Bonanome A, Grundy SM. 1988. Effect of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. N Engl J Med 318:1244–1248.

Bonanome A, Grundy SM. 1989. Intestinal absorption of stearic acid after consumption of high fat meals in humans. J Nutr 119:1556–1560.

Boulton TJC, Magarey AM. 1995. Effects of differences in dietary fat on growth, energy and nutrient intake from infancy to eight years of age. Acta Paediatr 84:146–150.

Bourre J-M, Francois M, Youyou A, Dumont O, Piciotti M, Pascal G, Durand G. 1989. The effects of dietary α-linolenic acid on the composition of nerve membranes, enzymatic activity, amplitude of electrophysiological parameters, resistance to poisons and performance of learning tasks in rats. J Nutr 119:1880–1892.

Bourre J-M, Dumont O, Durand G. 1996. Does an increase in dietary linoleic acid modify tissue concentrations of cervonic acid and consequently alter alpha-linolenic requirements? Minimal requirement of linoleic acid in adult rats. Biochem Mol Biol Int 39:607–619.

Brauer PM, Slavin JL, Marlett JA. 1981. Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in elderly and young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1061–1070.

Brenner RR. 1974. The oxidative desaturation of unsaturated fatty acids in animals. Mol Cell Biochem 3:41–52.

Brossard N, Croset M, Pachiaudi C, Riou JP, Tayot JL, Lagarde M. 1996. Retroconversion and metabolism of [¹³C]22:6n-3 in humans and rats after intake of a single dose of [¹³C]22:6n-3-triacylglycerols. Am J Clin Nutr 64:577–586.

Bruckner G, Shimp J, Goswami S, Mai J, Kinsella JE. 1982. Dietary trilinoelaidate: Effects on metabolic parameters related to EFA metabolism in rats. J Nutr 112:126–135.

Bunker CH, Ukoli FA, Okoro FI, Olomu AB, Kriska AM, Huston SL, Markovic N, Kuller LH. 1996. Correlates of serum lipids in a lean black population. Atherosclerosis 123:215–225.

Burr GO, Burr MM. 1929. A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J Biol Chem 82:345–367.

Butte NF. 2000. Fat intake of children in relation to energy requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1246S–1252S.

Butte NF, Garza C, Smith EO, Nichols BL. 1984. Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 104:187–195.

Byard RW, Makrides M, Need M, Neumann MA, Gibson RA. 1995. Sudden infant death syndrome: Effect of breast and formula feeding on frontal cortex and brainstem lipid composition. J Paediatr Child Health 31:14–16.

Calles-Escandon J, Goran MI, O’Connell M, Nair KS, Danforth E. 1996. Exercise increases fat oxidation at rest unrelated to changes in energy balance or lipolysis. Am J Physiol 270:E1009–E1014.

Carlson SE, Rhodes PG, Ferguson MG. 1986. Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula. Am J Clin Nutr 44:798–804.

Carlson SE, Cooke RJ, Werkman SH, Tolley EA. 1992. First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n-3 supplemented formula. Lipids 27:901–907.

Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Peeples JM, Cooke RJ, Tolley EA. 1993. Arachidonic acid status correlates with first year growth in preterm infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1073–1077.

Front Matter (R1-R26)

Summary (1-20)

1. Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes (21-37)

2. Methods and Approaches Used (38-52)

3. Relationship of Macronutrients and Physical Activity to Chronic Disease (53-83)

4. A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (84-106)

5. Energy (107-264)

6. Dietary Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches (265-338)

7. Dietary, Functional, and Total Fiber (339-421)

8. Dietary Fats: Total Fat and Fatty Acids (422-541)

9. Cholesterol (542-588)

10. Protein and Amino Acids (589-768)

11. Macronutrients and Healthful Diets (769-879)

12. Physical Activity (880-935)

13. Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes for Macronutrients (936-967)

14. A Research Agenda (968-971)

Appendix A: Glossary and Acronyms (972-977)

Appendix B: Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intakes (978-984)

Appendix C: Acknowledgments (985-987)

Appendix D: Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (988-1027)

Appendix E: Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, 1998 (1028-1065)

Appendix F: Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990-1997 (1066-1075)

Appendix G: Special Analyses for Dietary Fats (1076-1077)

Appendix H: Body Composition Data Based on the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (1078-1103)

Appendix I: Doubly Labeled Water Data Used to Predict Energy Expenditure (1104-1202)

Appendix J: Association of Added Sugar Intake and Intake of Other Nutrients (1203-1225)

Appendix K: Data Comparing Carbohydrate Intake to Intake of Other Nutrients from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996, 1998 (1226-1243)

Appendix L: Options for Dealing with Uncertainties (1244-1249)

Appendix M: Nitrogen Balance Studies Used to Estimate the Protein Requirements in Adults (1250-1258)

Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members (1259-1274)

Index (1275-1318)

Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes (1319-1331)