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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients

Food and Nutrition Board

Institute of Medicine

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1998

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033; the National Institutes of Health Office of Nutrition Supplements, Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, T024; the Food and Drug Administration, Contract No. 223-90-2223; Health Canada; the Institute of Medicine; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors' Fund. Contributors to the Fund include Roche Vitamins Inc, Mead Johnson Nutrition Group, Daiichi Fine Chemicals, Inc, Kemin Foods, Inc, M&M Mars, Weider Nutrition Group, and Natural Source Vitamin E Association. The opinions or conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the funders.

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Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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SUBCOMMITTEE ON UPPER REFERENCE LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS

IAN C. MUNRO (Chair),

CanTox, Incorporated, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

WALTER MERTZ, Retired,

Human Nutrition Research Center, Rockville, Maryland

RITA B. MESSING,

Division of Environmental Health, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul

SANFORD A. MILLER,

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio

SUZANNE P. MURPHY,

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley

JOSEPH V. RODRICKS,

ENVIRON Corporation, Arlington, Virginia

IRWIN H. ROSENBERG,

Clinical Nutrition Division, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University and New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

STEVE L. TAYLOR,

Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

ROBERT H. WASSERMAN,

Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Consultant

HERBERT BLUMENTHAL, Retired,

Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC

Staff

SANDRA A. SCHLICKER, Study Director

ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate

GERALDINE KENNEDO, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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PANEL ON CALCIUM AND RELATED NUTRIENTS

STEPHANIE A. ATKINSON (Chair),

Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

STEVEN A. ABRAMS,

Department of Pediatrics, USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

BESS DAWSON-HUGHES,

Calcium and Bone Metabolism Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

ROBERT P. HEANEY,

Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska

MICHAEL F. HOLICK,

Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes Section and Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts

SUZANNE P. MURPHY,

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley

ROBERT K. RUDE,

Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles

BONNY L. SPECKER,

Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio

CONNIE M. WEAVER,

Department of Food and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

GARY M. WHITFORD,

Department of Oral Biology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta

Staff

SANDRA A. SCHLICKER, Study Director

ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate

ALICE L. KULIK, Research Associate

GERALDINE KENNEDO, Project Assistant

GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×

PANEL ON FOLATE, OTHER B VITAMINS, AND CHOLINE

ROY M. PITKIN (Chair),

Obstetrics & Gynecology, Los Angeles, California

LINDSAY H. ALLEN,

Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis

LYNN B. BAILEY,

Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville

MERTON BERNFIELD,

Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

PHILLIPE De WALS,

Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

RALPH GREEN,

Department of Pathology, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento

DONALD B. McCORMICK,

Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia

ROBERT M. RUSSELL,

Department of Medicine and Nutrition, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

BARRY SHANE,

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley

STEVEN ZEISEL,

Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Chapel Hill

IRWIN H. ROSENBERG,

(Liaison from the Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients), Clinical Nutrition Division, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University and New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

Staff

CAROL W. SUITOR, Study Director

ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate

ALICE L. KULIK, Research Associate

MICHELE RAMSEY, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×

STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES

VERNON R. YOUNG (Chair),

Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice Chair),

Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

JANET C. KING (Vice Chair),

USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Presidio of San Francisco, California

LINDSAY H. ALLEN,

Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis

STEPHANIE A. ATKINSON,

Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

JOHANNA T. DWYER,

Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

JOHN D. FERNSTROM,

Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania

SCOTT M. GRUNDY,

Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas

CHARLES H. HENNEKENS,

Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

SANFORD A. MILLER,

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio U.S. Government Liaison

LINDA MEYERS,

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC Canadian Government Liaison

PETER W.F. FISCHER,

Nutrition Research Division, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa

Staff

ALLISON A. YATES, Study Director

GERALDINE KENNEDO, Project Assistant

GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
×

FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD

CUTBERTO GARZA (Chair),

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice Chair),

Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

LINDSAY H. ALLEN,

Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis

BENJAMIN CABALLERO,

Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland

FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE,

Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts at Amherst

ROBERT J. COUSINS,

Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville

JOHANNA T. DWYER,

Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

SCOTT M. GRUNDY,

Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas

CHARLES H. HENNEKENS,

Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

SANFORD A. MILLER,

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio

ROSS L. PRENTICE,

Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington

A. CATHARINE ROSS,

Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

ROBERT E. SMITH,

R.E. Smith Consulting, Newport, Vermont

VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS,

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

VERNON R. YOUNG,

Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Staff

ALLISON A. YATES, Study Director

GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6432.
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The model for risk assessment of nutrients used to develop tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) is one of the key elements of the developing framework for Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). DRIs are dietary reference values for the intake of nutrients and food components by Americans and Canadians. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences recently released two reports in the series (IOM, 1997, 1998). The overall project is a comprehensive effort undertaken by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI Committee) of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences in the United States, with active involvement of Health Canada. The DRI project is the result of significant discussion from 1991 to 1996 by the FNB regarding how to approach the growing concern that one set of quantitative estimates of recommended intakes, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), was scientifically inappropriate to be used as the basis for many of the uses to which it had come to be applied.

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