Page 128

Chang, P., L. Ji, and H. Li, 1997. A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions. Nature 385, 516-518.

Chang, P., L. Ji, H. Li, C. Penland, and L Matrisova, 1998. Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1193-1196.

Changnon, S.A. (ed.), 1996. The Great Flood of 1993: Causes, impacts, and responses. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 300 pp.

Chappellaz, J., T. Blunier, D. Raynaud, J.M. Barnola, J. Schwander, and B. Stauffer, 1993a. Synchronous changes in atmospheric CH4 and Greenland climate between 40 and 8 kyr BP. Nature 366, 443-445.

Chappellaz, J.A, I.Y. Fung, and A.M. Thompson, 1993b. The atmospheric CH4 increase since the last glacial maximum: 1. Source estimates. Tellus 45B. 228-241.

Charney, J.G., 1975. Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 101, 193-202.

Chen, F., and M. Ghil, 1995. Interdecadal variability of the thermohaline circulation and high-latitude surface fluxes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25, 2547-2568.

Chen, F., and M. Ghil, 1996. Interdecadal variability in a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 1561-1578.

Chen, D., S.E. Zebiak, A.J. Busalacchi, and M.A. Cane, 1995. An improved procedure for E1 Niño forecasting: Implications for predictability. Science 269, 1699-1702.

Chin, M., and D.D. Davis, 1995. A reanalysis of carbonyl sulfide as a source of stratospheric background aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8993-9005.

Ciais, P., P.P. Tans, M. Trolier, J.W.C. White, and R.J. Francey. 1995. A large Northern Hemisphere terrestrial CO2 sink indicated by the13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2. Science 269, 1098-1102.

CIESIN (Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network), 1995. Thematic Guide to Integrated Assessment Modeling of Climate Change [online]. University Center, Michigan. Available: http:// sedac.ciesin.org/mva/iamcc.tg/TGsec4.html [1998, October 21].

Clement, A., R. Seager, M.A. Cane. and S.E. Zebiak, 1996. An ocean thermostat. J. Climate 9, 2190-2196.

CLIMAP Project Members. 1981. Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. MC-36 Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series.

Cohen, J.E., 1995. How Many People Can the Earth Support? Norton, New York, 532 pp.

Cole, J.E., and R.G. Fairbanks, 1990. The Southern Oscillation recorded in the oxygen isotopes of corals from Tarawa Atoll. Paleoceanography 5, 669-683.

Cole, J.E., R.G. Fairbanks, and G.T. Shen, 1993. The spectrum of recent variability in the Southern Oscillation: Results from a Tarawa Atoll coral. Science 262, 1790-1793.

Coles, V.J., M.S. McCartney, D.B. Olson, and W.J. Smethie, Jr., 1996. Changes in Antarctic Bottom Water properties in the western South Atlantic in the late 1980s. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 8957-8970.

Conway, T.J., P.P. Tans, L.S. Waterman, K.W. Thoning, D.R. Kitzis, K.A. Masarie, and N. Zhang, 1994. Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 22831-22855.

Coohill, T.P., 1991. Stratospheric ozone depletion as it affects life on Earth—the role of ultraviolet action spectroscopy. In Impact of Global Climatic Changes on Photosynthesis and Plant Productivity, Proceedings of the Indo-US Workshop, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi. pp. 3-22.

Cook, E.R., and L.A Kairiukstis, 1990. Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 408 pp.

Cook, E.R., T. Bird, M. Peterson, M. Barbetti, B. Buckley, R. D'Arrigo, R. Francey, and P. Tans, 1991. Climatic change in Tasmania inferred from a 1089-year tree-ring chronology of Huon pine. Science 253, 1266-1268.

Cook, E.R., D.M. Meko, and C.W. Stockton, 1997. A new assessment of possible solar and lunar forcing of the bidecadal drought rhythm in the western United States. J. Climate 10, 1343-1356.

Cook, E.R., D.M. Meko, D.W. Stahle, and M.K. Cleaveland, in press. Drought reconstructions for the continental United States, J. Climate.

Crutzen, P., 1976. The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 73-76.

Cuffey, K.M., G.D. Clow, R.B. Alley, M. Stuiver, E.D. Waddington, and R.W. Saltus, 1995. Large Arctic temperature change at the Wisconsin-Holocene glacial transition. Science 270, 455-458.

Curry, J.A., W.B. Rossow, D. Randall, and J.L. Schramm, 1996. Overview of Arctic cloud and radiation characteristics. J. Climate 9, 1731-1764.

Dai, A., and I. Fung, 1993. Can climate variability contribute to the "missing" CO2 sink? Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 599-609.

Dai, A., A.D. Del Genio, and I.Y. Fung, 1997. Clouds, precipitation, and temperature range. Nature 386, 665-666.

Dansgaard, W., S.J. Johnsen, H.B. Clausen, D. Dahl-Jensen, N.S. Gundestrup, C.U. Hammer, C.S. Hvidberg, J.P. Steffensen, A.E. Sveinbjornsdottir, J. Jouzel, and G. Bond, 1993. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 364, 218-220.

Davis, M.B., and C. Zabinski, 1992. Changes in geographical range resulting from greenhouse warming: Effects on biodiversity in forests. In Global Warming and Biological Diversity, R.L. Peters and T.E. Lovejoy (eds.), Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 297-308.

de la Mare, W., 1997. Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antactic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature 389, 57-60.

Delworth, T., S. Manabe, and R.J. Stouffer, 1993. Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate 6, 1993-2011.

de Ronde, J. G., 1993. What will happen to The Netherlands if sea level rise accelerates? In Climate and Sea Level Change: Observations, Projections and Implications, R.A. Warrick, E.M. Barrow, and T.M.L. Wigley (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., pp. 322-335.

Deser, C., and M.L. Blackmon, 1993. Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900-1989. J. Climate 6, 1743-1753.

Deser, C., M.A. Alexander, and M.S. Timlin, 1996. Upper ocean thermal variations in the North Pacific during 1970-1991. J. Climate 9, 1840-1855.

Deser, C., M.A. Alexander, and M.S. Timlin, in press. Evidence for a wind-driven intensification of the Kuroshio Current extension from the 1970s to the 1980s. J. Climate.

Dettinger, M.D., and D.R. Cayan, 1995. Large scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends towards early snowmelt runoff in California. J. Climate 8, 606-623.

Dettinger, M.D., and M. Ghil, 1998. Seasonal and interannual variations of atmospheric CO2 and climate. Tellus 50B, 1-24.

Dettinger, M.D., D.R. Cayan, and G.J. McCabe, Jr., 1993. Decadal trends in runoff over the western United States and links to persistent North Pacific sea-surface-temperature and atmospheric-circulation patterns. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., pp. 240-243.

Dettinger, M.D., M. Ghil, and C.L. Keppenne, 1995. Interannual and interdecadal variability in United States surface-air temperatures, 1910-87. Clim. Change 31, 35-66.

Diaz, H.F., and C.A. Anderson, 1995. Precipitation trends and water consumption related to population in the southwestern United States: A reassessment. Water Resour. Res. 31, 713-720.

Diaz, H.F., and N.E. Graham, 1996. Recent changes in tropical freezing heights and the role of sea surface temperature. Nature 383, 152-155.

Dickson, R.R., and J. Namias, 1976. North American influence on the circulation and climate of the North Atlantic sector. Mon. Wea. Rev. 104, 1255-1265.

Dickson, R.R., J. Meincke, S.A. Maimberg, and A.J. Lee, 1988. The "Great Salinity Anomaly" in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. Prog. Oceanogr. 20, 103-151.