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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for this report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Support for this project was provided by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, and the American Academy of Industrial Hygiene. This support does not constitute endorsement of the views expressed in the report.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Safe work in the 21st century : education and training needs for the next decade’s occupational safety and health personnel / Committee to Assess Training Needs for Occupational Safety and Health Personnel in the United States, Health Sciences Policy Division, Institute of Medicine.
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-309-07026-0
1. Industrial hygiene. 2. Industrial safety. I. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Access Training Needs for Occupational Safety and Health Personnel in the United States.
RC967.S215 2000
616.9′803—dc21 00-055005
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE TO ASSESS TRAINING NEEDS FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PERSONNEL IN THE UNITED STATES
JAMES A. MERCHANT (Chair), Dean,
College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
LINDA HAWES CLEVER, Chairperson,
Department of Occupational Health, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco
RUTH HANFT,
Independent Health Policy Consultant, Charlottesville, Virginia
RONALD KUTSCHER, Retired Associate Commissioner,
Office of Economic Growth and Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C.
JAMES A. OPPOLD,
Occupational Safety and Health Consultant, Raleigh, North Carolina
M.E. BONNIE ROGERS, Director,
Occupational Health Nursing Program, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
SCOTT SCHNEIDER, Director,
Occupational Health and Safety Program, Laborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America, Washington, D.C.
MARTIN SEPULVEDA, Vice President,
Global Occupational Health Services, IBM Corporation, Somers, New York
ROBERT C. SPEAR, Professor of Environmental Health Sciences,
School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley
LOIS E. TETRICK, Professor of Psychology,
Department of Psychology, University of Houston
NEAL A. VANSELOW, Chancellor Emeritus, Professor of Medicine Emeritus,
School of Medicine, Tulane University
M. DONALD WHORTON, Occupational Medicine Practitioner, President,
M. Donald Whorton, Inc., Alameda, California
Board on Health Sciences Policy Liaison
MARK R. CULLEN, Professor of Medicine and Public Health,
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
Study Staff
FREDERICK J. MANNING, Project Director
ALDEN B. CHANG II, Project Assistant
INDEPENDENT REPORT REVIEWERS
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
JOHN M. DEMENT, Associate Professor, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical School
BERNARD D. GOLDSTEIN, Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
JOSEPH LADOU, Professor of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California at San Francisco
JANE A. LIPSCOMB, Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore
EDWARD B. PERRIN, Professor Emeritus, Department of Health Services, Center for Cost and Outcomes Research, University of Washington
GORDON REEVE, Corporate Epidemiologist, Health Care Management, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan
JONATHAN D. ROSEN, Director, Health and Safety Department, New York Public Employees Federation, Albany
DAVID ROSNER, Professor of History and Public Health, and Codirector, Program in History of Public Health and Medicine, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
GAVRIEL SALVENDY, Professor of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University
DAVID TOLLERUD, Director, Center for Environmental and Occupational Health, C.P. Hahnemann University School of Public Health, Philadelphia
While the individuals listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of the report rests solely with the authoring committee and the Institute of Medicine.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AAIHN
American Association of Industrial Nurses
AAOHN
American Association of Occupational Health Nurses
AAOM
American Academy of Occupational Medicine
ABET
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
ABOHN
Accreditation Board for Occupational Health Nurses
ABIH
American Board of Industrial Hygiene
ABPM
American Board of Preventive Medicine
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACGME
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
ACOEM
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act
AEP
Associate Ergonomics Professional
AHC
academic health center
AIHA
American Industrial Hygiene Association
AMT
advanced manufacturing techniques
AOMA
American Occupational Medicine Association
ASP
Associate Safety Professional
ASSE
American Society of Safety Engineers
BCPE
Board of Certification in Professional Ergonomics
BCSP
Board of Certified Safety Professionals
CAE
Certified Associate Ergonomist
CE
continuing education
CEA
Certified Ergonomics Associate
CEAP
Certified Employee Assistance Professional
CEPH
Council on Education in Public Health
CEU
continuing education units
CHCM
Certified Hazard Control Manager
CHFEP
Certified Human Factors Engineering Professional
CHFP
Certified Human Factors Professional
CIE*
Certified Industrial Engineer
CIH
Certified Industrial Hygienist
CMI
computer-managed instruction
COHN
Certified Occupational Health Nurse
COHN-S
Certified Occupational Health Nurse-Specialist
CPE
Certified Professional Ergonomist
CSP
Certified Safety Professional
DOE
U.S. Department of Energy
DOJ
U.S. Department of Justice
EAP
employee assistance program
EAPA
Employee Assistance Professional Association
EFS
Educational Field Services program
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
ERC
Education and Research Center (Educational Resource Center until 1999)
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GDP
gross domestic product
HMO
health maintenance organization
HWWT
hazardous waste worker training
IHIT
Industrial Hygienist in Training
IOM
Institute of Medicine
IVD
interactive video disc
JIT
just-in-time inventory control
MAC
maximum allowable concentrations
MCW
Medical College of Wisconsin
MSHA
Mine Safety and Health Administration
MWT
Minority Worker Training program
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
NIEHS
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NLN
National League for Nursing
OEM
occupational and environmental medicine
OM
occupational medicine
OSH
occupational safety and health
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHAct
Occupational Safety and Health Act
RPE
Registered Professional Engineer
Acknowledgments
George W. Anstadt
Eastman Kodak Co.
Roger L. Brauer
Board of Certified Safety Professionals
Thomas Bresnahan
American Society of Safety Engineers
Ann Brockhaus
Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.
Leo Carey
National Safety Council
Scott Clark
University of Cincinnati
Jerome Congleton
Texas A&M University
Ann Cox
American Association of Occupational Health Nurses
Ann Cronin
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Cathy Cronin
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Training Institute
Gregory DeLapp
Employee Assistance Professional Association
Don Ethier
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Julia Faucett
University of California at San Francisco
Adam Finkel
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Bruce G. Flynn
Washington Business Group on Health
Roy Gibbs
United States Department of Energy
Manuel Gomez
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Larry Grayson
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
William Greaves
Medical College of Wisconsin
Colonel Mark Hamilton
Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense
Eugene Handley
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Larry Hardy
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Joseph Hughes, Jr.
National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences
Sharon Kemerer
American Board for Occupational Health Nurses
W. Monroe Keyserling
University of Michigan
Bernadine B. Kuchinski
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Tom Leamon
Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.
Tom MacLeod
Mine Safety and Health Administration
Michael S. Morgan
University of Washington
Royce Moser, Jr.
University of Utah
Frances M. Murphy
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Julie B. Norman
University of Montana
John Olson
University of Wisconsin-Stout
Nico Pronk
Health Partners
Jonathan Rosen
New York State Public Employees Federation
Linda Rosenstock
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Karl Sieber
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Rosemary Sokas
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Tim Stephens
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
John T. Talty
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Victor Toy
American Association of Industrial Hygienists
Lawrence W. Whitehead
University of Texas-Houston
Jerry Williams
American Society of Safety Engineers
Samuel Wilson
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES
Tables
2-1 |
Percentage of Respondents Reporting the Indicated Activities as Among the Three Most Important Worked on During the Preceding Year, |
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2-2 |
Percentage of Respondents Reporting Hands-on Involvement in the Indicated Activities, |
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2-3 |
Percentage of Respondents Reporting That They Manage the Indicated Activities, |
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2-4 |
Primary Board Certifications of ACOEM Members, April 1999, |
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2-5 |
Percentage of ACOEM Members Providing the Listed OM Service, |
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2-6 |
Most Important Work Activities Reported by Occupational Health Nurses, |
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2-7 |
Job Titles Reported by Two Samples of Occupational Health Nurses, |
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2-8 |
Estimated Number of Active OSH Professionals in the United States, 1999, |
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3-1 |
Percentage of Mothers in Labor Force, 1975–1998 by Age of Youngest Child in March 1973, |
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3-2 |
Employment of Persons Ages 21–64 Years, 1991–1992 and 1994–1995, |
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3-3 |
Real Disposable Per Capita Income, Selected Years, 1986–1998, and Projected to 2010, |
3-4 |
Civilian Labor Force, 1988, 1998, and Projected to 2010, |
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3-5 |
Total Civilian Labor Force, Entrants, Leavers, and Stayers, 1988, 1998, and Projected to 2010, |
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4-1 |
Employment by Major Industry Division in 1988 and 1998 and Projected Employment for 2010, |
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4-2 |
Employment by Major Occupational Group for 1988 and 1998 and Projected Employment for 2010, |
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4-3 |
Incidence of Nonfatal Occupational Injures and Illnesses by Private Industry Division, Selected Years, |
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4-4 |
Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1992 to 1998 in Private Industry and Government, |
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4-5 |
Percentage of Workforce That Is Unionized by Major Sector, Selected Years, 1983 to 1998, |
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4-6 |
Employed Persons by Full- or Part-Time Status, 1970 to 1998, |
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4-7 |
Employment by Size of Establishment in Selected Years, 1980 to 1997, |
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7-1 |
Subject Area and Number of Susan Harwood Training Grants Program Grants Awarded in Fiscal Year 1999, |
Figures
1-1 |
Deaths per 100,000 workers due to injury, 1913 to 1998, |
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2-1 |
Percentage of professional members reporting safety-related certifications in three surveys, |
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2-2 |
Primary job focus of ASSE members, |
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2-3 |
Employers reported by certified safety professionals in a 1997 survey, |
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2-4 |
Percentage of respondents reporting daily direct interaction with the indicated groups, |
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2-5 |
Primary practice setting of ACOEM members, |
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2-6 |
Practice settings for ACOEM survey respondents, |
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2-7 |
Highest level of formal education reported by occupational health nurses in 1999 compensation and benefits survey, |
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3-1 |
Age of civilian labor force, 1988 and 1999, |
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3-2 |
Minorities in the civilian labor force, 1988 and 1998, |
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3-3 |
New entrants to the labor force projected from 1998 to 2010, by race and ethnicity, as a percentage of total new entrants, |
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4-1 |
Occupations with the highest number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, 1997, |
4-2 |
Employment in personnel supply services, 1986 to 1998, |
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4-3 |
Mean number of jobs held between the ages of 18 and 32 (1978 to 1995) reported in 1995 by individuals ages 31 to 38 in 1995, by level of education, |
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4-4 |
Aggregate employment increase between 1990 and 1995 for firms of various sizes, |
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5-1 |
U.S. investment in computer equipment and software, 1990 to 1998, |
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5-2 |
Information technology as a means of integrating various basic manufacturing activities, |
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6-1 |
National expenditures for health services and supplies, 1970 to 1997 and projections for 2002, |
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7-1 |
Number of degrees awarded from 1990 to 1999 by schools responding to ASSE survey on graduates, |
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7-2 |
Funding, by discipline, by NIOSH of ERCs and TPG, 1995 to 1999, |
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7-3 |
Master’s degrees awarded with support of NIOSH training programs, 1987 to 1997, |
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7-4 |
Graduates of “other” NIOSH-supported educational programs, 1987 to 1997, |
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7-5 |
Student-days of continuing education and number of courses supported by NIOSH, 1991 to 1997, |
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7-6 |
Employers of students attending NIOSH-supported continuing education courses in 1996–1997, |
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7-7 |
Backgrounds of students attending NIOSH-supported continuing education in 1996–1997, |
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7-8 |
Student-days of instruction by OSHA Training Institute, all sites, in fiscal years 1995 to 1998, |
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7-9 |
Source of fiscal year 1998 students for OSHA Training Institute and OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, |
Boxes