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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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Index

A

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 76
Aerosols, 24, 27, 30, 54
Africa, 35
     see also Rift Valley fever; West Nile virus
     cryptosporidiosis, 56
     famine, 101-102
     malaria, 40, 48
     meningitis, 22, 39
Aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73
Agriculture, 5, 22, 42, 44, 85
     El Niño, 97-98
     remote sensing, 78
AIDS, see HIV/AIDS
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 16
Asia, 14, 39
     cryptosporidiosis, 56
     influenza, 40
     malaria, 40, 65
Atlantic Ocean, 25
     North Atlantic Oscillation, 21

B


Bjerknes, Vilhelm, 15
Bjerknes, Jacob, 17
Bubonic plague, 12-13, 78

C

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7, 73, 74, 108
Cholera, 34, 57-58, 79
     drought/famine, 38-39
     El Niño, 9, 57-58
     geographic factors, 16-17
     historical perspectives, 16-17, 58
     modeling studies/risk assessment, 70-71
     temperature factors, 57-58
Clouds, general circulation models, 27
Coccidioidomycosis, 33, 38
Communication, see Public communication
Computer databases, see Databases
Computer models, 5, 6, 15-16, 24, 105
     seasonal variations, 25
Cost and cost-effectiveness, 105
     agricultural planning, El Niño, 98
     bubonic plague, 13
     early warning systems, 4-5, 68, 91
     surveillance, 74
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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Crowding, see Population density
Cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57

D


Databases, 107
     see also Internet
     El Niño, 97
     Geographic Information System (GIS), 4, 7, 76-77, 105, 108
     standards for surveillance, 6, 66, 74-75, 107
Definitional issues
     early warning system, 86
     epidemiology, 28-30
     glossary, 110-114
     risk assessment terminology, 68-69, 111, 112, 113
     weather vz climate, 20-22
Demographic factors, 3, 27, 41-42, 70
     see also Population density; Urban areas
     early warning systems, 90
     emerging diseases, 29
     SEIR modeling, 33
Dengue virus, 1, 9, 10, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 45-48, 74
     El Niño, 10
     humidity, 46, 47, 48
     temperature factors, 33, 34, 47-48
     urban areas, 42, 85
     water, 25, 42, 46, 47
Department of Defense, 73-74
Developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91
Diagnosis
     dengue virus, 74
     epidemics, 13, 28
Disasters, see Extreme weather events
Dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111
Drought, 33, 35, 36-37, 38-39
     cholera, 38-39
     early warning systems, 5, 101-102
     risk assessment, 38
Drug resistance, 2, 43
     gonorrhea, 40
     historical perspectives, 9
     malaria, 48
Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals

E


Early-warning systems, 2, 4-7, 10, 11, 27, 86- 102, 105-106
     committee meetings, 133-134, 135
     cost factors, 4-5, 68, 91, 93
     defined, 86
     demographic factors, 90
     drought/famine, 5, 101-102
     ecological factors, 5, 86-87, 89-90
     fire, 99
     funding, 93
     historical perspectives, 14-16
     hurricanes, 101
     local factors, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93-97, 101, 102, 106, 135
     models, 26-27, 88, 89
     national-level factors, 14-15, 88, 90, 92, 102
     population density, 90
     public communication, 89, 91, 95-96, 102, 135
     public health services, 5, 88, 90-92, 93
     regional factors, 90, 92, 93
     risk assessment, 87-88, 89, 90, 94-95
     sanitation, 90, 94
     sentinel animals, 86, 87, 89
     state-level factors, 92
     temporal factors, 91, 92
     uncertainty, 87
     vaccines, 90
     waterborne diseases, general, 90, 94, 96
Ecological factors, xi, xii , 9, 10, 11, 35, 36, 75, 80-85, 103, 104, 107-108
     aggregation bias, 67
     committee study methodology, 2, 134
     early warning systems, 5, 86-87, 89-90
     emerging diseases, 29, 30
     historical perspectives, 17
     interdisciplinary studies, 7, 71-72
     remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105
     SEIR modeling, 33
     time-series analysis, 60
Economic factors, 27, 74, 90, 134
     see also Cost and cost-effectiveness; Socioeconomic factors
     developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91
Education, see Internet; Professional education; Public communication
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 1, 4, 5, 21, 22, 25, 37, 83, 85, 88, 105
     agricultural planning, 97-98
     cholera, 9, 57-58
     databases, 97
     defined, 111
     dengue virus, 10
     global climate, general, 22, 23
     historical perspectives, 17, 25
     Internet, 23, 98
     malaria, 48-49
     prospective observations, 60
     time-series analysis, 60
Emerging diseases, 29-30, 73-74, 104
Emigration, see Migration
Endemic outbreaks, general, 78, 96-97
     defined, 28-29, 111
Environmental Protection Agency, 68
Epidemics, 4, 9, 35
     see also Early warning systems
     committee meetings, 132
     defined, 28, 111
     diagnostic issues, 13, 28
     extreme weather events, 38
     hantavirus, 51-52
     historical perspectives, 12-13, 36, 38, 49-50
     malaria, 48-49
     St. Louis encephalitis, 49-50
     urban areas, 36
Epidemiology, xii , 4, 5, 6, 10, 28-33, 66, 67- 68, 73-75, 105-106, 107
     see also Early warning systems; Risk assessment; Surveillance systems
     committee meetings, 134, 135
     definitional issues, 28-30
     dengue fever, 47-48
     extreme weather conditions, 38
     historical perspectives, 13, 14, 16-17, 18, 19
     meta-analysis, 67
     sanitation and, 16
Error of measurement, 24-25, 66-67, 82-85
     aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73
Experimental studies, 5, 11, 62-63, 66, 67, 80, 82, 83, 107
     interdependence with observational and modeling studies, 6, 67
Expert opinion, xi , 10, 62, 66, 99
Exposure and exposure assessment, 65, 69-70
     cholera, 70, 71
     dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111
     food and waterborne diseases, 65
     hantavirus, 52
     housing and, 38
     immunity and, 30
     vector-borne diseases, 38, 43, 49, 50
Extreme weather events
     see also Drought
     flooding, 33, 36-37, 38, 63, 78-79
     hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101
     monsoons, 14, 81
     risk assessment, 38
     temporal factors, 36-37

F


Famine
     cholera, 38-39
     early warning systems, 5, 101-102
Famine Early Warning System, 101-102
Federal Emergency Management Agency, 92
Federal government, 1-2, 7, 73, 107-108
     Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7, 73, 74, 108
     committee meetings, 132
     Department of Defense, 73-74
     Environmental Protection Agency, 68
     Federal Emergency Management Agency, 92
     Forest Service, 99
     funding, 7, 62, 93
     National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 6, 107
     National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 108
     National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 60, 76, 93
     National Weather Service, 15, 87
Fires and fire control, 99
Flooding, 36-37, 78
     cryptosporidiosis, 33
     meningitis, 33
     remote sensing, 78-79
     Rift Valley fever, 33, 63
     risk assessment, 38
Food, see Famine; Nutrition and malnutrition
Food-borne pathogens, 44, 46, 57, 58, 68, 76, 96
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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Forests and deforestation, 22, 24, 42, 78, 99
Forest Service, 99
Funding
     early warning systems, 93
     interdisciplinary studies, 7, 62

G


General circulation models, 27
Genetic factors, 3, 35, 36, 105
     emerging diseases, 29-30, 73-74, 104
Geographic factors, 1, 3-4, 6
     see also Local factors; National-level factors; Regional factors; Spatial factors; State-level factors
     cholera, 16-17
     cryptosporidiosis, 56
     historical perspectives, 12, 13, 17
     modeling studies, 27, 65, 66
Geographic Information System (GIS), 4, 7, 76-77, 105, 108
Global Change Research Program, xi-xii, 7, 9, 108
Global climate, general, 2, 17, 81, 82, 104
     El Niño, 22, 23
     surveillance and, 74
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response Systems, 74
Global warming, 3, 9, 10, 22-24, 27, 37, 81, 82, 104
     greenhouse gases, 22, 24, 27
     influenza, 55
     integrated assessment, 72
     mosquito vectors, 9, 49
     West Nile virus, 97
Gonorrhea, 40
Greenhouse gases, 22, 24, 27

H


Hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94
Hill, Austin Bradford, 17
Historical perspectives, 1, 9-10, 12-19, 99
     cholera, 16-17, 58
     committee meetings, 132
     cryptosporidiosis, 56
     early warning systems, 14-16
     El Niño, 17, 25
     epidemics, 12-13, 36, 38, 49-50
     epidemiology, 13, 14, 16-17, 18, 19
     geographic factors, 12, 13, 17
     interdisciplinary approaches, 17
     precipitation, 14, 25
     public health, 18, 19
     regional factors, 12-13, 14, 17
     research methodology, 13-15, 61
     sanitation, 14, 16, 18
     seasonal variation, 8, 12, 14, 21, 25
     surveillance, 89
     time-series analysis, 58, 59-60, 61
     vaccines, 9, 42-43
     waterborne diseases and water treatment, 14, 16, 18, 44
HIV/AIDS, 1, 40, 90
Housing
     early warning systems, 90
     Lyme disease, 40
     regional factors, 3
     vector-borne diseases, 38, 40, 42
Humidity, 2, 46
     see also Precipitation
     coccidioidomycosis, 33
     cryptosporidiosis, 33, 46
     dengue virus, 46, 47, 48
     influenza, 55
     malaria, 46, 48, 65
     meningitis, 33, 39
     modeling studies, 65
     Rift Valley fever, 33
Hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101

I


Immigration, see Migration
Immune response, 35-36, 111-112
     see also Drug resistance; Vaccines
     cholera, 57
     influenza, 54-55
     refugees, 37, 40
     Rift Valley fever, 51
     travelers and migrants, 40
Incidence and prevalence, 6, 9, 10, 70, 74
     see also Endemic outbreaks; Epidemics; Surveillance
     cholera, 57
     cryptosporidiosis, 56
     defined, 28, 112, 113
     dengue fever, 45-46
     emerging diseases, 29
     influenza, 54
     Lyme disease, 10, 52-53
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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     malaria, 10, 48-49
     time-series analysis, 60
Indian Ocean, 17, 21, 25, 51
Influenza, 1, 8, 46, 54-55, 134
     temperature factors, 33, 55
     travelers, 40
Insects, 36, 81
     see also Lyme disease; Mosquitos; Pesticides; Vector-borne diseases
     eradication of vectors, 36, 43, 46, 49
Integrated assessment, 59, 71-73
Inter-American Institute, 93
Interannual variation, 1, 2-3, 21, 81, 82-83, 103, 104
     see also El Niño/Southern Oscillation
Interdisciplinary approaches, 2, 7, 62
     ecological factors, 7, 71-72
     funding, 7, 62
     historical perspectives, 17
     integrated assessment, 59, 71-73
     modeling studies, 6, 7, 104-105, 107-108
     professional education, 6, 7, 62
     remote sensing and, 76
     research centers, 6, 62
     social factors, 7, 71-72
     socioeconomic factors, 7, 72, 107
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 9, 24, 37
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, 93
Internet, 74
     El Niño, 23, 98

K


Koch, Robert, 16-17

L


Land cover and land use, 3, 22, 24, 35, 39-40, 42
     agriculture, 5, 22, 42, 44, 78, 85, 97-98
     forests and deforestation, 22, 24, 42, 78, 99
     Lyme disease, 39-40, 54
     seasonal variation, 25-26
     soil, 33, 34, 54, 76, 79
     urban areas, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 46, 49-50, 55, 79, 85, 93-97
     vegetation, general, 22, 24, 54, 76, 78, 81, 83-84
     wetlands, 79
Local factors, 24
     early warning systems, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93-97, 101, 102, 106, 135
     epidemics, 13
     modeling studies, 65
     surveillance systems, 73
Lorenz, Edward, 16
Lyme disease, 39-40, 46, 52-54, 78, 79

M


Malaria, 1, 8, 43, 46, 48-49, 78, 79, 85, 135
     air transport, 41
     drug-resistant, 48
     global warming, 9
     humidity, 46, 48, 65
     incidence, 10, 48-49
     migrants, 40
     modeling studies, 65
     precipitation, 46, 48, 65
     seasonal variation, 33
     temperature, 33, 34, 46, 48
     water, standing, 42, 46
     wind, 48
Malnutrition, see Nutrition and malnutrition
Mass media, 10
Mathematical, 9, 13, 15-16, 63-68, 88, 112
     committee meetings, 133
     SEIR framework, 31-33, 36, 63, 88
Mechanistic models, 63-64, 65, 106-107
Meningitis, 1, 22, 33, 39
Meta-analysis, 67, 112
Methodology, see Research methodology
Migration, 10, 35, 40-41
     see also Travel and tourism
     refugees, 37, 40
Modeling studies, 5-6, 11, 59, 70, 98, 104-105, 106-107
     agricultural land uses, 98
     animal models, 16-17, 55
     cholera, 70-71
     climate, 7, 9
     computer models, 5, 6, 15-16, 24, 25, 105
     disease transmission, 30
     dose-response, 68, 69, 71, 111
     early warning systems, 26-27, 88, 89
     epidemiology, 4, 107
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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     experimental studies and, 6, 67
     forest fire conditions, 99
     general circulation models, 27
     geographic factors, 27, 65, 66
     historical perspectives, 9
     humidity, 65
     influenza, 55
     interdisciplinary approaches, 6, 7, 104- 105, 107-108
     land/atmosphere, 26
     malaria, 65
     mathematical, 9, 13, 15-16, 63-68, 71, 72, 88
     SEIR framework, 31-33, 36, 63, 88
     mechanistic models, 63-64, 65, 106-107
     multivariate models, 64, 65
     observational studies and, 6, 67
     ocean, seasonal variation, 25
     ocean/land/atmosphere, 27
     precipitation, 27, 65
     prediction and prevention, 10
     public health services, 66
     spatial factors, 61, 65, 66, 67
     statistical-empirical models, 6, 64, 66, 106
     temperature, 65
     temporal factors, 66
     uncertainty, 3, 27, 103-104
Monsoons, 14, 81
Mosquitos, 1, 9, 30, 34, 43, 47-49, 135
     see also Dengue virus; Malaria; Yellow fever
     modeling studies, 65
     remote sensing, 76, 78-79
     Rift Valley fever, 33, 35, 46, 50-51, 63, 76, 78, 88
     St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50
     West Nile virus, 90, 93-97
Multidisciplinary approaches, see Interdisciplinary approaches
Multivariate models, 64, 65

N


National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 6, 107
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 108
National-level factors, 135
     early warning systems, 14-15, 88, 90, 92, 102
     meteorological systems, 75
     surveillance systems, 73, 74
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 60, 76, 93
National Weather Service, 15, 87
Natural disasters, see Extreme weather events
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, 76
North Atlantic Oscillation, 21
Nutrition and malnutrition, 37, 38-39, 41-42, 43
     see also Famine; Food-borne pathogens

O


Observational studies, 5, 11, 59-62, 73, 75, 80-81, 88, 105, 107
     historical perspectives, 9
     interdependence with experimental and modeling studies, 6, 67
     prospective observations, 60-61
     remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-77, 90, 101, 105
     temporal factors, 59-60, 61, 80-81
     uncertainty, 3, 103-104
Oceans
     see also El Niño/Southern Oscillation; North Atlantic Oscillation
     Atlantic Ocean, 21, 25
     color, 79
     Indian Ocean, 17, 21, 25, 51
     Pacific Ocean, 17, 25, 51
     seasonal variability models, 25
     surface height, 22, 58, 79
     surface temperature, general, 9, 27, 51, 57-58, 79
Office of Global Programs (NOAA), 60, 93
Outbreaks, see Epidemics

P


Pacific Ocean, 17, 25, 51
     see also El Niño/Southern Oscillation; North Atlantic Oscillation
Parasitic diseases, 1, 9, 35
     see also Malaria
     cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57
     schistosomiasis, 39, 43, 78, 79
Pesticides, 43, 96
     historical perspectives, 9
     resistance to, 2, 9
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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Pharmaceuticals, 3, 9, 36
     see also Drug resistance; Vaccines
Population density, 3, 35, 37, 41, 46, 55
     early warning systems, 90
     influenza, 33, 55
     see also Urban areas
Population factors, other, see Demographic
     factors; Social factors;
     Socioeconomic factors

Precipitation, 21, 46, 90, 97
     see also Drought; Flooding
     cryptosporidiosis, 1, 46, 56
     dengue fever, 46, 47
     general circulation models, 27
     historical perspectives, 14, 25
     malaria, 46, 48, 65
     modeling studies, 27, 65
     monsoons, 14, 81
     Rift Valley fever, 46, 51
     seasonal, general, 25
     vegetative cover and, 24, 78
Prevalence, see Incidence and prevalence
Professional education
     interdisciplinary, 6, 7, 62
     response strategies, 94
Prospective observations, 60-61
Public communication, 89, 91, 95-96, 98, 102, 135
     see also Internet
     Mass media, 10
Public health, 3, 10, 36, 42-43, 68, 135
     see also Housing; Sanitation; Vaccines; Waterborne diseases and water treatment
     bubonic plague, 13
     early warning systems, 5, 88, 90-92, 93
     emerging diseases, 29
     historical perspectives, 18, 19
     hurricanes, 100
     interdisciplinary studies, 7
     modeling studies, 66
     quarantine, 13, 36
     vector eradication, 36, 43, 46, 49
Public opinion, 10, 91

Q


Quantitative risk characterization, 2, 4, 27, 62, 64, 65, 69, 71, 72, 96, 105
Quarantine, 13, 36

R


Rain, see Precipitation
Regional factors, 3, 21, 22, 24, 61
     see also Epidemics
     developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91
     early warning systems, 90, 92, 93
     epidemics, 12-13
     general circulation models, 27
     global warming, 24
     historical perspectives, 12-13, 14, 17
     modeling studies, 65, 66
     monsoons, 14
     precipitation, 24
     remote sensing, 73
     surveillance systems, 73, 105-106
     temperature, general, 24
     time-series analysis, 60
Remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105
Reporting bias, 66
Research methodology, 5, 59-79
     see also Interdisciplinary approaches; Modeling studies; Observational studies; Uncertainty
     aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73
     causal relations, general, 83-84
     committee study at hand, 2, 132-135
     error of measurement, 24-25, 66-67, 82- 85
     experimental studies, 5, 6, 11, 62-63, 66, 67, 80, 82, 83, 107
     expert opinion, xi, 10, 62, 66, 99
     historical perspectives, 13-15, 61
     meta-analysis, 67, 112
     remote sensing, 6, 7, 10, 70, 75-79, 90, 101, 105
     stochastic processes, 73
     time-series analysis, 58, 59-60, 61
Retrospective analysis of historical trends, 61
Retrospective analysis of natural variation, 59-60
Richardson, Lewis Frye, 15
Rift Valley fever, 33, 35, 42, 46, 50-51, 63, 76, 78, 88
Risk assessment, 59, 68-71
     see also Exposure and exposure assessment
     cholera, 70-71
     defined, 113
     dose-response models, 68, 69, 71, 111
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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     drought, 38
     early warning systems, 87-88, 89, 90, 94-95
     extreme weather events, 38
     flooding, 33, 63
     forest fire conditions, 99
     integrated assessment, 59, 71-73
     modeling studies, 65
     quantitative, 2, 4, 27, 62, 64, 65, 69, 71, 72, 96, 105
     sanitation, 38
     waterborne diseases, 38, 68
     West Nile virus, 94-95

S


Sanitation, 3, 36, 41, 43
     see also Waterborne diseases and water treatment
     dengue fever, 42
     early warning systems, 90, 94
     epidemiology and, 16
     historical perspectives, 14, 16, 18
     malaria, 49
     regional factors, 3
     response strategies, 94
     risk assessment, 38
     St. Louis encephalitis, 49-50
     urban areas, 41-42
Satellite technology, see Remote sensing
Schistosomiasis, 39, 43, 78, 79
Seasonal variation, 2-3, 21, 25-27, 81, 82-83, 103, 104
     see also El Niño/Southern Oscillation
     cholera, 57-58
     computer models, 25
     cryptosporidiosis, 56-57
     dengue virus, 33
     historical perspectives, 8, 12, 21, 14, 25
     influenza, 33, 55
     malaria, 33
     modeling of, 25
     monsoons, 14, 81
     vibrios, 57-58
Sea surface
     height, 22, 58, 79
     temperature, 9, 27, 51, 57-58, 79;
      see also El Niño/Southern Oscillation; North Atlantic Oscillation
SEIR framework, 31-33, 36, 63, 88
Sentinel animals, 86, 87, 89
Social factors, 9, 36, 41-42
     see also Demographic factors
     committee study methodology, 2
     interdisciplinary studies, 7, 71-72
     population density, 3, 33, 35, 37, 41, 46, 55, 90;
     see also Urban areas
     time-series analysis, 60
Socioeconomic factors
     developing countries, general, 3, 74, 90, 91
     interdisciplinary studies, 7, 72, 107
Soil conditions
     Lyme disease, 54
     remote sensing, 76, 79
     wind-blown dust, 33, 34
Spatial factors, 2, 5, 6, 11, 13, 20, 59, 61, 80- 85, 107
     see also Geographic factors
     aggregation bias, 67, 72
     climate defined, 20-21
     cryptosporidiosis, 56
     general circulation models, 27
     global warming, 24
     Lyme disease, 53
     modeling studies, 61, 65, 66, 67
     temperature factors and, 20-21, 24, 61
     uncertainty, 3-4, 82-83, 104
Standards
     databases, 6, 66, 74-75, 107
     public health response, 92
     reporting bias, 66
State-level factors
     early warning systems, 92
     surveillance systems, 73
Statistical-empirical models, 6, 64, 66, 106
St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90
Stochastic processes, 73
Storms, 21
     flooding, 33, 36-37, 38, 63, 78-79
     hurricanes, 36-37, 38, 101
     monsoons, 14, 81
Surveillance systems, 4, 5-7, 10, 66, 69, 73- 75, 89-90, 93, 95, 105-108
     see also Early warning systems; Epidemiology; Observational studies
     committee study methodology, 2, 135
     cost factors, 74
     influenza, 54
     prospective observations, 60
     regional factors, 73, 105-106
     reporting bias, 66
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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     standards, 6, 66, 74-75, 107
     time-series analysis, 60

T


Temperature, 1, 2, 22, 81
     see also Global warming; El Niño/Southern Oscillation
     cholera, 57-58
     climate defined, 20-21
     dengue virus, 33, 34, 47-48
     historical perspectives, 14
     influenza, 33, 55
     integrated assessment, 71-72
     Lyme disease, 53-54
     malaria, 33, 34, 46, 48
     microbe replication rate, 34
     modeling studies, 65
     sea surface, general, 9, 27, 51, 57-58, 79
     spatial factors and, 20-21, 24, 61
     St. Louis encephalitis, 50
     vector-borne diseases, general, 34, 65
     vibrios, other than cholera, 58
Temporal factors, 5, 59, 80-85
     see also Interannual variation; Seasonal variation
     climate defined, 20, 21-22
     early warning systems, 91, 92
     epidemics, 13
     extreme weather events, 36-37
     Lyme disease, 53
     modeling studies, 66
     observational studies, 59-60, 61, 80-81
     uncertainty, 3-4, 72, 82-83, 104
Time-series analysis, 58, 59-60, 61
Togavirus, see Yellow fever
Travel and tourism, 3, 10, 29, 35, 40-41, 97, 104
     see also Migration
     influenza, 55
     quarantine, 36
     surveillance systems, 73

U


Ultraviolet radiation, 33, 55
Uncertainty, 3-4, 82-85, 104
     aggregation bias, 67, 72, 73
     early warning systems, 87
     error of measurement, 24-25, 66-67, 82- 85
     integrated assessments, 72, 73
     modeling studies, 3, 27, 103-104
     observational studies, 3, 103-104
     reporting bias, 66
     spatial factors, 3-4, 82-83, 104
     temporal factors, 3-4, 72, 82-83, 104
United Nations, 75
Urban areas, 35, 36, 40, 41, 79
     dengue fever, 42, 85
     influenza, 55
     sanitation, 41-42
     St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50
     West Nile virus, 93-97

V


Vaccines, 3, 7, 36, 42-43, 94
     early warning systems, 90
     historical perspectives, 9, 42-43
Vector-borne diseases, 1, 2, 30, 31, 38, 94
     see also Dengue virus; Insects; Lyme disease; Malaria; Mosquitos; Pesticides; Rift Valley fever
     air transport, 41
     bubonic plague, 12-13, 78
     committee meetings, 133, 135
     control of vectors, 7
     definitions, 113-114
     eradication of vectors, 36, 43, 46, 49
     hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94
     housing, 38, 40, 42
     land cover, 39-40
     migration and travel, 46
     modeling studies, 65
     St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90
     temperature factors, 34, 65
Vegetation, 22, 24, 81, 83-84
     agriculture, 5, 22, 42, 44, 78, 85, 97-98
     forests and deforestation, 22, 24, 42, 78, 99
     Lyme disease, 54
     remote sensing, 76, 78
Vibrios, 46, 57-58
     see also Cholera
Viruses, 1
     see also Dengue virus
     hantavirus, 46, 51-52, 78, 94
     HIV/AIDS, 1, 40, 90
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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     St. Louis encephalitis, 46, 49-50, 61, 89-90
     West Nile virus, 90, 93-97
     yellow fever, 1, 9, 78

W


Waterborne diseases and water treatment, 7, 38, 42, 44, 46, 79
     see also Flooding; Sanitation; Vibrios; Wetlands
     cholera, 16-17, 34, 38-39, 57-58, 70-71, 79
     cryptosporidiosis, 1, 33, 46, 56-57
     dengue fever, 25, 42, 46, 47
     drought and, 38-39
     early warning systems, 90, 94, 96
     historical perspectives, 14, 16, 18, 44
     malaria, 42, 46
     response strategies, 90, 94
     Rift Valley fever, 42
     risk assessment, 38, 68
     schistosomiasis, 39
     temperature factors, 34
     vibrios, other than cholera, 58
West Nile virus, 90, 93-97
Wetlands, 79
Wind, 12, 14, 20, 21, 34, 38, 48
World Health Organization, 9, 43, 54, 73, 134
World Meteorological Organization, 75, 134
World Weather Watch, 75

Y


Yellow fever, 1, 9, 78
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
×
Page 144
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10025.
×
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Under the Weather: Climate, Ecosystems, and Infectious Disease Get This Book
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Since the dawn of medical science, people have recognized connections between a change in the weather and the appearance of epidemic disease. With today's technology, some hope that it will be possible to build models for predicting the emergence and spread of many infectious diseases based on climate and weather forecasts. However, separating the effects of climate from other effects presents a tremendous scientific challenge.

Can we use climate and weather forecasts to predict infectious disease outbreaks? Can the field of public health advance from "surveillance and response" to "prediction and prevention?" And perhaps the most important question of all: Can we predict how global warming will affect the emergence and transmission of infectious disease agents around the world?

Under the Weather evaluates our current understanding of the linkages among climate, ecosystems, and infectious disease; it then goes a step further and outlines the research needed to improve our understanding of these linkages. The book also examines the potential for using climate forecasts and ecological observations to help predict infectious disease outbreaks, identifies the necessary components for an epidemic early warning system, and reviews lessons learned from the use of climate forecasts in other realms of human activity.

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