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CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
ENERGY AND
TRANSPORTATION
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP
ON ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION
COMMITTEE ON CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES
IN THE 21 ST CENTURY
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
DIVISION ON EARTH AND LIFE STUDIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti-
tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen
for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Support for this study was provided by the National Research Council, the U.S. De-
partment of Energy (DE-AT-01-EE41424, BES DE-FG-02-OOER15040, and DE-AT01-
03ER15386), the National Science Foundation (CTS-9908440), the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DOD MDA972-01-M-0001), the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (R82823301), the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. (SG00-093), the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NA1341-01-2-1070 and
43NANB010995), and the National Institutes of Health (NCI-N01-OD-4-2139, and
NIGMS-N01-OD-4-2139), and the chemical industry. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the organization or agencies that provide support for the
project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-08741-4 (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-52684-1 (PDF)
Additional copies of this report are available from:
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Printed in the United States of America
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate
that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is
autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of
. ~ . .
. engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the respon-
sibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an
adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical
care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of
Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National
Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both
Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are
chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www. nationa l-academies.org
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ORGANIZING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON ENERGY
AND TRANSPORTATION
ALLEN J. BARD, University of Texas, Co-chair
MICHAEL p. RAMAGE, ExxonMobil, Co-chair
JOSEPH G. GORDON, IBM Almaden Research Center
ARTHUR J. NOZ1K, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
RIGHARD R. SCHROCK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
EEEEN B. STECHEE, Ford Motor Company
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACK1W, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Of fleer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID c. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
ERIC L. SHIPP, Postdoctoral Associate
DOROTHY ZOEANDZ, Director
v
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COMMITTEE ON CHALLENGES FOR THE CHEMICAL SCIENCES
IN THE 21ST CENTURY
RONALD BRESEOW, Columbia University, Co-chair
MATTHEW v. TIRRELL, University of California at Santa Barbara, Co-chair
MARK A. BARTEAU, University of Delaware
JAcQuEE~NE K. BARTON, California Institute of Technology
CAROLYN R. BERTOZZI, University of California at Berkeley
ROBERT A. BROWN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ALICE p. GAST,1 Stanford University
IGNACIO E. GROSSMANN, Carnegie Mellon University
JAMES M. MEYER,2 DuPont co.
ROYCE w. MURRAY, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
PAUL J. REIDER, Amgen, Inc.
WILLIAM R. ROUSH, University of Michigan
MICHAEL L. SHULER, Cornell University
JEFFREY J. SITROLA, Eastman Chemical Company
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES ~ Harvard University
PETER G. WOLYNES, University of California, San Diego
RICHARD N. ZARE, Stanford University
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACK1W, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID c. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
ERIC L. SHIPP, Postdoctoral Associate
DOROTHY ZOEANDZ, Director
iCommittee member until July 2001; subsequently Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
(BCST) liaison to the committee in her role as BCST co-chair.
2Committee member until March 2002, following his retirement from DuPont.
vim
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BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
KENNETH RAYMOND, University of California, Berkeley, Co-chair
ALICE p. GAST, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Co-chair
ARTHUR I. BIENENSTOCK, Stanford University
A. WEEFORD CASTEEMAN, JR., Pennsylvania state University
THOMAS M. CONNALLY, JR., DuPont Company
JOSEPH M. DESIMONE, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North
Carolina state University
CATHERINE FENSEEAU, University of Maryland
JON FRANKLIN, University of Maryland
RICHARD M. GROSS, Dow Chemical Company
NANCY B. JACKSON, Sandia National Laboratory
SANGTAE KIM, Eli Lilly and Company
WILLIAM KEEMPERER, Harvard University
THOMAS J. MEYER, Los Alamos National Laboratory
PAUL J. REIDER, Amgen, Inc.
LYNN F. SCHNEEMEYER, Bell Laboratories
JEFFREY J. SITROLA, Eastman Chemical Company
ARNOLD F. STANCEEE, Georgia Institute of Technology
ROBERT M. SUSSMAN, Latham & Watkins
JOHN c. TULLY, Yale University
CHI-HUEY WONG, Scripps Research Institute
STEVEN w. YATES, University of Kentucky
Staff
JENNIFER J. JACK1W, Program Officer
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Of ricer
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DOUGLAS J. RABER, Senior Scholar
DAVID c. RASMUSSEN, Program Assistant
ERIC L. SHIPP, Postdoctoral Associate
DOROTHY ZOEANDZ, Director
. .
vi!
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Preface
The Workshop on Energy and Transportation took place on January 7-9,
2002, in Washington, DC. This workshop was the second in a series of work-
shops that comprise the study Challenges in the Chemical Sciences in the 21St
Century. The purpose of this study was to carry out a survey of the current status
of the chemical sciences, including chemistry and chemical engineering, and its
interfaces with other disciplines such as mechanical engineering, physics, materials
science, and the biological sciences. The goal of the study was to assess trends
across these broad fields and identify key opportunities and challenges.
The Workshop on Energy and Transportation had as its specific focus the
contribution that the chemical sciences could make in the development of both
emerging and traditional energy sources as well as new and improved transporta-
tion. The workshop was attended by approximately 100 individuals from industry,
academia, and the federal government with expertise in the chemical sciences. A
series of presenters covered issues related to use of the chemical sciences to meet
challenges in the areas of energy and transportation. The ideas and challenges
identified in the presentations were used as a starting point for breakout sessions,
where the participants further developed concepts and needs and identified oppor-
tunities. All of this material, from both the presentations and the breakout sessions.
were used by the committee as the basis for this report.
The summaries of the presentations in this report contain the opinions
expressed by the speakers. Sidebars are included in these presentation summaries
to highlight topics of interest related to the presentations. These sidebars were
authored by the committee and were based on feedback received by the commit-
tee by the workshop participants. The final chapter of this report contains
challenges identified by the committee. These challenges are based on the
Six
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x
PREFACE
presentations and the feedback from the workshop participants. While the com-
mittee relied on this feedback to identify the challenges, sole responsibility for
these statements rests with the organizing committee.
Allen J. Bard
Michael P. Ramage
Co-chairs,
Organizing Committee for the Workshop
on Energy and Transportation
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Report Review Com-
mittee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical
comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound
as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectiv-
ity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and
draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative
process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the
review of this report:
Rod Borup, Los Alamos National Laboratory
W. Nicholas Delgass, Purdue University
Julie L. d'Itri, U.S. Department of Energy
Theodore H. Geballe, Stanford University
Norman A. Gjostein, Ford Motor Company (retired)
Roy Gordon, Harvard University
David L. Morrison, North Carolina State University
Christine S. Sloane, General Motors Corporation
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com-
ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom-
mendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The
review of this report was overseen by Dr. L. Louis Hegedus, Atofina Chemicals,
x~
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xt!
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF REVIEWERS
Inc. Appointed by the National Research Council, he was responsible for making
certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accor-
dance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully
considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with
the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
Executive Summary
Introduction
11
Research Opportunities and Challenges in the Energy Sector 13
3 Fuel Cell Development Managing the Interfaces
18
Interface Challenges and Opportunities in Energy and Transportation 23
5 R&D Challenges in the Chemical Sciences to Enable Widespread
Utilization of Renewable Energy
33
6 Nano- and Microscale Approaches to Energy Storage and Corrosion 40
7 Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21St Century
8 A Renaissance for Nuclear Power?
9 Materials Technologies for Future Vehicles
45
49
56
10 Could Carbon Sequestration Solve the Problem of Global Warming? 62
11 The Hydrogen Fuel Infrastructure for Fuel Cell Vehicles
. . .
x~
66
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xlv
CONTENTS
12 Opportunities for Catalysis Research in Energy and Transportation 70
13 Role of 21St Century Chemistry in Transportation and Energy 76
14 Future Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in Energy and
Transportation
Appendixes
A Statement of Task
B Biographies of the Organizing Committee Members
C Workshop Participants
D Workshop Agenda
E Results from Breakout Sessions
80
93
94
97
100
104
