The Small Apes

Hylobates

H. (Bunopithecus) hoolock

H. agilis

H. klossii

H. lar

H. pileatus

H. (Nomascus) gabriellae^c

H. (Nomascus) leucogenys^c

Hoolock or white-browed gibbon

Dark-handed or agile gibbon

Kloss’s gibbon

White-handed gibbon

Pileated or capped gibbon

Golden-cheeked gibbon

Chinese white-cheeked gibbon

All fruit 72% (38-100%) (30% is fig), flowers 6% (0-24%); leaves (and shoots, petiole, and other 15% (0-62%) (mostly young leaves), prey 7% (0-25%); honey; leaf galls

Diurnal, arboreal, monogamous with offspring, group size 2-12

4.4-8.6 kg females, 4.5-10 kg males

Ahsan, 1994; Aldrich-Blake, 1980; Alfred, 1992; Choudhury, 1990; Ellefson, 1974; Gittins, 1982; Islam & Feeroz, 1992; Leutenegger & Cheverud, 1982; MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1980a, 1980b; Mitani, 1990; Mukhergee, 1986; Palombit, 1997; Raemaekers, 1978, 1979, 1984; Roonwal & Mohnot, 1977; Silva & Downing, 1995; Ungar, 1995; Whitten, 1982, 1984; Wolfheim, 1983

H. moloch

H. muelleri

Silvery Javan gibbon

Mueller’s Bornean gibbon

Fruit 60% (range 56-62%), flowers 2% (0-4%), leaves 37% (32-44%), prey 1% (0-2%)

Same

5-8 kg

Kappeler, 1984; Leighton, 1987; Robbins et al., 1991; Rodman, 1978; Silva & Downing, 1995

H. (Nomascus) concolor

Black gibbon

Fruits 21%, flowers 7%, leaves 11%, leaf buds and shoots 61%, bamboo

Same

4.5-9 kg

Lan, 1993; Liu et al., 1989; Sheeran, 1993; Sheeran & Mootnick, 1995; Yang & Zuu, 1990

H.(Symphalangus) syndactylus

Siamang

Fruit 40% (6-59%) (figs are 28%), flowers 6% (0-32%), leaves 49% (24-70%) (42% young leaves), prey 5%

Same

9-11.14 kg females, 10.4-14.77 kg males

Aldrich-Blake, 1980; Chivers, 1974, 1977; Chivers et al., 1975; Curtin & Chivers, 1978; MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1978, 1980b; Palombit, 1997; Raemaekers, 1978, 1979, 1984; Silva & Downing, 1995

The Great Apes

Pongo

P. abelii

Sumatran orangutan

Fruit 74% (22-98%) (seeds were 26% in the fruit category), leaves and shoots 15% (7-42%), bark and wood 4% (0-16%), insects 5% (0-40%, includes search time), other (including flowers) 2%, eat succulent fruits and large fruits with hard husk

Diurnal, arboreal mostly, males solitary, females travel with offspring, group size 1-3 individuals

33-45 kg females, 75-91 kg males

MacKinnon, 1974; Rijksen, 1978 ; Ungar, 1995; Wolfheim, 1983

P. pygmaeus

Borneo orangutan

Fruit 62% (0-100%), flowers 4% (0-60%), leaves and shoots 19% (0-77%), pith 1% (0-22%), bark and wood 11% (0-73%), insects 2% (0-27%), other 3% (0-41%)

Same

33-45 kg females, 75-91 kg males

Hamilton & Galdikas, 1994, Galdikas & Teleki, 1981; Knott, 1999, 1998, 1996; Leighton, 1993; MacKinnon, 1974; Rodman, 1977, 1978, 1988; Silva & Downing, 1995; Suzuki, 1994; Wheatley, 1982

Gorilla gorilla

G. g. beringei

Mountain gorilla

Pith, shoots, leaves and stems of herbs and shrubs 91% (range 85-96%); wood or bark 2% (0-7%) roots 1% (0-4%); flowers 2% (0-3%); fruit 1% (0-2%); dung 0.5% (0-2%); prey 1% (0-1%); fungus and miscellaneous 2% (0-5%)

1 male (occasionally 2), multifemale group size about 9 individuals

83-98 kg females, 159-278 kg males

Fossey, 1974; Fossey & Harcourt, 1977; Goodall, 1977; Silva & Downing, 1995; Vedder, 1984; Watts, 1984, 1996; Wolfheim, 1983

G. g. gorilla

Western lowland gorilla

Pith, shoots, and stems of herbs and shrubs 17% (7-43%); leaves 21% (6-34%); bark 5% (0-32%); roots 1% (0-4%); flowers 1% (0-6%); seeds 4% (1-13%); fruit 48% (17-68%); prey 1% (0-4%); miscellaneous 2% (0-11%)

Diurnal, terrestrial, some arboreal; 1 male, multifemale; group size 3-21

72 kg female, 139-170 kg males

Kuroda, 1992; Kuroda et al., 1996, Nishihara, 1992, 1995; Remis, 1995, 1997; Rodgers et al., 1990; Sabater Pi, 1966, 1977; Tutin 1996; Tutin et al., 1984, 1991, 1997; Tutin & Fernandez, 1993; Williamson et al., 1990