Patel D, Kalhan S. 1992. Glycerol metabolism and triglyceride-fatty acid cycling in the human newborn: Effect of maternal diabetes and intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res 31:52–58.

Patel MS, Johnson CA, Rajan R, Owen OE. 1975. The metabolism of ketone bodies in developing human brain: Development of ketone-body-utilizing enzymes and ketone bodies as precursors for lipid synthesis. J Neurochem 25:905–908.

Phelps RL, Metzger BE, Freinkel N. 1981. Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XVII. Diurnal profiles of plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and individual amino acids in late normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140:730–736.

Raguso CA, Pereira P, Young VR. 1999. A tracer investigation of obligatory oxidative amino acid losses in healthy, young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 70:474–483.

Rath R, Mašek J, Kujalová V, Slabochová Z. 1974. Effect of a high sugar intake on some metabolic and regulatory indicators in young men. Nahrung 18:343–353.

Reaven GM. 1999. Insulin resistance: A chicken that has come to roost. Ann N Y Acad Sci 892:45–57.

Reinmuth OM, Scheinberg P, Bourne B. 1965. Total cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Arch Neurol 12:49–66.

Reiser S, Hallfrisch J. 1987. Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fructose. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Reiser S, Hallfrisch J, Michaelis OE, Lazar FL, Martin RE, Prather ES. 1979a. Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. I. Effects on levels of fasting blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 32:1659–1669.

Reiser S, Handler HB, Gardner LB, Hallfrisch JG, Michaelis OE, Prather ES. 1979b. Isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose in humans. II. Effect on fasting blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon and on insulin and glucose response to a sucrose load. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2206–2216.

Reiser S, Powell AS, Scholfield DJ, Panda P, Ellwood KC, Canary JJ. 1989. Blood lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and uric acid in men fed diets containing fructose or high-amylose cornstarch. Am J Clin Nutr 49:832–839.

Renner R, Elcombe AM. 1964. Factors affecting the utilization of “carbohydrate-free” diets by the chick. II. Level of glycerol. J Nutr 84:327–330.

Ritz P, Krempf M, Cloarec D, Champ M, Charbonnel B. 1991. Comparative continuous-indirect-calorimetry study of two carbohydrates with different glycemic indices. Am J Clin Nutr 54:855–859.

Robert J-J, Cummins JC, Wolfe RR, Durkot M, Matthews DE, Zhao XH, Bier DM, Young VR. 1982. Quantitative aspects of glucose production and metabolism in healthy elderly subjects. Diabetes 31:203–211.

Roberts SB. 2000a. A review of age-related changes in energy regulation and suggested mechanisms. Mech Ageing Dev 116:157–167.

Roberts SB. 2000b. High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: Is there a connection? Nutr Rev 58:163–169.

Roche HM. 1999. Dietary carbohydrates and triacylglycerol metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc 58:201–207.

Rodin J. 1991. Effects of pure sugar vs. mixed starch fructose loads on food intake. Appetite 17:213–219.

Rossetti L, Giaccari A, DeFronzo RA. 1990. Glucose toxicity. Diabetes Care 13:610–630.

Rudolf MCJ, Sherwin RS. 1983. Maternal ketosis and its effects on the fetus. Clin Endocrinol Metab 12:413–428.

Ryan EA, O’Sullivan MJ, Skyler JS. 1985. Insulin action during pregnancy. Studies with the euglycemic clamp technique. Diabetes 34:380–389.

Front Matter (R1-R26)

Summary (1-20)

1. Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (21-37)

2. Methods and Approaches Used (38-52)

3. Relationship of Macronutrients and Physical Activity to Chronic Disease (53-83)

4. A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (84-106)

5. Energy (107-264)

6. Dietary Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches (265-338)

7. Dietary, Functional, and Total Fiber (339-421)

8. Dietary Fats: Total Fat and Fatty Acids (422-541)

9. Cholesterol (542-588)

10. Protein and Amino Acids (589-768)

11. Macronutrients and Healthful Diets (769-879)

12. Physical Activity (880-935)

13. Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Macronutrients (936-967)

14. A Research Agenda (968-971)

Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms (972-977)

Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (978-984)

Appendix C: Acknowledgments (985-987)

Appendix D: Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (988-1027)

Appendix E: Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, 1998 (1028-1065)

Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990-1997 (1066-1075)

Appendix G: Special Analyses for Dietary Fats (1076-1077)

Appendix H: Body Composition Data Based on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (1078-1103)

Appendix I: Doubly Labeled Water Data Used to Predict Energy Expenditure (1104-1202)

Appendix J: Association of Added Sugar Intake and Intake of Other Nutrients (1203-1225)

Appendix K: Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996, 1998 (1226-1243)

Appendix L: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (1244-1249)

Appendix M: Nitrogen Balance Studies Used to Estimate the Protein Requirements in Adults (1250-1258)

Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members (1259-1274)

Index (1275-1318)

Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes (1319-1331)