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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS
The Science of the World Around Us
Committee on CMMP 2010
Solid State Sciences Committee
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study is based on work supported by Contract No. DE-FG02-05ER46206 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Energy and Grant No. DMR-0525628 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Physics and Astronomy. Committee on CMMP 2010.
Condensed-matter and materials physics : the science of the world around us / Committee on CMMP 2010, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-309-10969-7 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-0-309-10970-3 (pdf) 1. Condensed matter— Research—United States. 2. Power resources—Research—United States. 3. Materials—Research— United States. 4. Technological innovations—United States—Forecasting. I. Title.
QC173.456.N38 2007
530.4′1—dc22
2007041250
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu;
and
the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; Internet, http://www.national-academies.org/bpa.
Cover: Correlated motion of densely packed, air-driven steel spheres showing that driven granular systems near a jamming transition behave like supercooled liquids near a glass transition. Colors indicate mobility (red = high, blue = low) and arrows show direction of motion of highly mobile spheres. Courtesy of A.S. Keys, University of Michigan; A. Abate, University of Pennsylvania; S.C. Glotzer, University of Michigan; and D.J. Durian, University of Pennsylvania.
Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
COMMITTEE ON CMMP 2010
MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Co-Chair
WILLIAM J. SPENCER,
SEMATECH (retired),
Co-Chair
GABRIEL AEPPLI,
University College London
SAMUEL D. BADER,
Argonne National Laboratory
WILLIAM BIALEK,
Princeton University
DAVID J. BISHOP,
Alcatel-Lucent
ANTHONY K. CHEETHAM,
University of California at Santa Barbara
JAMES P. EISENSTEIN,
California Institute of Technology
HIDETOSHI FUKUYAMA,
Tokyo University of Science
LAURA GARWIN,
Harvard University1
PETER F. GREEN,
University of Michigan
FRANCES HELLMAN,
University of California at Berkeley2
RANDALL G. HULET,
Rice University
HEINRICH M. JAEGER,
University of Chicago
STEVEN A. KIVELSON,
Stanford University
ANDREA J. LIU,
University of Pennsylvania
PAUL McEUEN,
Cornell University
KARIN M. RABE,
Rutgers University
THOMAS N. THEIS,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
NATALIA J. MELCER, Program Officer
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant
PHILLIP D. LONG, Senior Program Assistant (until August 2006)
VAN AN, Financial Associate
1
Laura Garwin resigned from the committee in October 2006.
2
Frances Hellman resigned from the committee in September 2006.
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE
PETER F. GREEN,
University of Michigan,
Chair
BARBARA JONES,
IBM Almaden Research Center,
Vice-Chair
DANIEL AROVAS,
University of California at San Diego
COLLIN L. BROHOLM,
Johns Hopkins University
PAUL CHAIKIN,
New York University
GEORGE CRABTREE,
Argonne National Laboratory
ELBIO DAGOTTO,
University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
DUANE DIMOS,
Sandia National Laboratories
SIDNEY R. NAGEL,
University of Chicago
MONICA OLVERA DE LA CRUZ,
Northwestern University
ARTHUR P. RAMIREZ,
Lucent Technologies, Inc.
MARK STILES,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
ANTOINETTE TAYLOR,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
DALE J. VAN HARLINGEN,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
FRED WUDL,
University of California at Santa Barbara
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
NATALIA J. MELCER, Program Officer
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant
MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant
VAN AN, Financial Associate
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
ANNEILA I. SARGENT,
California Institute of Technology,
Chair
MARC A. KASTNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Vice-Chair
JOANNA AIZENBERG,
Lucent Technologies
JONATHAN A. BAGGER,
Johns Hopkins University
JAMES E. BRAU,
University of Oregon
PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM,
Stanford University
ADAM S. BURROWS,
University of Arizona
PATRICK L. COLESTOCK,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
RONALD C. DAVIDSON,
Princeton University
ANDREA M. GHEZ,
University of California at Los Angeles
PETER F. GREEN,
University of Michigan
LAURA H. GREENE,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
WICK C. HAXTON,
University of Washington
JOSEPH HEZIR,
EOP Group, Inc.
ALLAN H. MacDONALD,
University of Texas at Austin
HOMER A. NEAL,
University of Michigan
JOSE N. ONUCHIC,
University of California at San Diego
WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
CHARLES E. SHANK,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (retired)
THOMAS N. THEIS,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
MICHAEL S. TURNER,
University of Chicago
C. MEGAN URRY,
Yale University
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
TIMOTHY I. MEYER, Senior Program Officer
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Officer
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer
NATALIA J. MELCER, Program Officer
BRIAN D. DEWHURST, Senior Program Associate
DAVID B. LANG, Research Assistant
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant
MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant
VAN AN, Financial Associate
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
Preface
The National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies convened the Committee on CMMP 2010 to study the opportunities and challenges in condensed-matter and materials physics (CMMP) in the next decade. The Solid State Sciences Committee (SSSC) of the NRC’s Board on Physics and Astronomy developed the charge for this study in consultation with the study’s sponsors at the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. The Committee on CMMP 2010 was charged to identify recent accomplishments, compelling scientific questions, and new opportunities in the field; to identify CMMP’s potential future impact on other scientific fields; to consider how CMMP contributes to meeting national societal needs; to identify, discuss, and suggest priorities for the construction, purchase, and operation of tools and facilities; to examine the structure and level of the current research effort and funding for research; and to make recommendations on how to realize the full potential of CMMP research. The complete charge is presented in Appendix A. The report is part of the ongoing Physics 2010 survey, the latest decadal assessment of and future outlook for the field of physics conducted under the auspices of the Board on Physics and Astronomy.
In preparing for the decadal survey of CMMP, the SSSC called on the community for input on opportunities and challenges in the field. This input was compiled and presented to the Committee on CMMP 2010 at its first meeting, in February 2006. In addition, the committee received direct input from the community at five town meetings held at professional society meetings—the March (2006) meeting of the American Physical Society in Baltimore, Maryland; the spring meeting (March 2006) of the American Chemical Society in Atlanta, Georgia; the spring meeting
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(April 2006) of the Materials Research Society in San Francisco, California; the fall meeting (November 2006) of the Materials Research Society in Boston, Massachusetts; and the March (2007) meeting of the American Physical Society in Denver, Colorado. The committee thanks the professional societies for their support and encouragement in helping to arrange these town meetings. The committee also solicited community input through nine focus groups at universities and national laboratories, each with an attendance of between 10 and 15 researchers. The committee thanks the hosts at these institutions for arranging these important sessions, at which the discussions were lively and enlightening. The committee also solicited input through a public Web site. The comments supplied by the CMMP community through these venues provided extremely valuable primary input to the committee.
The committee that prepared this report is composed of experts from many different areas of CMMP research, prominent scientists from outside the field, and leaders from industry (see Appendix D for biographical sketches of the committee members). The committee met in person four times (see Appendix B) to address its charge, forming subcommittees to study different aspects in greater depth. The committee thanks the speakers who made formal presentations at its meetings; those presentations and the ensuing discussions strongly informed the committee’s deliberations.
The federal agencies that fund CMMP research in the United States also provided input to the committee, through their direct testimony at committee meetings and their written responses to requests for information on funding trends and other statistical data. These data are summarized in Chapter 10 of the report. The committee is also grateful to the staffs at the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Office of Management and Budget for their input on connections between CMMP and national science policy.
In September 2006, the committee released a short interim report that summarized important opportunities and challenges for CMMP research in the coming decade.1 That report was used as a basis for subsequent discussion with the CMMP community at town meetings and focus groups. This, the committee’s final report, expands on these themes, discusses them in further detail, and provides recommendations for further advancement of the field.
To help address the charge to identify, discuss, and suggest priorities for the construction, purchase, and operation of tools and facilities, the committee convened a workshop in January 2007 to hear from members of the community and the federal agencies on future facility needs for CMMP researchers. Appendix C provides further details on this workshop. The committee expresses its apprecia-
1
National Research Council, Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us: An Interim Report, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2006.
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
tion for the input received from the 30 presenters and more than 70 participants in that workshop.
As co-chairs, we are grateful to the committee members for their wisdom, cooperation, and commitment to ensuring the development of a comprehensive report. The report reflects the committee’s heartfelt enthusiasm for the field of CMMP and its future potential and past accomplishments. Finally, we also thank the NRC staff (Natalia Melcer, Donald Shapero, Phillip Long, and Caryn Knutsen) for their guidance and assistance throughout the development of this report.
Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Co-Chair
Committee on CMMP 2010
William J. Spencer, Co-Chair
Committee on CMMP 2010
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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Gordon A. Baym, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Malcolm R. Beasley, Stanford University,
Paul M. Chaikin, New York University,
Elbio Dagotto, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Robert R. Doering, Texas Instruments, Inc.,
Martha A. Krebs, California Energy Commission,
James S. Langer, University of California at Santa Barbara,
Allan H. MacDonald, University of Texas at Austin,
Jose N. Onuchic, University of California at San Diego,
Julia M. Phillips, Sandia National Laboratories,
Sunil K. Sinha, University of California at San Diego,
Maury Tigner, Cornell University,
John Tranquada, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
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Dale J. Van Harlingen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and
Thomas A. Witten, University of Chicago.
We also wish to thank the following individuals for their review of the committee’s interim report:
Elihu Abrahams, Rutgers University,
Frank S. Bates, University of Minnesota,
Gordon A. Baym, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Arthur I. Bienenstock, Stanford University,
J.C. Séamus Davis, Cornell University,
Barbara A. Jones, IBM Almaden Research Center,
Marc A. Kastner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Hyla S. Napadensky, Napadensky Energetics, Inc.,
Julia M. Phillips, Sandia National Laboratories, and
Peter G. Wolynes, University of California at San Diego.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Harvard University. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
SUMMARY
1
1
OVERVIEW
7
Six Scientific Challenges for the Next Decade,
8
How Do Complex Phenomena Emerge from Simple Ingredients?,
8
How Will the Energy Demands of Future Generations Be Met?,
10
What Is the Physics of Life?,
12
What Happens Far from Equilibrium and Why?,
14
What New Discoveries Await Us in the Nanoworld?,
17
How Will the Information Technology Revolution Be Extended?,
18
Societal and Scientific Impact of CMMP Research,
20
Industrial Research,
23
Structure and Level of the Current Research Effort,
24
Tools, Instrumentation, and Facilities for CMMP Research,
26
Concluding Comments,
28
2
HOW DO COMPLEX PHENOMENA EMERGE FROM SIMPLE INGREDIENTS?
30
Emergent Phenomena: Beautiful and Useful,
30
Superconductivity: An Illustrative Example and a Frontier of Research,
32
Fermi Liquids and Non-Fermi Liquids,
36
Quantum Hall Systems and the Discovery of New Quantum States of Matter,
41
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Critical Phenomena and Universality,
45
Emergence in Ultracold Atomic Gases,
47
Emergence in Classical Condensed-Matter Systems,
48
Realizing the Full Potential of Emergence,
51
Conclusions,
52
3
HOW WILL THE ENERGY DEMANDS OF FUTURE GENERATIONS BE MET?
53
Setting the Context,
54
Energy Conversion,
56
Solar Cells,
56
Hydrogen Generation by Photocatalysis,
57
Fuel Cells,
58
Thermoelectrics,
59
Biofuels,
60
Nuclear Energy Conversion,
61
Energy Storage,
62
Batteries,
62
Hydrogen Storage,
63
Supercapacitors,
64
End-Use Energy Efficiency,
64
Solid-State Lighting,
65
Smart Windows,
67
Other Energy Conservation Opportunities,
68
Conclusions,
69
4
WHAT IS THE PHYSICS OF LIFE?
70
Overview,
70
An Introductory Example: High Fidelity with Single Molecules,
71
Organizing Our Thoughts and Opportunities,
74
Noise Is Not Negligible,
75
Molecule Counting in Chemotaxis,
75
Noise in the Regulation of Gene Expression,
78
Signals and Noise in the Brain,
82
Fine-Tuning Versus Robustness,
83
Protein Folding and the Space of Sequences,
84
Ion Channels and the Computational Function of Neurons,
85
Adaptation,
87
Fulfilling the Promise,
90
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5
WHAT HAPPENS FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM AND WHY?
91
The Importance of Far-from-Equilibrium Phenomena,
91
Key Themes Defining the Scope of the Challenge,
93
What CMMP Brings to the Table,
94
How Do Systems Reach the Far-from-Equilibrium Regime and What Makes Far-from-Equilibrium Physics Difficult?,
95
Far-from-Equilibrium Materials,
97
Far-from-Equilibrium Processing and Assembly,
98
What Determines Behavior Far from Equilibrium?,
99
Systems with Hydrodynamic Equations of Motion,
100
Turbulence and Fracture,
102
Singularities,
103
Robustness as a Design Principle,
104
Predictability and Control: What Can We Learn from Fluctuations?,
106
Formal Theoretical Developments,
107
Getting (Un-)Stuck: Jammed States and Jamming Transitions,
107
The Next Decade,
110
6
WHAT NEW DISCOVERIES AWAIT US IN THE NANOWORLD?
111
Why Nano?,
111
Nanoscale Structures: How Do We Build Them?,
113
Patterning at the Nanoscale: Lithography and Self-Assembly,
114
Controlling Growth at the Nanoscale,
116
Molecular and Biological Building Blocks,
116
Studying Nanostructure Building Blocks: The Atomic Physics of Nanoscience,
118
Quantum Manipulation,
119
Controlling Light: Nano-Optics,
120
Probing Molecular Machines,
121
Combining Different Properties,
122
Assembling the Blocks: The Condensed-Matter Physics of Nanoscience,
122
Ordered Arrays,
122
Arbitrary Structures,
124
Small Probes and Big Ideas: Critical Needs for a Nano Future,
124
Better Eyes,
125
Improved Sensing,
126
A Greater Understanding,
126
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7
HOW WILL THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION BE EXTENDED?
127
The Road Ahead,
127
New Devices for Mass Storage of Information,
134
New Solid-State Memory Devices,
134
New Devices for Processing Information,
136
Quantum Computing,
140
Conclusions,
141
8
THE IMPACT OF CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS RESEARCH
144
Impact on Society,
144
Education,
144
The Economy,
147
Energy,
149
Medicine and Health Care,
151
Impact on Other Scientific Disciplines,
152
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics,
152
Nuclear and High-Energy Physics,
156
Astronomy,
157
Chemistry,
159
Biology,
160
Information Technology and Computer Science,
162
Interdisciplinary Research in CMMP,
163
Recommendations,
164
9
INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES AND RESEARCH IN CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS
165
History of Industrial Research Laboratories,
165
Filling the Gap: New Approaches to Long-Term Research,
167
Conclusions,
170
Recommendation,
171
10
STRUCTURE AND LEVEL OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH EFFORT
172
Federal Funding for CMMP Research,
172
Funding Success Rates,
177
Grant Sizes,
180
International Data,
180
Demographics of CMMP,
180
Women and Underrepresented Minorities in CMMP,
183
Doctoral Degrees in Physics by Citizenship,
186
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Publication Trends,
187
Recommendations,
191
11
TOOLS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND FACILITIES FOR CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS RESEARCH
193
Tools and Instrumentation for CMMP Research,
194
Instrumentation in CMMP Research,
195
Computation in CMMP Research,
198
Centers and Facilities in CMMP Research,
203
Scientific User Facilities for CMMP Research,
207
Light Sources,
208
Neutron Sources,
216
Electron Microscopy,
222
High-Magnetic-Field Facilities,
228
Nanocenters and Materials Synthesis,
231
Large-Scale High-Performance Computing Facilities,
235
Conclusions,
238
CONCLUDING REMARKS
239
APPENDIXES
A Statement of Task
243
B Agendas of Committee Meetings
245
C Agenda and Participants at Facilities Workshop
250
D Biographies of Committee Members
255
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