Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc

Reference	Study Group	Duration	Diet (mg/d)	Balance Data (mg/d)
Ivaturi and Kies, 1992	24 men and women	14 d	3.21	0.3
			3.92	0.3
			3.13	–0.2
			2.64	0.23
			3.13	0.51
			3.15	0.32
Finley et al., 1994	20 men and 20 women, 18–40 y	14 d	5.43 (men)	0.27
Finley et al., 1994	20 men and 20 women, 18–40 y	14 d	4.01 (women)	–0.12
Hunt et al., 1998	21 women, 20–42 y	8 wk	2.5 (non-vegetarian)	0.1
Hunt et al., 1998	21 women, 20–42 y	8 wk	5.9 (lacto-ovo-vegetarian)	0.6

Serum and Plasma Manganese Concentration

Several studies reported that serum or plasma manganese concentrations respond to dietary intake. Serum manganese concentration of women consuming 1.7 mg/day of manganese was lower than that of women ingesting 15 mg/day of supplemental manganese for more than 20 days (Davis and Greger, 1992). In a depletion trial (Freeland-Graves and Turnlund, 1996), plasma manganese concentration was 1.28 μg/L at baseline. Concentrations were significantly lower during the second (0.95 μg/L) and third (0.80 μg/L) dietary periods with manganese intakes of 2.06 and 1.21 mg/day, respectively. Values increased significantly to 1.11 ± 0.35 μg/L when the diet was repleted with 3.8 mg/day of manganese. During the final dietary periods, manganese intake was 2.65 mg/day, and plasma manganese concentration was 0.97 ± 0.33 μg/L. Plasma manganese concentration was not significantly correlated with manganese intake levels.

In a study in which 10 men consumed 0.52 to 5.33 mg/day of manganese, serum manganese concentration did not respond to varied dietary intakes (Greger et al., 1990). Individual serum manganese concentrations varied from 0.4 to 2.12 μg/L with an average of 1.04 μg/L. However, serum manganese concentrations of four of five subjects who consumed 15 mg of chelated manganese as a

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R24

Summary 1-28

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 29-43

2 Overview and Methods 44-59

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 60-81

4 Vitamin A 82-161

5 Vitamin K 162-196

6 Chromium 197-223

7 Copper 224-257

8 Iodine 258-289

9 Iron 290-393

10 Manganese 394-419

11 Molybdenum 420-441

12 Zinc 442-501

13 Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium 502-553

14 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 554-579

15 A Research Agenda 580-586

Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intake 587-590

Appendix B Acknowledgments 591-593

Appendix C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 594-643

Appendix D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 644-653

Appendix E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 1991-1997 654-673

Appendix F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990 674-679

Appendix G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 680-691

Appendix H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 692-696

Appendix I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentile of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 697-703

Appendix J Glossary and Acronyms 704-708

Appendix K Conversion of Units 709-709

Appendix L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 710-714

Appendix M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members 715-728

Index 729-769

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 770-771

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 772-773

Serum and Plasma Manganese Concentration