Navy; Willie [ones, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Com-
mend, U.S. Navy; Bonnie Bonner, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Com-
mand, U.S. Navy; and Ralph Carison, Director of Research, ELF Electromag-
netic Compatibility Assurancy, TTTRI.
The committee thanks all the persons mentioned above. In addition to his
presentation, John Zapatosky provided helpful and timely information to the
committee over the course of its deliberations. The committee also acknowI-
edges the efforts of individual researchers in the monitoring program who
generously responded to requests for information.
Although this report represents the work of the committee, it benefited from
the excellent contributions of staff at the National Research Council: Ray
Wassel, Bonnie Scarborough, Ruth Danoff, and Larry Toburen. Norman
Grossblatt edited the report.
Duncan T. Patten, Chair
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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMA RY
INTRODUCTION
The ELF Communications System, 13
The Navy's Ecological Monitoring Program, 15
The Committee's Charge and Approach, 17
Specific Theories of Biologic Effects of EMF Exposure, 19
Scope of the Report, 20
1
13
EMF MEASUREMENT, EXPOSURE CRITERIA, AND DOSIMETRY 21
Characterization of Electric and Magnetic Fields, 22
Exposure Criteria for Site Selection, 25
Exposure Data Supplied to Researchers, 26
Using Formulas for Predicting Electric and Magnetic Fields, 26
Dosimetry, 28
Differences in Effect Between Unmodulated 60-Hz and Modulated
76-Hz Signals, 30
Conclusions Regarding EMF Measurements, 30
EVALUATION OF FINAL REPORTS OF INDIVIDUAL STUDIES 32
Introduction, 32
Wetlands, 33
Slime Mold, 45
xi
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CONTENTS
Wisconsin Birds and Michigan Birds, 53
Small Vertebrates, 61
Litter Decomposition and Microflora, 73
Upland Flora, 85
Aquatic Ecosystems, 92
Pollinating Tnsects, 96
Soil Arthropods and Earthworms, :~04
Soil Amebas, 108
COMMON ISSUES
Use of Exposure Data by Ecological Monitoring Teams,
Study-Site Selection, 116
Pseudoreplication, llS
Species Selection, 120
Response-Variable Selection, :122
Statistical Power, 126
Response to Reviews and Critiques, 128
Appropriateness of Interpretation, 130
Different Methods for Similar Organisms, 13 ~
Lack of Integration Among Studies and Synthesis of Information, 132
Data Archiving, 135
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Ecological Effects, 139
IlTRI's Engineering Support and Program Management, 142
Recommendation, 143
Suggested Next Steps, 144
xli
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
138
148
153
157
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AN EVALUATION OF THE U.S. NAVY'S
EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM
OCR for page R14
