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Index
A
Accidents and injuries, 29, 50, 92, 93, 95, 97, 106, 129
Adolescents, 29
alcohol and drug use, 129
contraceptive use, 138
delinquent behavior, 35
depression, 137
diabetes, 37
personal ties, 36, 54, 74-75
positive health, 52, 54
predisease pathways, 29, 34-35, 36, 37
pregnancy, 138-139
sexually transmitted diseases, 122, 138-139
smoking, 34-35, 128
socioeconomic status, 104
Adrenal gland, 33, 45, 80, 168
epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174
norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174
see also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
African Americans,
see Black persons
Age factors, 4, 45
alcohol abuse, 129
cumulative risk and aging, 27
diet, 139
disability/disease onset, 2, 5, 10, 46, 47, 48, 64, 81, 131, 134, 136, 149, 165
gene expression in midlife, 65-66
fertility, 135
midlife, 65-66, 105
personal ties, 74
smoking, 128
temperament, 34
see also Adolescents;
Children;
Elderly
persons;
Infants;
Life expectancy;
Pregnancy and prenatal development
AIDS,
see HIV/AIDS
Alameda County Study, 105, 185
Alcohol and drug use, 34, 35, 129
adolescents, 129
community-level factors, 92
interventions, 35, 151
mother-child relations, 30
positive health, 52
pregnancy and prenatal development, 35
racial/ethnic factors, 106
social factors, 36
time horizons, 4, 22, 40
Allostasis and allostatic load, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 18, 46, 70, 126, 172-175, 186, 187
gender factors, 174-175
personal ties, 83-84
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predisease pathways, 20, 26-27, 35-40
race/ethnicity, 97
socioeconomic status and, 48-49, 103, 104
Alternative medicine, 141-142, 144
Alzheimer's disease,
see Dementia
American Indians,
see Native Americans
Amino acid regulation, 32
Animal models, 179
colony infrastructure, 6, 13, 70, 184, 186, 188
environmentally induced gene expression, 6, 66-69, 70, 77
environmental stressors, 33, 37
exercise and neurogenesis, 169
intergenerational transmission of behavior, 67-68
mother-child behavior, 28-30, 31, 32, 66-69, 77, 78-79
personal ties, 7, 76, 77, 84
positive health, 46-47, 169-170
recovery from disease, 33
self-efficacy and recovery from disease, 33
social relations, 6, 7, 13, 76, 77, 84, 170, 184, 186;
see also “personal ties” above
socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 103
substance abuse during pregnancy, 35
Anxiety, 31, 32, 33, 50, 142
Asians and Pacific Islanders, 107, 110
Assessment,
see Research infrastructure;
Research methodology
Asset and Health Dynamics Survey, 133
Asthma, 10, 126, 134-135, 143, 148
Attitudes
stigmatization, 3, 9, 23-29, 107, 109-110, 111, 155
toward cancer and HIV patients, 155
see also Emotional factors;
Racism and discrimination
B
Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 185
Behavior, individual, 1-2, 17-18, 20, 40, 188
community-level factors, 91
cumulative risk, 26
gene expression, 64, 129-130, 149
intergenerational transfer, 30, 31, 34, 67-68
interventions, general, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160;
see also Health promotion
personal ties, 74-75, 82
population surveys, 10, 11, 118, 143
positive health, 5, 47, 52-53, 56, 57
predisease pathways, 3-4, 25, 32, 34-36, 176-177
primary prevention, 52-53
research methodology, 176-177, 179, 180
socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 102-103
see also Alcohol and drug use;
Exercise;
Mental illness;
Nutrition;
Personal ties;
Primary prevention;
Psychological factors;
Sexually transmitted diseases;
Smoking;
Social factors
Benzodiazapine system, 32
Birth cohorts,
see Cohort studies
Birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138
Black persons, 106, 108-111
mortality, 106, 108, 110
occupational hazards, 108
Brain function and structure, 171-172, 173
child-mother interactions, 29
hippocampus, 26, 77
historical perspectives, 17
medulla, 29, 31, 33, 168
epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174
norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174
personal ties, 7, 73, 77-79, 84
positive health, 46-47, 171
prenatal development, 28
Breast cancer, 35, 50, 75, 129, 155
Britain,
see United Kingdom
C
Cancer, 173
attitudes toward patients, 155
breast, 35, 50, 75, 129, 155
diet, 129
early childhood experiences and, 29
genomics, 69-70, 155
interventions, general, 151, 157
lung, 22, 75, 126, 132
National Cancer Act, 1, 19
National Cancer Institute, 1, 19, 45, 157-158
ovarian, 155
personal ties, 75, 151-153
population-level health, 129, 131
positive health, 52
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psychological factors, 151, 155
race/ethnicity and, 106, 107, 108
recovery, 33, 75
Cardiovascular disease, 25, 130-131, 148, 149, 173
community-level factors, 95
cost of interventions, 139-140, 152
cumulative risk, 26, 27
diet, 129, 130-131, 139
emotional regulation and, 33
interventions, 139-140, 148, 149, 152
parenting and, 29
personal ties, 76, 83
positive health, 50, 52
psychological factors, 1, 33, 34, 38, 50, 76, 152
racial/ethnic factors, 106, 108-109
recovery from, 50
smoking, 22, 140
social factors, 22;
see also“personal ties” above
socioeconomic status, 101, 106 see also
Hypertension;
National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute
Catecholamines, 32, 74, 77
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 122, 134
Child-mother interactions, 28-31, 68 -69, 76, 77, 143
alcohol abuse, 30
animal models, 28-30, 31, 32, 66-69, 77, 78-79
brain development, 29
environmentally induced gene expression, 29-30, 32, 66-68
immune response, 77
socioeconomic status and, 103
Children, 45, 167-168, 174
asthma, 10, 126, 134-135, 143, 148
cancer, 29
chronic diseases and disabilities, 10, 29, 126, 127
developing countries, 135, 136
disabled, parents of, 126
divorce, effects on, 52, 74
early life experiences, 4-5, 6, 22, 28-32, 39-40, 103, 104, 133, 167-168
genetic factors, 29-30
genomics, 134-135
interventions, 153
longitudinal studies, 133
mental illness, 51
obesity, 153
personal ties, 73-75;
see also Parents and parenting
population-level health, 10, 118-119, 125-126, 133, 134-135, 136, 168
resilience, 48
school-based interventions, 11, 54
socioeconomic status, 48, 103, 104, 134
see also Adolescents;
Birth weight;
Infants;
Pregnancy and prenatal development
Cholesterol, 25, 27, 33, 51, 139-140, 149, 153, 165, 173
Chronic disease and disability, 45, 168-169
alternative medicine therapies, 142
childhood, 10, 29, 126, 127
elderly persons, 120, 130, 131, 132, 136-137
interventions, general, 11, 151
onset of, 2, 5, 10, 46, 47, 48, 64, 81, 131, 134, 136, 149, 165
pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152
population-level health, 119-121, 126, 127, 130-133
psychological factors, 34
quality of life, 51
socioeconomic status, 101, 131-132
see also specific diseases and body systems
Cities,
see Urban areas
Clinical practice guidelines, 36
Cognitive factors, 169
cumulative risk, 26
mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188
personal ties, 74
positive health, 50, 52
predisease pathways, 26, 32
recovery from disease, 50
social relationships, 22, 74
socioeconomic status, 104
see also Educational attainment
Cohort studies, 13, 104-106, 110, 130, 165-167, 172, 185, 186
Communicable disease,
see Immune system and infectious diseases
Community-level factors, 3, 8, 18, 23, 91-99, 143
alcohol and drug use, 92
children, 48
interventions, general, 11, 13, 91, 153-154, 156, 158, 187
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longitudinal studies, 8, 92, 98, 105, 143, 185-186
positive health, 5, 8, 57
predisease pathways, 2, 39, 97
racial segregation, 9, 92, 93, 108, 111
research infrastructure, 13, 185-186, 187, 188
animal colonies, 6, 13, 70, 184, 186, 188
research methodology, 8, 95-97, 98, 164, 170
resilience, 48
socioeconomic status, 92-95, 97-98, 102-103, 106, 108
see also Rural areas;
Urban areas
Comorbidity, 20, 27
community-level factors, 92
mental illness, 51
Contraceptive use, 138
Co-occurring risk factors, see Allostasis and allostatic load
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 37, 66
Cortisol, 32, 74, 76, 172
Cost and cost-benefit factors, 158, 167
adolescents, contraceptives, 138-139
adolescents, smoking cessation, 150
alternative medicine therapies, 142, 144
asthma, 143
cardiovascular disease interventions, 139-140, 152
cholesterol therapy, 139
community-level interventions, 91
disabled children, parents of, 126, 143
elderly, care of, 136-137
health promotion, 138-139
managed care, 10, 140-141, 144
medical interventions, 138, 139-140, 142, 144, 152;
see also Health insurance
nutrition interventions, 53
population-level health, 126, 136-137, 139-140, 142, 143, 144, 153-154
tobacco tax, 150, 154, 157
Council of Public Representatives (COPR), 14-15, 53, 56
committee study methodology, xii, 14
Crime and criminal behavior, 8, 92, 108, 129
adolescent delinquence, 35
homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106
smoking laws, 154
suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111
see also Alcohol and drug abuse
Cultural factors, 10, 17, 52, 75, 92, 93-94, 97, 111
language, 73-74
religion, 111
violence, 8, 94
see also Social factors
D
Dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173
Demographic and Health Surveys, 119
Demographic factors
migration, 110
see also Age factors;
Community-level factors;
Educational attainment;
Elderly persons;
Gender factors;
Population health;
Race/ethnicity;
Rural areas;
Socioeconomic status;
Urban areas
Depression, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 105, 137, 142, 171
Developing countries, 101, 135, 136
Diabetes, 26, 36, 37, 48, 106, 130-131, 148
Diet,
see Nutrition
Differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101
Disabilities and disabled persons,
see Chronic disease and disability
Discrimination,
see Racism and discrimination
Dopamine regulation, 32, 34, 35
Drug use,
see Alcohol and drug use
E
Eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157
Economic factors
population health and macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Employment and unemployment;
Funding;
Socioeconomic status;
Taxation, tobacco
Education,
see Health promotion;
Professional education;
Public education
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Educational attainment, 9, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 132
smoking, 128
Elderly persons, 10, 45, 165, 169, 174-175, 187
chronic diseases and disabilities, 120, 130, 131, 132, 136-137
comorbidity, 27
dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173
disabled, 120
female family caregivers of, 39
gender factors, 39, 174-175
resilience, 55
self-efficacy, 32-33
temperament, 34
personal ties, 74
Emotional factors, 5, 7, 84, 179
anxiety, 31, 32, 33, 50, 142
cancer, 75
depression, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 105, 137, 142, 171
disabled children, parents of, 126
neurological factors, 33, 77-78
positive health, 50-51, 52, 54-55
recovery from disease, 50-51, 75
regulation of emotions, predisease pathways, 29, 30, 32, 33
see also Personal ties
Employment and unemployment, 8, 9, 38-39, 100, 102, 103, 111, 168-169
cancer/HIV patients, discrimination, 155
disabled children, parents of, 126
fertility and, 135
gender factors, 38-39, 133
interventions, worksite, 11, 154, 158
positive health, 11, 52
race/ethnicity, 108
Environmental factors, general, 3, 11-15
(passim), 17, 21, 22, 45, 126
animal models, 6, 33, 37, 66-69, 70, 77
gene expression, 3, 6, 17-18, 23, 26, 29-30, 32, 40, 63-72, 76, 77, 166, 172
animal models, 6, 66-69, 70, 77
children, 29-30, 32, 66-68
population-level health, 10, 118
positive health, 5, 54, 56
predisease pathways, 4, 36-39, 25-26, 32, 36-39, 97
resistance and resilience, 48
see also Community-level factors;
Social factors
Environmental Genome Project, 134-135
Epidemiology, 22
personal ties, 7, 75, 76, 82
see also Longitudinal studies;
Mortality;
Population health
Epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174
Ethnicity,
see Race/ethnicity;
Racism and discrimination
Europe, 101-102, 105
see also United Kingdom
Exercise, 34, 35, 46-47, 52, 129, 139, 149, 151, 152, 169
F
Familial factors, 14, 38, 74-75, 83
dementia, caregivers, 39, 65, 77, 80
interventions, 11, 152-153, 156
predisease pathways, 4, 25-26
working women, 38-39
see also Child-mother interactions;
Children;
Marriage and marital status;
Parents and parenting
Federal government
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 122, 134
health insurance, 138;
see also Medicare
tobacco tax, 150, 154, 157
toxic waste regulations, 132
see also Funding;
Legislation;
terms with “National Institute”
Females,
see Gender factors
Fertility, 135
Foreign countries,
see International perspectives
Framingham Study, 105, 143, 185
Funding, 179, 188
historical perspectives, 1, 19
interventions, general, 158
social factors, 186-187
socioeconomic status research, 104-105
see also Research infrastructure
G
Gender factors
adolescent sexual activity, 138-139
allostatic load, 174-175
cancer risk, 47-48
chronic disease, 130
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diet, 139
elderly, caregivers of, 39
elderly persons, 174-175
employment, 38-39, 133
HIV, optimism among male patients, 50
life expectancy, 136
personal ties, 74, 75, 83
recovery from disease, 50
sexually transmitted diseases, 133
smoking, 34, 128
see also Breast cancer;
Child-mother interactions;
Ovarian cancer;
Pregnancy and prenatal development
Genetics, 47-48
behavioral risk factors, general, 64, 129-130, 149
cancer risk, 47
cumulative risk and, 26
diabetes, 48
emotional regulation, 33
environmentally induced gene expression, 3, 6, 17-18, 23, 26, 29-30, 32, 40, 63-72, 76, 77, 166, 172
animal models, 6, 66-69, 70, 77
children, 29-30, 32, 66-68
historical perspectives, 17
hypertension, 47-48, 67-68
intergenerational transfer of behaviors, 30, 31, 34, 67-68
microarray chip technologies, 6, 64, 70, 166
mother-child interactions and, 29-30
personal ties and, 7, 29, 65-66, 76, 77, 84
positive health, 5, 53, 57
predisease pathways, 4-5, 26, 28, 32, 155
time horizons, 22
Genomics, 45, 69-70, 64, 69-70, 155
allostatic load, 175
cancer, 69-70, 155
child health, 134-135
personal ties, 74
prenatal development, 28
Geographic information systems, 97
Going for the Goal (GOAL) program, 54
Gonorrhea, 121-122
H
Harvard Mastery of Stress Study, 185
Health and Retirement Survey, 133, 185
Health care,
see Medical interventions
Health insurance, 133, 138, 143
managed care, 10, 140-141, 144
Medicare, 133, 137, 140
Health promotion, 1, 5, 11, 12, 19, 148
adolescents, 54
cholesterol reduction, 139-140, 149, 153
cost of, 138-139
research infrastructure, 13, 45
smoking prevention, 35
Public education
Heart disease,
see Cardiovascular disease
Hippocampus, 26, 77
Hispanics, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111
Historical perspectives, 17, 19, 21, 22
alternative medicine therapies, 141-142
chronic diseases, 130-131
communicable disease, 123-125
disability rates, 120-121
life expectancy, 17, 119, 120, 130-131
medical interventions, 17, 130, 138
nutrition, 130-131
personal ties and autonomic activity, 79
racism, 107
socioeconomic status, 100-101
substance abuse, 129
HIV/AIDS, 28, 50, 108, 122, 123, 129, 148, 152, 153, 155, 157
Homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106
HPA axis,
see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Hypertension, 25, 131, 165
cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions, 139-140
cumulative risk, 26
genetic factors, 47-48, 67-68
intergenerational transfer of behavior, 67-68
occupational stress and, 38, 39
parents and children, 33
personal ties, 75, 76
psychological factors, 1, 33, 38
social isolation, 75
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 26, 27, 31, 46, 70, 76, 77, 80, 168
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I
Immigration and immigrants, 110
see also Asians and Pacific Islanders;
Hispanics
Immune system and infectious diseases, 169, 172
children, 77
chronic stress, 6, 37
cumulative risk, 26
personal ties, 65-66, 77, 79-82, 84
population-level health, 118, 121-125, 132, 133-134
positive health, 55
psychological factors, 33-34, 151
tuberculosis, 108, 121, 123-125, 134
see also Neurological factors;
Sexually transmitted diseases;
specific diseases
Indians,
see Native Americans
Infants, 12
birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138
mortality, 91, 92, 93, 119, 125, 130, 134, 135
see also Child-mother interactions
Infectious disease,
see Immune system and infectious diseases
Injuries,
see Accidents and injuries
Insurance,
see Health insurance;
Managed care
Inter-American Development Bank, 135-136
Interdisciplinary approaches
committee study at hand, 19, 20
see also Multidisciplinary approaches
International perspectives
chronic disease and disability, 120-121
cultural factors, 75, 102
life expectancy, 119, 120, 131, 135, 136
macroeconomic effects, 135
medical interventions, 137, 138
mortality, 135, 136
population health, 119, 120-121, 123, 131, 135-136, 153-154, 165-166, 185-186
quality of life, 119
racism, 108
sexually transmitted disease, 122
socioeconomic status, 104-105, 101-102, 119, 130, 131, 135-136
tuberculosis, 123
Interventions, general, 2, 3, 11-12, 24, 148-163, 178-179, 187-188
alcohol and substance abuse, 35, 151
cancer, 151, 157
cardiovascular disease, 139-140, 148, 149, 152
children, 153
chronic diseases and disabilities, 11, 151
community-level factors, 11, 13, 91, 153-154, 156, 158, 187
immigration and immigrants, 110
individual behavior, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160
longitudinal studies, 159, 166-167
multidisciplinary, 11, 12, 178-179, 187
nutrition, 53, 149, 151
pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152
population health, 149, 153-154, 158
psychological factors, 11, 12, 148-149, 151-152, 156, 160
school-based, 11, 54
smoking, 35, 128, 148, 150-151, 154, 157
social, 36-37
weight control, 35
worksite, 11, 154, 158
see also Exercise;
Health promotion;
Medical interventions;
Primary prevention;
Public education
K
Kaiser Family Foundation, 121 (n.2)
L
Language factors, 73-74
Legislation
managed care, 140
National Cancer Act, 1, 19
Life expectancy, 2, 17, 118, 119, 120, 130-131, 136, 148
see also Mortality
Local factors,
see Community-level factors
Longitudinal studies, 5, 12, 13, 40, 133, 143, 174, 185, 188
children, 133
cohort studies, 13, 104-106, 110, 130, 165-167, 172, 185, 186
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community-level factors, 8, 92, 98, 105, 143, 185-186
co-occurring risk factors, 12, 27
interventions, 159, 166-167
occupational stress, 38
personal ties, 7, 8, 27, 84
positive health, 12, 13, 49, 51-52, 56
predisease pathways, 4, 40, 56, 165-167, 185
racism and discrimination, 109-110
socioeconomic hierarchies, 9-10, 102, 104-106, 109-110, 111
see also Population health;
specific studies and surveys
Lung cancer, 22, 75, 126, 132
M
MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, 165
Malaysian Life History Survey, 105
Males,
see Gender factors
Managed care, 10, 140-141, 144
Marriage and marital status, 36, 74, 83
divorce and marital conflict, 31, 52, 74
recovery from disease, 75
Maternal factors,
see Child-mother interactions
Medical interventions, 11, 132-133, 137-142, 143, 144, 148, 160, 186-187
alternative medicine therapies, 141-142, 144
behavioral interventions integrated with, 156
cost factors, 138, 139-140, 142, 144, 152;
see also Health insurance disabled children, parents of, 126
historical perspectives, 17, 130, 138
international perspectives, 137, 138
population studies, 11, 118, 120-121
racial segregation, 108
Medicare, 133, 137, 140
Medulla, 29, 31, 33, 168
epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174
norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174
Men,
see Gender factors
Mental illness, 45, 51-52, 148, 165, 169, 173
children, 51
community-level factors, 92
cumulative risk, 26
dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173
eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157
occupational stress and, 38-39
parenting and, 29
personal ties, 74
predisease pathways, 26, 29, 32
primary prevention, 51
socioeconomic status, 103, 105
suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111
see also Alcohol and drug use;
Crime and criminal behavior
Methodology, see Research methodology
Mexican Americans, 111
Mexico, 136
Microarray chip technologies, 6, 64, 70, 166
Migration, 110
Mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188
Minorities,
see Race/ethnicity;
specific groups
Mother-child interactions,
see Child-mother interactions;
Pregnancy and prenatal development
Mortality, 17, 168-169
communicable diseases, 123-125
differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101
environmental exposures, 17
homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106
infant, 91, 92, 93, 119, 125, 130, 134, 135
international perspectives, 135, 136
personal ties and, 75, 76, 82, 153
race/ethnicity and, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110
socioeconomic status, 91, 92, 95, 100-103 (passim), 135
suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111
see also Life expectancy
Moving to Opportunity program, 93, 96
Multidisciplinary approaches, 1, 3, 4, 13-14, 18, 21-22, 179-180
committee study at hand, xi-xii, 19, 20, 21
community-level factors, 92-93
environmentally induced gene expression, 64, 70
interventions, 11, 12, 178-179, 187
nonlinearities, 177
personal ties, 84
positive health, 51, 56
primary prevention, 51
professional education, 3, 13, 188
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N
National Cancer Act, 1, 19
National Cancer Institute, 1, 19, 157-158
National Cholesterol Education Program, 139
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 123, 185
National Health Interview Survey, 185
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1, 19, 51, 134, 157-158
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 135
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 134-135
National Longitudinal Survey, 185
National Long Term Care Survey, 105, 120, 133
National Survey of Black Americans, 109-110
National Survey of Families and Households, 185
National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, 186
Native Americans, 106, 108, 155
Neurological factors, 6, 27, 31-32, 39, 171-172
alternative medicine therapies, 142
catecholamines, 32
child-mother interactions, 66
chronic stress, 6
dopamine regulation, 32, 34, 35
emotional regulation, 33, 77-78
exercise and neurogenesis, 169
occupational stress, 39
personal ties and, 7, 76, 77-80, 84
positive health, 5, 46-47, 55, 57, 171
serotonergic dysfunction, 29, 30, 32, 35, 168
substance abuse, 35
sympathetic nervous system, 27, 29, 32, 33 see also
Allostasis and allostatic load;
Brain function and structure
Norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174
North Karelia Project, 153-154
Nutrition, 56, 128-129, 130-131
cancer and, 129
diabetes and, 36
eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157
food preservation, 130-131
interventions, 53, 149, 151
parenting and behavior, 31, 68-69
personal ties, 75
predisease pathways, 31, 34, 128-129
primary prevention, 52, 53 see also
Weight factors
O
Occupations, see
Employment and unemployment
Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), xi, 2
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 120
Ovarian cancer, 155
P
Pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152
Pan American Health Organization, 135-136
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 105, 185
Parents and parenting, 7, 28-31, 73, 74-75
cardiovascular disease and, 29
community-level factors, 93
disabled children and, 126, 143
emotional factors and hypertension, 33
intergenerational transfer of behaviors, 30, 31, 34, 67-68
nutrition, 31, 68-69 see also
Child-mother interactions
Pathways, see
Predisease pathways
Personal ties, 3, 6-7, 23, 73-90, 168
adolescents, 36, 54, 74-75
allostatic load, 83-84
animal models, 7, 76, 77, 84
brain development, 7, 73, 77-79, 84
cancer and, 75, 151-153
cardiovascular disease and, 76, 83
children, 73-75; see also
Child-mother interactions;
Parents and parenting
chronic disease and quality of life, 51
epidemiology, 7, 75, 76, 82
gender factors, 74, 75, 83; see also
Marriage and marital status
genetic factors, 7, 29, 65-66, 76, 77, 84
genomics, 74
hypertension, 75, 76
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immune system and infectious diseases, 65-66, 77, 79-82, 84
individual behavior, 74-75, 82
informational resources, 75-76
interventions, 152-153
language, 73-74
longitudinal studies, 7, 8, 27, 84
mortality and, 75, 76, 82, 153
neurological factors, 7, 76, 77-80, 84
positive health, 82-84
predisease pathways, 4, 7, 25-26, 36-37
see also Familial factors;
Marriage and marital status;
Parents and parenting
Physical activity,
see Exercise
Pituitary gland,
see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Population health, 3, 5, 10-11, 24, 37, 118-147
cancer, 129, 131
children, 10, 118-119, 125-126, 133, 134-135, 136, 168
chronic diseases and disabilities, 119-121, 126, 127, 130-133
communicable diseases, 118, 121-125, 133-134
cost factors, 126, 136-137, 139-140, 142, 143, 144, 153-154
elderly persons, 10, 55, 120
environmental factors, general, 10, 118
fertility, 135
individual behavior and, 10, 11,118, 143
international perspectives, 119, 120-121, 123, 131, 135-136, 153-154, 165-166, 185-186
interventions, general, 149, 153-154, 158;
see also “medical interventions” below
macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144
medical interventions, 11, 118, 120-121
personal ties, 75
psychological factors, 10, 11, 118
research infrastructure, 13, 184-186, 188
research methodology, 143-144, 168, 178
social factors, 10, 11, 75, 118, 143
see also Community-level factors;
Epidemiology;
Genomics;
Longitudinal studies
Positive health, xii, 3, 5, 6, 10, 12, 45-62
adolescents, 52, 54
alcohol abuse and, 52
animal models, 46-47, 169-170
brain development, 46-47, 171
cardiovascular, 50, 52
cancer, 52
cognitive factors, 50, 52
community-level factors, 5, 8, 57
defined, 23
emotional factors, 50-51, 52, 54-55
employment, 11, 52
environmental factors, general, 5, 54, 56
genetic factors, 5, 53, 57
individual behavior and, 5, 47, 52-53, 56, 57
longitudinal studies, 12, 13, 49, 51-52, 56
neurological factors, 5, 46-47, 55, 57, 171
personal ties, 82-84
population surveys, 143
research infrastructure, 13, 45, 47, 53, 56-57
research methodology, 12, 13, 56-57, 169-170
social factors, 5, 13, 36, 46, 47, 51, 54-57, 187 see also
Health promotion;
Quality of life;
Resilience and resistance
Post-traumatic stress disorder, 37-38
Poverty,
Predisease pathways, 3-5, 25-44, 56
adolescents, 29, 34-35, 36, 37
allostatic load, 20, 26-27, 35-40
cognitive factors, 26, 32
committee study methodology, 2, 23
community-level factors, 2, 39, 97
defined, 3-4, 25
emotional regulation, 29, 30, 32, 33
environmental factors, general, 4, 36-39, 25-26, 32, 36-39, 97
familial factors, 4, 25-26
genetic factors, 4-5, 26, 28, 32, 155
genomics, 69-70
individual behavior and, 3-4, 25, 32, 34-36, 176-177
intergenerational transfer of behavior, 30, 31, 34, 67-68
longitudinal studies, 4, 40, 56, 165-167, 185
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mental illness, 26, 29, 32
nutrition, 31, 34, 128-129
personal ties, 4, 7, 25-26, 36-37
psychological factors, 3-5, 25, 32-34, 38, 176, 185
regulation of emotions, 29, 30, 32, 33
research methodology, 12, 13, 49, 164, 165-170, 175, 176-177
social factors, 3-5, 26, 32, 36, 165-166, 176, 185, 186-187;
see also“personal ties” above
socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 37, 91, 92, 95, 100-104 (passim), 106, 108109, 110-111
time horizons, 23, 25
see also Primary prevention;
Risk factors
Pregnancy and prenatal development, 2, 28-32
brain development, 28
chronic maternal stress, 37
fertility, 135
gene expression and, 64-65
genomics, 28
Hispanics, 111
nutrition, 130-131
smoking, 34-35
social factors, 36
socioeconomic status, 103
substance abuse, 35
teenage, 138-139
see also Birth weight;
Infants
Primary prevention, 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11-12, 13, 51-54, 130, 148, 149
cost of, 138-140
individual behavior, 52-53
longitudinal studies, 51-52
mental illness, 51
nutrition, 52, 53
sexually transmitted disease, 123
see also Health promotion;
Public education
Priorities for Prevention Research at the NIMH, 51
Professional education, 13-14, 19
multidisciplinary approaches, 3, 13, 188
Psychological factors, 3, 10, 17-18, 22
cancer, 151, 155
cardiovascular disease, 1, 33, 34, 38, 50, 76, 152
chronic disease, 34
chronic stress, 37-38
hypertension, 1, 33, 38
immune system and infectious diseases, 33-34, 151
interventions, 11, 12, 148-149, 151-152, 156, 160
mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188
occupational stress, 38
population-level health and, 10, 11, 118
positive health, 5, 13, 46, 47, 50-51, 56
predisease pathways, 3-5, 25, 32-34, 38, 176, 185
primary prevention, 51
recovery from disease, 50-51
research infrastructure, 13, 185, 186-187, 188
research methodology, 12, 13, 176, 180
self-efficacy, 32-33, 52, 53, 179
socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106
see also Attitudes;
Emotional factors;
Mental illness;
Personal ties;
Social factors
Public education, 52-54
adolescents, 54
committee study methodology, 21
cost of, 138-139
disabled children, 126
school-based interventions, 11, 54
smoking, 35, 52 see also
Educational attainment;
Health promotion
Q
Quality of life, 51, 119, 139, 148
pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152
R
Race/ethnicity, 2, 37, 106-111
alcohol and drug use, 106
allostatic loads, 97
cancer, 106, 107, 108
cardiovascular disease, 106, 108-109
employment, 108
mortality rates, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110
prenatal development, 111
resilience and resistance, 110, 111
sexually transmitted disease, 122
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socioeconomic status, 100, 106-111, 155 see also
specific groups
Racism and discrimination, 2, 3, 9, 23-24, 107-110, 111
cancer/HIV patients, discrimination, 155
medical interventions, 108
segregation, 9, 92, 93, 108, 111
Recovery from disease, 5, 22, 49-51, 54
animal models, 33
cancer, 33, 75
cardiovascular disease, 50
differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101
emotional factors, 50-51, 75
marital status, 75
socioeconomic status, 48-49, 104
Religion, 111
Reproductive systems and functions, 32 see also
Pregnancy and prenatal development
Research infrastructure, 13-14, 24, 45, 184-189
animal colonies, 6, 13, 70, 184, 186, 188
community-level factors, 95-97, 188
Council of Public Representatives (COPR), xii, 14-15, 53, 56
health promotion, 13, 45
individual behavior, 176-177, 179, 180
integration with practice, 1, 2-3
interventions, general, 157-158, 160
mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188
population health studies, 13, 184-186, 188
positive health, 13, 45, 47, 53, 56-57
psychological factors, 13, 185, 186-187, 188
social factors, 13, 185, 186-187, 188 see also
Multidisciplinary approaches;
Professional education
Research methodology, 12-13, 24, 143-144, 164-183
allostatic load, 27, 49, 70, 172-175, 180
committee study at hand, xi-xii, 2-3, 19-21
community-level factors, 8, 95-97, 98, 164, 170
environmentally induced gene expression, 70
interventions, 13, 157-160, 166-167, 178-179, 180
neurology, 169, 171-172
personal ties, 84, 164, 168
population health, 143-144, 168, 178
positive health, 12, 13, 56-57, 169-170
predisease pathways, 12, 13, 49, 164, 165-170, 175, 176-177
psychological factors, 12, 13, 176, 180
social factors, 12, 13, 98, 165-166, 169, 180
socioeconomic status, 102, 170 see also
Animal models;
Longitudinal studies;
Multidisciplinary approaches;
Population health
Resilience and resistance, 3, 5, 23, 47-49, 55, 57, 63, 164, 169-170
children, 48
community-level factors, 48
differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101
microarray chip technologies, 64
race/ethnicity, 110,
socioeconomic status, 48-49, 104, 110, see also
Immune system and infectious diseases
Respiratory system, 29, 45, 47-48, 52, 69-70, 81, 126, 132
asthma, 10, 126, 134-135, 143, 148
lung cancer, 22, 75, 126, 132 see also
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Risk factors, general, 2, 4-5, 9-10, 11, 19, 20
co-occurring, 18, 20, 26-27
cumulative, 9, 13, 26-27
genetics, 64, 129-130, 149
interventions, 12, 148, 150-160
population-level health, 126-130
prenatal and early, 4, 25, 28-32 see also
Allostasis and allostatic load;
Behavior, individual;
Environmental factors;
Health promotion;
Predisease pathways;
Primary prevention;
Public education;
specific risk factors (e.g., Smoking)
Rural areas, 98, 108, 129
S
School-based interventions, 11, 54
Serotonergic dysfunction, 29, 30, 32, 168
substance abuse, 35
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historical perspectives, 17
managed care, 141
microarray chips, 6, 64, 70, 166
Television, 75, 102
Time horizons, 4, 22, 118
alcohol and drug use, 4, 22, 40
genetic factors, 22
predisease pathways, 23, 25
see also Longitudinal studies;
Population health
Tobacco use,
see Smoking
Training,
see Health promotion;
Professional education;
Public education
Triglycerides, 33
Tuberculosis, 108, 121, 123-125, 134
U
United Kingdom, 104-105, 120, 131, 165-166, 186
United Nations, 135-136
Urban areas, 8, 92, 97-98
childhood asthma, 135
race/ethnicity, 9, 108
V
Venereal diseases, see Sexually transmitted diseases
W
Weight factors
adults, 35, 36, 52, 53, 75, 129, 156
birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138
childhood obesity, 153
eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157
Whewell, William, 22
Whitehall II Study of the British Social Service, 105, 165
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS), 105, 110, 165, 172, 185
Women,
see Gender factors
World Health Organization, 123
