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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001)

Chapter: C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994

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Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 594
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 595
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 596
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 597
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 598
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 599
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 600
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 601
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 602
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 603
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 604
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 605
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 606
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 607
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 608
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 609
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 610
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 611
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 612
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 613
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 614
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 615
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 616
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 617
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 618
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 619
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 620
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 621
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 622
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 623
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 624
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 625
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 626
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 627
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 628
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 629
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 630
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 631
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 632
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 633
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 634
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 635
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 636
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 637
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 638
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 639
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 640
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 641
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
×
Page 642
Suggested Citation:"C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 19881994." Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10026.
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Page 643

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C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994 TABLE C-1 Mean and Percentiles for One-Day Intake of α-Carotene (µg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 359 0 0 0 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 589 0 1 6 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 221 1 2 6 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 207 1 3 9 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 343 1 3 8 M 14 to 18 y 909 239 0 <1 8 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 425 <1 2 9 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 457 <1 2 10 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 582 <1 2 13 M 71+ y 1,255 535 <1 3 13 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 307 1 1 7 F 14 to 18 y 949 203 0 1 4 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 246 <1 1 7 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 468 <1 2 10 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 592 1 3 15 F 71+ y 1,368 588 1 4 14 F Pregnant 346 376 1 3 9 F Lactating 99 417 1 2 10 All Individuals 28,575 407 <1 2 9 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 406 <1 2 9 594

APPENDIX C 595 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0 0 3 210 1,107 2,066 3,894 1 6 91 638 1,596 3,194 5,417 2 6 17 56 655 1,376 3,443 3 9 22 58 366 1,190 3,443 3 8 25 68 291 1,202 5,846 <1 8 29 76 257 1,638 4,476 2 9 39 128 1,386 2,355 7,207 2 10 51 191 1,457 2,464 6,620 2 13 58 308 2,028 3,174 6,053 3 13 51 262 1,681 3,135 5,758 1 7 19 60 400 1,719 5,171 1 4 21 58 295 1,348 2,927 1 7 29 97 567 1,327 3,718 2 10 44 208 1,460 2,712 6,960 3 15 59 354 1,823 3,240 7,427 4 14 58 488 2,250 3,266 4,966 3 9 41 166 1,175 1,836 6,735 2 10 43 111 483 2,132 6,735 2 9 36 144 1,184 2,416 5,689 2 9 36 144 1,184 2,389 5,689 continued

596 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-1 Continued Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 1st 5th 10th NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. Estimates represent the unadjusted distribution of the intake reported per individual (the distribution of the data does not meet the assumptions of the Iowa State University method, i.e., the C-Side program). The mean and percentiles for all distributions were calculated using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. All sample weights greater than 40,000 were truncated to 40,000 to reduce the influence of extreme intake patterns. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and

APPENDIX C 597 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000, Revised.

598 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-2 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of β-Carotene (µg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 1,159 1 1 6 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 1,950 42 79 236 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 1,020 75 110 198 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 1,722 1,037 1,148 1,362 Standard error 353 174 202 256 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 1,694 461 575 839 Standard error 499 89 124 206 M 14 to 18 y 909 1,420 492 600 833 Standard error 190 51 67 101 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 2,146 726 885 1,231 Standard error 164 63 71 88 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 2,299 736 913 1,306 Standard error 139 48 54 69 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 2,622 826 1,026 1,470 Standard error 163 73 82 100 M 71+ y 1,255 2,733 800 1,009 1,479 Standard error 166 64 72 91 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 1,826 584 720 1,023 Standard error 667 141 186 296 F 14 to 18 y 949 1,183 411 502 700 Standard error 124 35 44 64 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 1,595 538 660 929 Standard error 169 38 50 78 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 2,144 763 929 1,289 Standard error 100 46 49 57 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 2,665 931 1,141 1,598 Standard error 336 64 71 100 F 71+ y 1,368 2,634 983 1,196 1,653 Standard error 133 65 72 91 Pregnant 346 1,531 654 778 1,031 Standard error 217 112 138 178 Lactating 99 1,568 789 900 1,121 Standard error 425 147 176 239 All Individuals 28,575 1,985 617 774 1,110 Standard error 45 23 25 29 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 1,978 615 771 1,106 Standard error 44 23 25 29 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable”

APPENDIX C 599 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 1 6 77 1,274 4,240 6,658 10,365 79 236 711 2,166 5,684 7,974 13,208 110 198 411 931 2,279 3,920 8,583 1,148 1,362 1,649 2,001 2,386 2,653 3,247 202 256 332 426 531 606 777 575 839 1,300 2,069 3,218 4,230 7,173 124 206 353 612 1,030 1,420 2,630 600 833 1,201 1,749 2,484 3,082 4,670 67 101 153 236 358 466 778 885 1,231 1,793 2,663 3,831 4,759 7,101 71 88 124 199 321 429 728 913 1,306 1,942 2,886 4,110 5,068 7,479 54 69 103 170 288 409 848 1,026 1,470 2,199 3,302 4,741 5,861 8,603 82 100 134 198 297 381 596 1,009 1,479 2,261 3,457 5,029 6,262 9,334 72 91 134 213 335 448 794 720 1,023 1,519 2,269 3,278 4,099 6,278 186 296 495 834 1,350 1,810 3,190 502 700 1,014 1,472 2,062 2,523 3,692 44 64 96 154 260 370 737 660 929 1,359 1,989 2,805 3,447 5,083 50 78 128 214 338 444 739 929 1,289 1,857 2,678 3,713 4,502 6,414 49 57 78 129 205 266 428 1,141 1,598 2,317 3,339 4,612 5,580 7,943 71 100 186 400 811 1,230 2,560 1,196 1,653 2,351 3,304 4,431 5,250 7,138 72 91 123 168 224 266 379 778 1,031 1,388 1,866 2,456 2,902 3,972 138 178 204 258 368 468 760 900 1,121 1,435 1,862 2,391 2,798 3,812 176 239 348 530 800 1,040 1,700 774 1,110 1,665 2,491 3,580 4,444 6,641 25 29 40 55 78 100 167 771 1,106 1,659 2,483 3,567 4,428 6,614 25 29 39 54 76 97 161 pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

600 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-3 Mean and Percentiles for One-Day Intake of β-Cryptoxanthin (µg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 18 0 0 0 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 43 0 1 8 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 83 0 1 4 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 84 0 1 3 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 101 0 0 3 M 14 to 18 y 909 121 0 1 3 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 136 0 1 4 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 117 0 1 5 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 122 0 1 4 M 71+ y 1,255 135 0 1 4 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 94 0 0 3 F 14 to 18 y 949 88 0 0 3 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 98 0 0 3 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 84 0 1 3 F 51–70 y 2,065 107 0 1 4 F 71+ y 1,368 105 0 1 5 F Pregnant 346 159 1 2 6 F Lactating 99 172 0 1 16 All Individuals 28,575 104 0 1 4 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 105 0 1 4 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. Estimates represent the unadjusted distribution of the intake reported per individual (the distribution of the data does not meet the assumptions of the Iowa State University method, i.e., the C-Side program). The mean and percentiles for all distributions were calculated using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. All sample weights greater than 40,000 were truncated to 40,000 to reduce the influence of extreme intake patterns. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and

APPENDIX C 601 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0 0 7 23 45 65 177 1 8 23 51 103 143 258 1 4 39 113 213 326 544 1 3 27 120 239 337 596 0 3 20 139 263 373 662 1 3 14 167 334 463 1,376 1 4 19 177 392 556 1,262 1 5 27 152 326 476 982 1 4 34 160 312 442 892 1 4 39 154 278 384 1,336 0 3 23 147 266 344 787 0 3 13 92 266 422 836 0 3 13 118 260 421 1,009 1 3 18 100 245 357 738 1 4 41 157 266 383 715 1 5 52 153 273 345 635 2 6 46 184 367 813 1,357 1 16 91 179 474 1,003 1,003 1 4 24 134 277 410 830 1 4 24 135 279 413 850 lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000, Revised.

602 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-4 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin (µg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 457 0 0 1 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 790 60 98 214 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 927 159 217 365 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 1,277 530 616 801 Standard error 93 24 32 48 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 1,330 674 770 960 Standard error 68 30 38 52 M 14 to 18 y 909 1,418 693 801 1,016 Standard error 84 39 45 57 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 2,032 881 1,040 1,366 Standard error 353 71 95 126 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 2,192 929 1,097 1,443 Standard error 151 57 70 94 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 2,264 880 1,046 1,405 Standard error 110 29 36 51 M 71+ y 1,255 2,088 788 937 1,261 Standard error 132 44 52 72 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 1,280 569 668 866 Standard error 306 72 70 135 F 14 to 18 y 949 1,162 448 526 699 Standard error 102 34 37 57 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 1,704 532 645 906 Standard error 243 19 30 65 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 2,013 690 848 1,185 Standard error 102 32 39 55 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 1,960 691 840 1,167 Standard error 96 24 29 43 F 71+ y 1,368 1,921 675 817 1,130 Standard error 108 26 33 50 Pregnant 346 1,455 649 754 973 Standard error 132 50 60 80 Lactating 99 1,850 958 1,098 1,373 Standard error 277 144 171 220 All Individuals 28,575 1,719 583 714 1,004 Standard error 49 13 16 23 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 1,712 581 712 1,001 Standard error 44 11 14 20 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable”

APPENDIX C 603 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0 1 94 353 1,083 2,407 5,703 98 214 398 832 1,512 2,788 5,673 217 365 624 1,068 1,823 2,572 7,542 616 801 1,099 1,537 2,135 2,625 3,965 32 48 74 119 190 261 471 770 960 1,228 1,583 2,009 2,328 3,099 38 52 65 84 113 138 217 801 1,016 1,317 1,707 2,159 2,487 3,247 45 57 76 104 144 179 284 1,040 1,366 1,839 2,469 3,240 3,834 5,342 95 126 234 554 880 1,090 1,700 1,097 1,443 1,957 2,669 3,560 4,251 5,986 70 94 130 186 269 339 539 1,046 1,405 1,966 2,776 3,825 4,656 6,800 36 51 83 140 228 308 543 937 1,261 1,778 2,552 3,590 4,430 6,649 52 72 107 168 260 342 582 668 866 1,152 1,544 2,038 2,426 3,408 70 135 298 430 547 669 1,210 526 699 993 1,421 1,989 2,452 3,700 37 57 79 128 210 292 608 645 906 1,353 2,071 3,111 4,026 6,743 30 65 142 296 558 819 1,730 848 1,185 1,712 2,486 3,514 4,346 6,541 39 55 82 127 199 266 473 840 1,167 1,684 2,437 3,404 4,161 6,077 29 43 65 111 226 363 857 817 1,130 1,634 2,381 3,359 4,133 6,124 33 50 82 137 228 320 626 754 973 1,306 1,767 2,335 2,764 3,811 60 80 113 166 243 311 502 1,098 1,373 1,750 2,217 2,730 3,087 3,874 171 220 278 340 406 457 593 714 1,004 1,466 2,144 3,021 3,711 5,470 16 23 36 61 99 133 231 712 1,001 1,461 2,135 3,007 3,694 5,442 14 20 32 55 91 123 218 pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

604 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-5 Mean and Percentiles for One-Day Intake of Lycopene (µg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 164 0 0 0 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 1,873 0 0 0 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 5,278 0 0 0 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 6,951 0 0 23 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 10,111 0 0 242 M 14 to 18 y 909 11,547 0 0 133 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 12,656 0 0 511 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 9,882 0 0 0 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 6,635 0 0 0 M 71+ y 1,255 6,666 0 0 0 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 8,262 0 0 0 F 14 to 18 y 949 7,980 0 0 0 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 7,438 0 0 0 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 5,972 0 0 0 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 5,388 0 0 0 F 71+ y 1,368 4,332 0 0 0 F Pregnant 346 8,713 0 0 696 F Lactating 99 9,513 0 0 1,625 All Individuals 28,575 7,753 0 0 0 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 7,774 0 0 0 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. Estimates represent the unadjusted distribution of the intake reported per individual (the distribution of the data does not meet the assumptions of the Iowa State University method, i.e., the C-Side program). The mean and percentiles for all distributions were calculated using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. All sample weights greater than 40,000 were truncated to 40,000 to reduce the influence of extreme intake patterns. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and

APPENDIX C 605 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0 0 0 0 188 666 2,707 0 0 0 780 7,520 11,481 21,577 0 0 1,361 6,366 16,629 23,756 43,262 0 23 2,902 9,125 19,566 30,234 52,255 0 242 4,301 12,771 24,775 41,509 89,687 0 133 5,211 15,355 30,456 38,538 123,299 0 511 5,079 16,000 33,447 47,460 110,395 0 0 2,902 11,832 29,126 46,342 76,642 0 0 1,625 6,853 19,600 30,456 60,917 0 0 1,376 5,627 20,557 29,938 83,429 0 0 2,902 11,482 23,962 34,292 50,216 0 0 2,902 10,179 20,804 31,449 72,465 0 0 2,420 9,709 20,760 29,933 62,806 0 0 1,836 7,053 15,350 28,061 57,600 0 0 1,361 4,877 15,741 27,594 47,917 0 0 842 3,409 13,084 22,550 52,255 0 696 3,802 13,467 25,101 27,943 71,038 0 1,625 3,969 12,058 33,520 37,942 48,076 0 0 2,141 9,152 22,290 33,325 65,522 0 0 2,167 9,226 22,398 33,325 65,517 lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000, Revised.

606 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-6 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Retinol (µg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 530 220 297 417 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 515 198 246 345 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 496 83 139 245 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 610 423 459 523 Standard error 15 10 11 13 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 673 291 348 462 Standard error 23 11 13 15 M 14 to 18 y 909 689 248 309 437 Standard error 36 16 19 24 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 598 199 241 346 Standard error 36 9 14 16 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 636 206 260 376 Standard error 31 9 11 15 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 682 216 277 410 Standard error 40 14 17 24 M 71+ y 1,255 658 229 281 395 Standard error 35 13 14 17 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 576 227 279 373 Standard error 34 18 22 25 F 14 to 18 y 949 440 147 186 269 Standard error 22 10 12 16 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 429 141 177 255 Standard error 19 7 9 11 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 441 146 179 254 Standard error 19 4 7 8 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 527 159 192 274 Standard error 40 7 10 17 F 71+ y 1,368 543 188 231 324 Standard error 41 9 9 19 Pregnant 346 600 233 282 387 Standard error 132 23 25 32 Lactating 99 931 480 577 733 Standard error 134 125 158 176 All Individuals 28,575 547 216 263 361 Standard error 8 4 4 5 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 550 217 264 362 Standard error 8 4 4 6 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable”

APPENDIX C 607 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 297 417 523 641 744 881 1,175 246 345 481 632 785 906 1,424 139 245 404 602 836 1,058 2,069 459 523 602 687 771 823 929 11 13 15 17 20 22 27 348 462 619 823 1,063 1,238 1,645 13 15 20 30 44 57 92 309 437 624 869 1,150 1,351 1,802 19 24 32 45 65 82 128 241 346 534 763 1,039 1,231 1,707 14 16 35 53 85 91 166 260 376 557 807 1,109 1,333 1,863 11 15 24 39 63 83 138 277 410 607 862 1,160 1,395 2,040 17 24 37 58 184 223 270 281 395 571 818 1,130 1,378 2,031 14 17 26 44 75 108 219 279 373 526 711 946 1,089 1,502 22 25 29 53 118 99 286 186 269 393 559 752 892 1,212 12 16 21 28 38 49 81 177 255 378 545 742 888 1,245 9 11 19 25 38 48 83 179 254 383 551 779 935 1,366 7 8 15 23 55 64 148 192 274 428 655 969 1,243 1,951 10 17 25 49 102 140 316 231 324 468 673 937 1,149 1,716 9 19 29 61 99 139 317 282 387 540 746 990 1,169 1,591 25 32 49 118 321 581 1,620 577 733 895 1,079 1,314 1,503 1,974 158 176 140 133 184 228 387 263 361 502 684 889 1,034 1,358 4 5 7 10 14 17 26 264 362 505 688 895 1,041 1,368 4 6 8 10 14 18 26 pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

608 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-7 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Total Vitamin A (µg REa/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categoryb Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 755 318 381 493 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 893 298 362 516 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 691 149 213 351 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 849 585 632 719 Standard error 32 20 22 27 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 965 404 477 628 Standard error 46 15 18 26 M 14 to 18 y 909 950 381 462 629 Standard error 49 24 28 36 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 1,005 377 463 638 Standard error 58 20 21 44 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 1,111 387 470 652 Standard error 62 12 16 24 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 1,146 415 512 713 Standard error 46 17 22 30 M 71+ y 1,255 1,182 451 549 750 Standard error 48 17 19 26 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 836 387 453 587 Standard error 58 18 21 28 F 14 to 18 y 949 660 282 337 450 Standard error 39 19 22 28 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 740 302 365 490 Standard error 35 13 16 22 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 838 355 424 565 Standard error 21 10 11 14 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 1,013 409 492 664 Standard error 68 22 22 29 F 71+ y 1,368 1,040 460 542 710 Standard error 41 17 20 24 Pregnant 346 947 423 497 648 Standard error 156 44 63 106 Lactating 99 1,253 717 811 988 Standard error 263 369 435 426 All Individuals 28,575 922 445 517 662 Standard error 12 6 7 8 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 924 446 518 663 Standard error 12 6 7 8 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on

APPENDIX C 609 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 381 493 624 881 1,315 1,732 2,586 362 516 721 1,034 1,631 2,021 3,093 213 351 537 804 1,198 1,570 2,796 632 719 829 958 1,090 1,177 1,356 22 27 31 36 45 55 90 477 628 859 1,178 1,571 1,880 2,689 18 26 33 61 106 152 322 462 629 870 1,182 1,538 1,789 2,356 28 36 47 62 81 96 139 463 638 914 1,273 1,643 1,917 2,647 21 44 48 135 126 104 157 470 652 949 1,380 1,926 2,367 3,582 16 24 46 85 130 176 352 512 713 1,012 1,425 1,937 2,332 3,307 22 30 35 69 97 127 231 549 750 1,047 1,457 1,972 2,371 3,357 19 26 38 60 97 138 284 453 587 776 1,016 1,290 1,490 1,964 21 28 45 77 122 162 280 337 450 610 815 1,045 1,208 1,571 22 28 36 48 62 74 105 365 490 668 907 1,200 1,424 1,969 16 22 30 43 65 83 131 424 565 764 1,027 1,341 1,574 2,132 11 14 19 26 39 51 88 492 664 913 1,245 1,648 1,954 2,714 22 29 60 101 138 168 307 542 710 954 1,271 1,640 1,911 2,562 20 24 34 54 86 118 223 497 648 861 1,139 1,485 1,760 2,484 63 106 157 198 259 336 628 811 988 1,215 1,477 1,745 1,922 2,289 435 426 279 237 332 362 542 517 662 863 1,118 1,402 1,601 2,046 7 8 11 15 20 25 36 518 663 865 1,120 1,405 1,605 2,051 7 8 11 15 20 25 36 pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a RE = retinol equivalents. 1 µg RE = 6 µg β-carotene and 12 µg α-carotene or β- cryptoxanthin. b M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

610 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-8 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Total Vitamin A (µg RAEa/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categoryb Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 643 305 362 468 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 704 260 331 468 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 593 123 181 304 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 728 588 615 663 Standard error 25 21 23 24 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 818 354 422 557 Standard error 29 13 15 18 M 14 to 18 y 909 819 322 392 538 Standard error 41 20 23 30 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 803 295 367 516 Standard error 59 13 19 48 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 898 309 368 515 Standard error 58 7 8 21 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 910 330 405 565 Standard error 36 13 15 19 M 71+ y 1,255 909 360 435 587 Standard error 33 13 14 17 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 706 323 381 497 Standard error 44 16 21 28 F 14 to 18 y 949 549 228 275 371 Standard error 30 15 18 22 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 583 236 287 388 Standard error 24 9 12 16 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 640 266 320 428 Standard error 23 12 9 9 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 771 299 361 491 Standard error 43 12 15 20 F 71+ y 1,368 793 354 408 532 Standard error 34 15 15 25 Pregnant 346 757 346 405 523 Standard error 147 37 46 69 Lactating 99 1,094 603 686 845 Standard error 217 270 333 343 All Individuals 28,575 733 343 402 521 Standard error 9 4 5 6 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 736 344 404 523 Standard error 9 4 5 6 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable”

APPENDIX C 611 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 362 468 590 761 1,009 1,170 1,587 331 468 636 841 1,144 1,338 1,930 181 304 484 707 1,014 1,259 2,131 615 663 722 787 850 890 968 23 24 25 26 27 30 38 422 557 746 996 1,301 1,530 2,081 15 18 24 35 58 81 149 392 538 749 1,023 1,333 1,553 2,048 23 30 39 51 70 87 133 367 516 744 1,024 1,292 1,487 2,028 19 48 47 163 140 90 121 368 515 759 1,104 1,584 1,964 3,002 8 21 42 71 141 198 392 405 565 811 1,141 1,523 1,818 2,602 15 19 29 48 77 107 209 435 587 810 1,117 1,500 1,794 2,517 14 17 24 41 71 101 191 381 497 660 863 1,086 1,244 1,614 21 28 37 57 88 116 208 275 371 507 681 877 1,015 1,322 18 22 28 37 48 57 83 287 388 530 717 943 1,112 1,517 12 16 22 31 45 57 92 320 428 583 795 1,030 1,191 1,583 9 9 24 31 96 113 125 361 491 685 959 1,281 1,516 2,125 15 20 31 57 101 132 218 408 532 716 967 1,264 1,493 2,068 15 25 23 41 89 125 299 405 523 691 916 1,188 1,394 1,893 46 69 111 170 308 483 1,190 686 845 1,054 1,299 1,555 1,725 2,085 333 343 233 191 260 289 484 402 521 687 894 1,123 1,283 1,636 5 6 8 11 15 19 28 404 523 689 897 1,128 1,288 1,644 5 6 8 11 15 19 28 pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a RAE = retinol activity equivalents. 1 µg RAE = 12 µg β-carotene and 24 µg α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin. b M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

612 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-9 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Total Vitamin A (µg RAEa/day) from Supplements NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categoryb Examined Mean SEMc 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 1,677 804 51 193 323 Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 437 906 58 75 191 M 19+ years 1,041 1,304 38 145 250 F 19+ years 1,463 1,338 63 171 298 F Pregnant/Lactating 148 1,106 36 567d 854 All Individuals 4,618 1,185 35 150 293 All Indiv (+P/L) 4,766 1,182 33 150 294 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a RAE = retinol activity equivalents. 1 µg RAE = 12 µg β-carotene and 24 µg α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin. b M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating.

APPENDIX C 613 rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 3 323 438 721 745 1,439 1,482 2,511 5 191 431 751 1,437 1,492 1,676 3,713d 5 250 779 1,439 1,485 1,756 3,003 4,494d 1 298 818 1,422 1,501 1,531 2,543 4,120 7d 854 866 1,027 1,146 1,420 1,492d 2,894d 0 293 647 1,172 1,501 1,501 2,390 4,449 0 294 651 1,174 1,501 1,501 2,383 4,367 c SEM = standard error of the mean. d These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 2000.

614 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-10 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Vitamin K (µg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 62.6 19.8 29.8 41.4 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 53.1 6.7 9.3 20.9 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 38.7 5.3 8.3 14.3 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 59.2 32.0 36.0 44.0 Standard error 6.2 2.3 2.9 4.1 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 65.1 35.0 40.0 49.0 Standard error 3.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 M 14 to 18 y 909 79.4 43.0 49.0 60.0 Standard error 4.4 2.3 2.6 3.2 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 105.8 54.0 62.0 77.0 Standard error 12.6 2.4 2.9 5.1 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 125.4 63.0 72.0 91.0 Standard error 11.4 5.6 6.8 8.6 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 120.0 55.0 64.0 82.0 Standard error 8.5 3.4 4.2 5.7 M 71+ y 1,255 97.8 44.0 52.0 67.0 Standard error 8.1 3.8 4.4 5.7 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 63.4 27.0 31.0 41.0 Standard error 6.3 1.5 2.1 3.2 F 14 to 18 y 949 66.6 29.0 35.0 45.0 Standard error 3.6 1.6 2.0 2.7 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 98.0 32.0 40.0 56.0 Standard error 14.6 2.5 3.7 6.2 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 99.6 38.0 46.0 63.0 Standard error 3.3 1.2 1.4 2.0 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 97.2 36.0 44.0 60.0 Standard error 4.4 1.3 1.6 2.3 F 71+ y 1,368 93.8 32.0 39.0 55.0 Standard error 4.3 1.5 1.9 2.7 Pregnant 346 87.8 38.0 45.0 59.0 Standard error 12.5 5.7 7.7 10.3 Lactating 99 78.6 38.0 44.0 57.0 Standard error 11.1 6.1 7.4 9.8 Pregnant/Lactating 440 87.0 37.0 44.0 59.0 Standard error 8.5 4.1 5.4 6.9 All Individuals 28,575 93.9 38.0 45.0 60.0 Standard error 3.1 1.0 1.3 1.8 All Individuals (+P/L) 29,015 93.7 38.0 45.0 60.0 Standard error 3.0 1.0 1.3 1.7 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable”

APPENDIX C 615 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 29.8 41.4 54.2 71.9 99.1 119.8 274.2 9.3 20.9 45.1 67.0 95.5 119.2 246.2 8.3 14.3 25.8 44.1 77.1 111.9 308.7 36.0 44.0 55.0 70.0 87.0 101.0 132.0 2.9 4.1 5.6 7.7 10.5 12.9 18.5 40.0 49.0 61.0 77.0 95.0 108.0 139.0 1.6 1.8 2.7 4.4 7.6 10.8 22.1 49.0 60.0 75.0 94.0 116.0 131.0 166.0 2.6 3.2 4.1 5.3 7.0 8.3 11.7 62.0 77.0 98.0 126.0 158.0 183.0 241.0 2.9 5.1 10.2 17.5 26.0 32.5 51.3 72.0 91.0 117.0 150.0 189.0 217.0 282.0 6.8 8.6 10.6 13.1 16.9 20.9 34.8 64.0 82.0 109.0 145.0 189.0 223.0 303.0 4.2 5.7 7.7 10.5 14.2 17.2 25.1 52.0 67.0 89.0 119.0 155.0 181.0 243.0 4.4 5.7 7.6 10.1 13.0 15.3 22.3 31.0 41.0 56.0 77.0 104.0 125.0 181.0 2.1 3.2 4.9 7.7 12.2 16.3 28.4 35.0 45.0 60.0 81.0 106.0 125.0 174.0 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.5 6.4 8.4 14.5 40.0 56.0 82.0 121.0 173.0 217.0 340.0 3.7 6.2 10.9 19.7 31.2 41.6 77.5 46.0 63.0 88.0 123.0 167.0 201.0 288.0 1.4 2.0 2.8 4.1 6.2 8.2 14.3 44.0 60.0 85.0 121.0 165.0 200.0 284.0 1.6 2.3 3.5 5.6 8.9 11.9 20.3 39.0 55.0 79.0 116.0 165.0 204.0 308.0 1.9 2.7 3.8 5.4 8.8 13.4 31.7 45.0 59.0 80.0 107.0 140.0 166.0 229.0 7.7 10.3 11.7 13.3 17.8 24.7 52.9 44.0 57.0 74.0 95.0 119.0 136.0 172.0 7.4 9.8 12.5 14.4 14.7 14.5 18.7 44.0 59.0 79.0 106.0 139.0 164.0 225.0 5.4 6.9 7.8 9.2 12.7 17.6 37.5 45.0 60.0 83.0 115.0 155.0 186.0 264.0 1.3 1.8 2.6 3.8 5.9 8.0 14.7 45.0 60.0 83.0 115.0 155.0 186.0 263.0 1.3 1.7 2.5 3.7 5.8 7.8 14.5 pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

616 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-11 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Vitamin K (µg/day) from Food and Supplements, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 62.6 19.8 29.8 41.2 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 53.1 6.8 9.5 23.4 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 38.9 6.2 8.9 14.7 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 59.5 32.5 36.1 44.1 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 65.7 35.2 39.7 48.9 M 14 to 18 y 909 80.3 42.4 50.0 60.3 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 107.8 56.2 62.9 78.4 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 126.9 64.6 74.4 92.1 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 122.3 56.2 64.5 85.0 M 71+ y 1,255 99.8 43.6 52.6 68.3 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 63.7 26.9 32.4 41.4 F 14 to 18 y 949 67.2 29.8 34.1 45.1 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 99.6 32.6 39.1 56.6 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 101.9 39.1 47.3 64.3 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 100.3 36.9 45.0 62.3 F 71+ y 1,368 97.3 33.7 40.5 57.0 Pregnant 346 88.4 38.2 45.6 59.9 Lactating 99 79.1 37.9 43.6 62.0 Pregnant/Lactating 440 87.4 36.4 44.4 60.2 All Individuals 28,575 95.5 38.5 45.7 61.5 All Individuals (+P/L) 29,015 95.3 38.5 45.7 61.4 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Food composition data are from the NDS-R Food and Nutrient Database, Version 30, 1999, Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable”

APPENDIX C 617 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 29.8 41.2 53.7 71.9 98.3 115.8 227.4 9.5 23.4 46.2 66.5 96.5 121.3 278.5 8.9 14.7 25.9 43.9 77.7 107.9 241.2 36.1 44.1 55.0 70.2 88.4 97.9 137.7 39.7 48.9 62.1 77.8 94.3 112.4 138.3 50.0 60.3 76.5 96.5 116.3 131.0 162.3 62.9 78.4 101.1 129.1 160.4 181.3 233.8 74.4 92.1 118.6 151.1 189.3 217.2 296.3 64.5 85.0 110.7 146.7 191.1 229.9 316.5 52.6 68.3 92.7 119.0 153.8 182.8 249.1 32.4 41.4 56.7 77.8 102.3 126.3 173.8 34.1 45.1 60.4 82.1 105.9 122.4 176.1 39.1 56.6 82.3 128.0 173.1 211.5 367.0 47.3 64.3 90.2 126.3 167.1 201.4 290.4 45.0 62.3 87.4 125.9 168.0 195.7 286.0 40.5 57.0 82.5 121.7 168.9 202.5 328.5 45.6 59.9 79.5 110.6 137.1 169.7 249.4 43.6 62.0 72.3 94.8 114.1 123.7 206.9 44.4 60.2 79.2 107.8 139.6 165.1 239.5 45.7 61.5 85.0 116.9 158.2 186.6 264.2 45.7 61.4 84.9 116.8 157.7 185.6 262.8 pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

618 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-12 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Boron (mg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 1st 5th 10th Both sexes, 6 to 8 y 1,512 0.85 0.33 0.43 0.50 Standard error 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 M 9 to 13 y 1,223 0.92 0.34 0.46 0.53 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 M 14 to 18 y 913 1.06 0.34 0.47 0.56 Standard error 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03 M 19 to 30 y 1,906 1.29 0.47 0.63 0.72 Standard error 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 M 31 to 50 y 2,536 1.42 0.57 0.76 0.87 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 M 51 to 70 y 1,946 1.42 0.59 0.77 0.87 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 M 71+ y 1,257 1.28 0.46 0.63 0.73 Standard error 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 F 9 to 13 y 1,241 0.84 0.33 0.43 0.50 Standard error 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 F 14 to 18 y 979 0.80 0.29 0.39 0.45 Standard error 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 F 19 to 30 y 1,975 0.92 0.33 0.44 0.51 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 F 31 to 50 y 2,993 1.19 0.49 0.64 0.73 Standard error 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 F 51 to 70 y 2,080 1.16 0.49 0.64 0.73 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 F 71+ y 1,370 1.03 0.42 0.55 0.63 Standard error 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 Pregnant 348 1.13 0.39 0.53 0.62 Standard error 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.05 All Individuals 6+ 21,931 1.15 0.60 0.72 0.80 Standard error 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 All Indiv 6+ (+P) 22,279 1.15 0.60 0.73 0.80 Standard error 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 NOTE: Estimates were obtained using C-SIDE v1.02 (C-SIDE courtesy of Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory). Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replica- tion. Each standard error has 43 degrees of freedom.

APPENDIX C 619 5th 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0.43 0.50 0.63 0.80 1.02 1.27 1.45 1.89 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.18 0.46 0.53 0.68 0.86 1.09 1.38 1.59 2.10 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.56 0.73 0.98 1.30 1.67 1.93 2.54 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.22 0.63 0.72 0.91 1.20 1.58 1.97 2.25 2.97 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.15 0.76 0.87 1.08 1.35 1.67 2.05 2.34 3.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.14 0.77 0.87 1.08 1.34 1.68 2.05 2.32 2.95 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.63 0.73 0.94 1.20 1.53 1.91 2.20 2.88 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.16 0.43 0.50 0.63 0.79 0.99 1.23 1.40 1.80 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.39 0.45 0.56 0.75 1.00 1.21 1.36 1.77 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.12 0.44 0.51 0.66 0.87 1.11 1.40 1.61 2.14 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.14 0.64 0.73 0.90 1.13 1.40 1.72 1.95 2.47 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.64 0.73 0.89 1.10 1.36 1.64 1.85 2.32 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.55 0.63 0.78 0.98 1.22 1.48 1.66 2.04 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.53 0.62 0.80 1.05 1.38 1.74 2.00 2.59 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.39 0.72 0.80 0.94 1.12 1.33 1.55 1.70 2.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.73 0.80 0.94 1.12 1.33 1.55 1.70 2.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 a M = male, F = female, P = pregnant. SOURCE: C. Rainey, Nutrition Research Group, and A. Carriquiry, Iowa State Univer- sity, 1999.

620 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-13 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Boron (mg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 24 0.27c 0.08 0.01c 0.02c Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 78 0.16 0.03 0.00c 0.01c M 19+ y 521 0.17 0.01 0.02 0.04 F 19+ y 658 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.05 Pregnant/lactating 5 0.15c 0.00 0.13c 0.13c All individuals 1,281 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.04 All individuals (+P/L) 1,286 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.04 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean. TABLE C-14 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Chromium (µg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 83 24.5 2.8 6.1 c 10.1c Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 129 18.3 2.5 0.6 c 1.2 c M 19+ y 698 29.5 1.7 3.2 6.3 F 19+ y 915 30.0 1.6 4.4 7.7 F Pregnant/Lactating 33 23.7c 0.8 13.0c 14.3c All Individuals 1,825 28.9 1.1 3.3 6.4 All Individuals (+P/L) 1,858 28.8 1.1 3.3 6.4 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean.

APPENDIX C 621 rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 1c 0.02c 0.08c 0.12c 0.28c 0.46c 0.65c 0.94c 0c 0.01c 0.03 0.12 0.14 0.30c 0.47c 1.01c 2 0.04 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.41 1.08c 2 0.05 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.47 1.01c 3c 0.13c 0.14c 0.14c 0.14c 0.15c 0.15c 0.15c 2 0.04 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.47 1.02c 2 0.04 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.47 1.02c c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999. rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 1c 10.1c 14.7 17.6 22.1 40.2c 57.9 c 97.1 c 6c 1.2 c 4.3 14.3 23.2 26.0c 45.9 c 122.8c 2 6.3 13.8 22.7 24.7 48.5 100.0 204.1c 4 7.7 14.8 23.1 24.6 49.3 126.8 202.3c 0c 14.3c 18.4c 20.7c 23.0c 24.4c 24.9 c 29.4 c 3 6.4 14.7 23.0 24.6 48.7 100.0 200.9 3 6.4 14.7 23.0 24.6 48.5 100.0 200.4 c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999.

622 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-15 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Copper (mg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 0.71 0.30 0.40 0.50 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 0.75 0.30 0.40 0.50 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 0.74 0.30 0.40 0.50 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 0.97 0.70 0.75 0.84 Standard error 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 1.24 0.86 0.93 1.06 Standard error 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 M 14 to 18 y 909 1.50 0.86 0.97 1.17 Standard error 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 1.70 0.96 1.08 1.32 Standard error 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 1.67 0.96 1.08 1.30 Standard error 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 1.54 0.86 0.97 1.19 Standard error 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 M 71+ y 1,255 1.33 0.75 0.85 1.03 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 1.08 0.74 0.80 0.92 Standard error 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 F 14 to 18 y 949 1.10 0.61 0.69 0.84 Standard error 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.04 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 1.17 0.67 0.75 0.91 Standard error 0.10 0.14 0.13 0.12 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 1.18 0.68 0.76 0.93 Standard error 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 1.13 0.67 0.75 0.90 Standard error 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 F 71+ y 1,368 1.04 0.63 0.70 0.83 Standard error 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 Pregnant 346 1.28 0.76 0.85 1.02 Standard error 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 Lactating 99 1.62 0.97 1.09 1.31 Standard error 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.10 All Individuals 28,575 1.30 0.72 0.82 0.99 Standard error 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 1.30 0.72 0.82 1.00 Standard error 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t

APPENDIX C 623 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.50 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.70 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.90 0.75 0.84 0.96 1.09 1.21 1.29 1.46 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.93 1.06 1.22 1.40 1.59 1.70 1.95 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.97 1.17 1.44 1.76 2.09 2.32 2.80 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.12 1.08 1.32 1.63 2.00 2.39 2.65 3.21 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.13 1.08 1.30 1.60 1.96 2.35 2.61 3.18 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.97 1.19 1.47 1.81 2.18 2.43 2.97 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.85 1.03 1.27 1.57 1.88 2.10 2.56 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.80 0.92 1.06 1.22 1.39 1.49 1.71 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.69 0.84 1.05 1.30 1.56 1.74 2.13 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.75 0.91 1.12 1.37 1.64 1.83 2.24 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.17 0.76 0.93 1.14 1.39 1.65 1.83 2.20 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.75 0.90 1.09 1.32 1.55 1.71 2.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.70 0.83 1.01 1.21 1.43 1.57 1.86 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.85 1.02 1.24 1.50 1.77 1.95 2.32 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.20 1.09 1.31 1.58 1.89 2.20 2.41 2.82 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.24 0.82 0.99 1.24 1.54 1.86 2.09 2.58 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.82 1.00 1.24 1.54 1.86 2.09 2.59 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.10 know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

624 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-16 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Copper (mg/day) from Food and Supplements, NHANES III (1988– 1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 0.71 0.30 0.40 0.50 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 0.75 0.30 0.40 0.50 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 0.74 0.30 0.40 0.50 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 1.05 0.69 0.75 0.86 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 1.28 0.87 0.94 1.06 M 14 to 18 y 909 1.58 0.90 0.99 1.21 M 19 to 30 y 1,900 1.85 0.97 1.13 1.35 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 1.85 1.03 1.11 1.34 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 1.79 0.91 1.00 1.23 M 71+ y 1,255 2.20 0.77 0.94 1.09 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 1.13 0.74 0.81 0.92 F 14 to 18 y 949 1.15 0.64 0.73 0.88 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 1.32 0.65 0.74 0.97 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 1.45 0.75 0.83 0.97 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 1.45 0.64 0.81 0.95 F 71+ y 1,368 1.52 0.63 0.71 0.85 Pregnant 346 1.86 0.86 1.01 1.14 Lactating 99 2.14 0.97 1.12 1.46 All Individuals 28,575 1.49 0.77 0.85 1.01 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 1.50 0.77 0.85 1.01 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted; the total nutrient intake is the sum of the unadjusted food intake and the daily supplement intake. For all other groups, individual total nutrient intakes were obtained as the sum of the adjusted individual usual intake from food alone and the daily supplement intake. The mean and percentiles of the estimated usual intake distributions were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and

APPENDIX C 625 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.50 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.70 0.40 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.90 0.75 0.86 0.96 1.13 1.25 1.58 3.00 0.94 1.06 1.21 1.42 1.64 1.92 2.95 0.99 1.21 1.47 1.77 2.24 2.62 3.77 1.13 1.35 1.68 2.08 2.88 3.55 4.30 1.11 1.34 1.67 2.04 2.79 3.54 4.29 1.00 1.23 1.56 1.96 3.15 3.62 4.56 0.94 1.09 1.35 1.75 3.02 3.47 4.53 0.81 0.92 1.07 1.20 1.42 1.65 3.07 0.73 0.88 1.07 1.30 1.61 1.94 3.27 0.74 0.97 1.16 1.41 1.98 3.07 4.02 0.83 0.97 1.22 1.50 2.73 3.22 4.04 0.81 0.95 1.14 1.52 3.01 3.31 4.08 0.71 0.85 1.04 1.42 2.98 3.21 3.84 1.01 1.14 1.32 2.82 3.55 4.01 4.60 1.12 1.46 1.92 2.58 3.58 4.24 4.70 0.85 1.01 1.28 1.64 2.36 3.22 4.00 0.85 1.01 1.28 1.64 2.40 3.22 4.04 lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

626 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-17 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Iodine (µg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 289 117 8 19c 27 Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 154 94 8 5c 9 M 19+ y 749 126 4 18 36 F 19+ y 972 137 6 19 44 Pregnant/Lactating 63 158 4 76c 82c All Individuals 2,164 129 3 16 34 All Individuals (+P/L) 2,227 130 3 17 35 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean.

APPENDIX C 627 rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 27 67 106 130 143 148c 563c 9 25 74 129 144 150c 288c 36 75 135 143 148 150 306c 44 103 142 146 149 152 304c 82c 99 128 155 169c 173c 260c 34 74 141 146 149 150 304 35 74 141 146 149 152 304 c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999.

628 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-18 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Iron (mg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 16.29 4.30 6.70 10.80 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 15.80 3.20 5.30 9.00 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 10.36 3.60 4.60 6.50 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 13.14 7.90 8.70 10.40 Standard error 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.16 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 16.51 9.70 10.90 13.00 Standard error 0.39 0.23 0.24 0.28 M 14 to 18 y 909 20.03 10.30 11.60 14.10 Standard error 1.35 0.34 0.40 0.42 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 19.06 10.60 11.90 14.20 Standard error 0.57 0.34 0.33 0.32 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 18.99 10.50 11.80 14.40 Standard error 0.34 0.17 0.18 0.21 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 18.19 9.60 10.90 13.40 Standard error 0.41 0.20 0.21 0.23 M 71+ y 1,255 16.85 8.80 10.00 12.30 Standard error 0.47 0.25 0.24 0.26 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 13.73 7.90 8.80 10.60 Standard error 0.55 0.33 0.33 0.42 F 14 to 18 y 949 12.22 6.60 7.50 9.20 Standard error 0.44 0.23 0.27 0.36 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 12.92 7.20 8.20 10.00 Standard error 0.30 0.18 0.23 0.40 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 12.77 7.40 8.30 10.00 Standard error 0.27 0.15 0.16 0.18 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 12.85 7.20 8.10 9.70 Standard error 0.29 0.16 0.14 0.16 F 71+ y 1,368 13.06 7.20 8.20 10.00 Standard error 0.32 0.38 0.37 0.44 Pregnant 346 15.34 9.00 10.20 12.20 Standard error 0.75 0.52 0.53 0.58 Lactating 99 20.87 10.10 11.70 15.80 Standard error 2.60 3.11 2.23 2.93 All Individuals 28,575 15.08 7.70 8.80 11.00 Standard error 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 15.13 7.70 8.90 11.10 Standard error 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.18 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t

APPENDIX C 629 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 6.70 10.80 15.30 20.40 26.50 31.40 47.30 5.30 9.00 14.50 20.00 26.90 33.60 46.40 4.60 6.50 9.00 12.50 17.60 21.30 31.30 8.70 10.40 12.60 15.30 18.20 20.20 25.00 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.58 10.90 13.00 15.70 19.20 23.10 25.90 32.40 0.24 0.28 0.34 0.47 0.70 0.93 1.60 11.60 14.10 18.10 23.50 30.50 36.10 52.60 0.40 0.42 0.76 1.64 3.34 5.00 11.80 11.90 14.20 17.90 22.70 27.50 31.10 40.80 0.33 0.32 0.46 0.80 1.16 1.41 2.85 11.80 14.40 17.90 22.20 27.40 31.30 41.00 0.18 0.21 0.27 0.42 0.69 0.93 1.73 10.90 13.40 16.80 21.40 27.10 31.40 42.00 0.21 0.23 0.31 0.48 0.79 1.10 2.01 10.00 12.30 15.50 19.90 25.30 29.50 39.70 0.24 0.26 0.35 0.55 0.99 1.50 3.30 8.80 10.60 12.90 16.00 19.70 22.40 28.80 0.33 0.42 0.48 0.88 1.01 1.18 1.93 7.50 9.20 11.60 14.50 17.70 20.00 25.20 0.27 0.36 0.44 0.54 0.68 0.78 0.95 8.20 10.00 12.20 15.10 18.40 21.00 26.90 0.23 0.40 0.30 0.48 0.54 0.69 1.23 8.30 10.00 12.10 14.80 18.00 20.30 25.70 0.16 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.48 0.64 1.11 8.10 9.70 12.00 15.00 18.70 21.40 27.90 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.36 0.59 0.82 1.65 8.20 10.00 12.30 15.30 18.70 21.30 27.40 0.37 0.44 0.41 0.32 0.47 0.60 1.20 10.20 12.20 14.70 17.60 21.20 24.00 30.80 0.53 0.58 0.70 0.98 1.34 1.62 2.35 11.70 15.80 21.30 25.80 28.90 30.80 34.60 2.23 2.93 6.15 3.93 2.49 3.32 2.52 8.80 11.00 14.10 18.10 22.60 25.80 33.10 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.23 0.31 0.53 8.90 11.10 14.20 18.10 22.60 25.80 33.10 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.26 0.32 0.54 know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

630 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-19 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Iron (mg/day) from Food and Supplements, NHANES III (1988– 1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 16.29 4.30 6.70 10.80 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 15.80 3.20 5.30 9.00 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 10.36 3.60 4.60 6.50 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 14.68 7.97 8.81 10.75 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 18.05 10.03 11.01 13.11 M 14 to 18 y 909 20.88 10.58 11.77 14.60 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 20.87 10.64 12.23 14.70 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 21.09 11.00 12.12 14.64 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 20.64 9.95 11.30 13.74 M 71+ y 1,255 20.95 9.33 10.41 12.58 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 14.63 8.13 8.89 10.63 F 14 to 18 y 949 13.24 6.88 7.63 9.18 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 16.76 7.42 8.49 10.28 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 17.11 7.61 8.66 10.41 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 16.83 7.54 8.27 10.02 F 71+ y 1,368 19.01 7.38 8.41 10.35 Pregnant 346 48.97 9.90 10.59 13.86 Lactating 99 58.51 12.29 13.19 17.40 All Individuals 28,575 17.78 8.04 9.33 11.58 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 18.34 8.04 9.34 11.59 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for infants 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted; the total nutrient intake is the sum of the unad- justed food intake and the daily supplement intake. For all other groups, individual total nutrient intakes were obtained as the sum of the adjusted individual usual intake from food alone and the daily supplement intake. The mean and percentiles of the estimated usual intake distributions were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable”

APPENDIX C 631 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 6.70 10.80 15.30 20.40 26.50 31.40 47.30 5.30 9.00 14.50 20.00 26.90 33.60 46.40 4.60 6.50 9.00 12.50 17.60 21.30 31.30 8.81 10.75 13.10 16.49 21.27 27.13 34.83 11.01 13.11 16.09 20.39 25.70 31.87 42.14 11.77 14.60 18.32 24.03 32.68 38.84 59.41 12.23 14.70 18.55 24.39 31.84 37.80 60.93 12.12 14.64 18.90 24.24 33.48 38.74 54.96 11.30 13.74 17.89 24.30 34.30 40.47 55.70 10.41 12.58 16.74 24.42 34.50 42.69 77.66 8.89 10.63 13.28 16.61 21.84 28.63 34.93 7.63 9.18 11.96 15.20 19.61 24.42 39.78 8.49 10.28 12.97 17.26 29.10 36.35 80.78 8.66 10.41 13.08 17.56 31.01 38.50 71.49 8.27 10.02 13.06 18.64 30.46 35.84 47.20 8.41 10.35 13.21 19.55 32.03 37.35 81.24 10.59 13.86 21.42 75.48 88.84 170.70 279.30 13.19 17.40 28.33 84.48 112.00 271.50 271.50 9.33 11.58 14.84 19.87 29.66 35.90 59.42 9.34 11.59 14.93 20.06 30.13 37.14 75.67 pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

632 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-20 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Manganese (mg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988– 1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 97 1.16 0.15 0.06c 0.24c Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 137 1.64 0.16 0.07c 0.09c M 19+ y 736 2.63 0.11 0.34 0.69 F 19+ y 958 2.73 0.11 0.32 0.70 Pregnant/Lactating 33 4.72c 0.17 1.25c 2.09c All Individuals 1,928 2.57 0.07 0.24 0.57 All Individuals (+P/L) 1,961 2.61 0.07 0.24 0.58 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean. TABLE C-21 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Molybdenum (µg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988– 1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 79 26.0 3.7 6.1 c 9.2 c Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 128 19.5 3.1 0.5 c 2.0 c M 19+ y 667 28.8 1.9 3.4 6.4 F 19+ y 880 29.8 1.5 3.6 7.4 Pregnant/Lactating 33 23.8c 0.8 13.0c 14.3c All Individuals 1,754 28.6 1.2 3.2 6.5 All Individuals (+P/L) 1,787 28.5 1.2 3.2 6.5 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean.

APPENDIX C 633 rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 6c 0.24c 0.64 0.86 1.34 2.36c 2.44c 2.94c 7c 0.09c 0.33 1.16 2.37 3.32c 4.30c 5.88c 4 0.69 1.54 2.49 2.50 4.64 5.07 8.30c 2 0.70 1.82 2.37 2.50 4.80 5.07 7.88c 5c 2.09c 3.70c 4.15c 4.59c 4.86c 4.94c 6.89c 4 0.57 1.39 2.49 2.50 4.73 5.00 8.09 4 0.58 1.42 2.49 2.50 4.78 5.00 8.08 c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999. rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 1c 9.2 c 14.5 17.4 21.1 44.9c 66.1c 120.9c 5c 2.0 c 3.9 14.4 22.9 31.7c 50.4c 145.9c 4 6.4 14.0 22.7 24.6 36.4 79.6 159.3 c 6 7.4 14.7 23.9 24.7 37.7 83.7 161.0 c 0c 14.3c 21.9c 23.0c 24.1c 24.7c 24.9c 31.5 c 2 6.5 14.5 23.9 24.7 38.3 79.1 160.3 2 6.5 14.7 23.9 24.7 33.7 78.9 160.2 c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999.

634 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-22 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Nickel (µg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 26 5.65c 0.98 0.66c 1.28c Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 89 3.97 0.50 0.17c 0.36c M 19+ y 571 4.46 0.13 0.71 1.32 F 19+ y 737 4.80 0.13 0.82 1.60 Pregnant/Lactating 8 5.55c 0.65 2.09c 2.26c All Individuals 1,423 4.62 0.10 0.63 1.41 All Individuals (+P/L) 1,431 4.63 0.10 0.63 1.41 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean. TABLE C-23 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Silicon (mg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 20 1.57 c 0.21 0.10c 0.71c Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 85 2.69 0.89 0.07c 0.09c M 19+ y 560 4.32 0.82 0.29 0.54 F 19+ y 727 7.04 0.89 0.26 0.66 Pregnant/Lactating 8 68.59 c 17.83 0.44c 0.79c All Individuals 1,392 5.66 0.71 0.24 0.58 All Individuals (+P/L) 1,400 5.85 0.72 0.24 0.58 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean.

APPENDIX C 635 rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 6c 1.28c 3.44c 4.30c 5.55c 7.22c 11.62c 14.52c 7c 0.36c 0.82 4.55 4.83 5.00c 9.33 c 15.18c 1 1.32 3.63 4.68 4.86 4.97 6.56 10.14c 2 1.60 4.53 4.70 4.87 4.98 7.27 15.18c 9c 2.26c 2.79c 3.68c 4.56c 6.02c 8.01 c 9.60 c 3 1.41 4.50 4.69 4.87 4.98 7.09 14.62c 3 1.41 4.50 4.69 4.87 4.98 7.10 14.61c c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999. rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0c 0.71c 0.94c 1.24 c 1.69 c 1.96 c 2.01c 2.03c 7c 0.09c 0.29 1.26 1.75 1.96 c 2.63c 44.36 c 9 0.54 1.40 1.78 1.91 1.99 8.48 65.22 c 6 0.66 1.75 1.85 1.95 4.35 73.08 78.69 c 4c 0.79c 1.83c 31.32c 63.83c 96.31c 128.15c 153.63c 4 0.58 1.58 1.84 1.94 2.03 32.10 78.19 c 4 0.58 1.61 1.84 1.94 2.48 33.09 78.33 c c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999.

636 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-24 Mean and Percentiles of Usual Intake of Vanadium (µg/day) from Supplements, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 1 to 8 y 26 6.09 c 1.51 0.10c 0.52c Both sexes, 9 to 18 y 89 6.50 0.94 0.12c 0.25c M 19+ y 571 8.37 0.26 0.89 2.08 F 19+ y 742 8.61 0.19 0.91 2.12 Pregnant/Lactating 8 11.01 c 1.33 0.55c 1.12c All Individuals 1,428 8.37 0.18 0.80 1.68 All Individuals (+P/L) 1,436 8.38 0.18 0.80 1.69 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean.

APPENDIX C 637 rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0c 0.52c 0.90c 5.09c 7.57c 9.06 c 9.55 c 9.95 c 2c 0.25c 1.12 6.25 8.79 9.75 c 13.36c 20.90c 9 2.08 6.14 8.85 9.45 9.81 9.93 19.29c 1 2.12 7.80 9.34 9.69 9.90 9.97 20.03c 5c 1.12c 2.84c 5.71c 8.57c 12.04c 16.02c 19.20c 0 1.68 5.68 9.31 9.68 9.89 9.97 19.99c 0 1.69 5.72 9.31 9.68 9.89 9.97 19.98c c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 1999.

638 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-25 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Zinc (mg/day) from Food, NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 5.51 2.60 3.20 4.20 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 6.11 2.90 3.50 4.50 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 6.94 3.00 3.60 4.80 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 8.95 6.40 6.90 7.70 Standard error 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 11.83 8.20 8.90 10.10 Standard error 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.20 M 14 to 18 y 909 15.12 8.30 9.30 11.40 Standard error 0.67 0.28 0.32 0.39 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 15.40 8.80 9.90 12.00 Standard error 0.36 0.25 0.25 0.28 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 14.83 8.60 9.60 11.50 Standard error 0.26 0.17 0.18 0.21 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 13.77 7.60 8.60 10.50 Standard error 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.18 M 71+ y 1,255 12.17 6.70 7.50 9.10 Standard error 0.53 0.20 0.22 0.27 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 9.64 6.50 7.10 8.10 Standard error 0.32 0.17 0.18 0.21 F 14 to 18 y 949 9.26 5.20 5.90 7.20 Standard error 0.32 0.19 0.20 0.23 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 9.52 5.40 6.10 7.40 Standard error 0.22 0.14 0.14 0.16 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 9.67 5.70 6.40 7.60 Standard error 0.17 0.10 0.10 0.12 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 9.19 5.30 5.90 7.10 Standard error 0.18 0.11 0.11 0.12 F 71+ y 1,368 8.62 5.00 5.50 6.70 Standard error 0.19 0.10 0.11 0.13 Pregnant 346 11.24 6.90 7.70 9.10 Standard error 0.50 0.47 0.47 0.47 Lactating 99 14.78 9.30 10.30 12.20 Standard error 0.93 0.60 0.61 0.68 All Individuals 28,575 11.27 6.10 6.90 8.50 Standard error 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 11.29 6.20 7.00 8.50 Standard error 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted. Means and percentiles for these groups were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. For all other groups, data were adjusted using the Iowa State University method. Mean, standard errors, and percentiles were obtained using C- Side. Standard errors were estimated via jackknife replication. Each standard error has 49 degrees of freedom. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t

APPENDIX C 639 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 3.20 4.20 5.30 6.60 8.10 8.90 11.60 3.50 4.50 5.90 7.30 8.90 10.10 12.90 3.60 4.80 6.40 8.40 10.60 12.90 17.80 6.90 7.70 8.80 10.00 11.20 12.00 13.60 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.23 8.90 10.10 11.60 13.30 15.10 16.20 18.50 0.19 0.20 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.48 0.68 9.30 11.40 14.30 17.90 22.00 24.90 31.40 0.32 0.39 0.54 0.86 1.39 1.85 3.13 9.90 12.00 14.80 18.10 21.60 23.90 28.90 0.25 0.28 0.33 0.44 0.61 0.75 1.12 9.60 11.50 14.20 17.40 20.90 23.30 28.60 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.31 0.41 0.51 0.78 8.60 10.50 13.10 16.30 19.80 22.30 27.80 0.17 0.18 0.23 0.35 0.55 0.73 1.21 7.50 9.10 11.40 14.40 17.90 20.40 26.30 0.22 0.27 0.40 0.66 1.05 1.39 2.30 7.10 8.10 9.40 10.90 12.50 13.50 15.50 0.18 0.21 0.28 0.39 0.54 0.66 0.95 5.90 7.20 8.90 10.90 13.10 14.50 17.50 0.20 0.23 0.29 0.40 0.57 0.72 1.08 6.10 7.40 9.20 11.20 13.40 14.90 18.10 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.26 0.36 0.44 0.67 6.40 7.60 9.30 11.30 13.40 14.80 17.90 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.21 0.31 0.40 0.62 5.90 7.10 8.80 10.80 13.00 14.50 17.80 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.23 0.37 0.48 0.80 5.50 6.70 8.20 10.10 12.20 13.60 16.70 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.24 0.33 0.41 0.63 7.70 9.10 10.90 13.00 15.20 16.60 19.60 0.47 0.47 0.49 0.55 0.68 0.82 1.19 10.30 12.20 14.50 17.10 19.60 21.30 24.60 0.61 0.68 0.88 1.19 1.59 1.88 2.56 6.90 8.50 10.70 13.40 16.30 18.40 23.00 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.33 7.00 8.50 10.70 13.40 16.30 18.40 23.00 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.33 know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

640 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-26 Mean and Percentiles for Usual Intake of Zinc (mg/day) from Food and Supplements, NHANES III (1988– 1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean 5th 10th 25th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 793 5.51 2.60 3.20 4.20 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 827 6.11 2.90 3.50 4.50 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,309 6.94 3.00 3.60 4.80 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,448 9.56 6.56 6.94 7.88 M 9 to 13 y 1,219 12.34 8.18 8.85 10.26 M 14 to 18 y 909 15.83 8.55 9.56 11.82 M 19 to 30 y 1,902 16.94 8.81 10.21 12.71 M 31 to 50 y 2,533 16.44 8.74 10.02 12.10 M 51 to 70 y 1,942 16.29 7.94 9.07 11.07 M 71+ y 1,255 15.08 7.08 7.94 9.73 F 9 to 13 y 1,216 10.17 6.68 7.35 8.26 F 14 to 18 y 949 9.78 5.19 6.18 7.49 F 19 to 30 y 1,901 11.23 5.60 6.33 7.81 F 31 to 50 y 2,939 12.14 5.98 6.63 8.02 F 51 to 70 y 2,065 12.15 5.36 6.22 7.48 F 71+ y 1,368 12.08 5.05 5.66 7.07 Pregnant 346 19.97 7.09 8.31 10.11 Lactating 99 24.67 10.05 10.60 13.08 All Individuals 28,575 13.00 6.34 7.23 8.86 All Indiv (+P/L) 29,015 13.14 6.35 7.24 8.87 NOTE: Data are limited to individuals who provided a complete and reliable 24-hour dietary recall on day 1. The intake distributions for 2–6 months, 7–12 months, and 1–3 years of age are unadjusted; the total nutrient intake is the sum of the unadjusted food intake and the daily supplement intake. For all other groups, individual total nutrient intakes were obtained as the sum of the adjusted individual usual intake from food alone and the daily supplement intake. The mean and percentiles of the estimated usual intake distributions were computed using SAS PROC UNIVARIATE. Infants and children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and

APPENDIX C 641 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 3.20 4.20 5.30 6.60 8.10 8.90 11.60 3.50 4.50 5.90 7.30 8.90 10.10 12.90 3.60 4.80 6.40 8.40 10.60 12.90 17.80 6.94 7.88 8.95 10.22 11.64 14.22 24.36 8.85 10.26 11.71 13.34 15.42 17.30 30.35 9.56 11.82 14.80 18.33 22.11 26.16 39.03 10.21 12.71 15.34 19.52 25.75 29.76 43.00 10.02 12.10 14.77 18.87 25.18 30.46 42.60 9.07 11.07 13.90 18.10 26.95 31.55 59.70 7.94 9.73 12.12 16.93 26.13 30.05 56.85 7.35 8.26 9.55 11.01 12.87 14.48 25.52 6.18 7.49 8.98 11.11 13.39 15.54 26.26 6.33 7.81 9.64 12.09 18.58 24.64 36.90 6.63 8.02 10.08 12.67 22.49 25.76 36.73 6.22 7.48 9.52 13.04 23.73 26.13 37.26 5.66 7.07 8.92 12.41 23.97 26.20 49.72 8.31 10.11 13.09 31.35 37.49 39.86 47.97 10.60 13.08 20.42 38.59 42.64 46.70 46.70 7.23 8.86 11.21 14.55 21.67 26.39 38.29 7.24 8.87 11.22 14.61 22.24 26.82 39.37 lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. Females who were both pregnant and lactating were included in both the Pregnant and Lactating categories. The sample sizes for the Pregnant and Lactating categories were very small so their estimates of usual intake distributions are not reliable. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation and Iowa State University Department of Statistics, 2000.

642 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE C-27 Mean and Percentiles for Drinking Water Intake (mL/day), NHANES III (1988–1994) Number Percentile of Persons Sex/Age Categorya Examined Mean SEMb 5th 10th Both sexes, 2 to 6 mo 784 115 8 0 0 Both sexes, 7 to 12 mo 809 172 8 0 0 Both sexes, 1 to 3 y 3,172 382 10 0 0 Both sexes, 4 to 8 y 3,247 620 24 0 98 M 9 to 13 y 1,188 1,107 42 64 204 M 14 to 18 y 891 1,402 59 0 211 M 19 to 30 y 1,872 1,389 41 0 208 M 31 to 50 y 2,495 1,294 35 0 101 M 51 to 70 y 1,872 1,253 41 0 172 M 71+ y 1,186 1,198 39 0 215 F 9 to 13 y 1,181 1,008 45 56 178 F 14 to 18 y 937 1,117 43 0 62 F 19 to 30 y 1,885 1,163 33 0 94 F 31 to 50 y 2,906 1,219 30 0 95 F 51 to 70 y 2,002 1,278 32 0 189 F 71+ y 1,317 1,147 25 0 222 Pregnant 341 1,413 79 147 315 Lactating 98 1,628 147 225c 453c P/L 434 1,462 69 166 353 All Individuals 27,744 1,144 13 0 99 All Indiv (+P/L) 28,178 1,149 13 0 100 NOTE: Means, standard errors, and percentiles were calculated with WesVar Complex Samples 3.0. Children fed human milk and females who had “blank but applicable” pregnancy and lactating status data or who responded “I don’t know” to questions on pregnancy and lactating status were excluded from all analyses. a M = male, F = female, P/L = pregnant and lactating. b SEM = standard error of the mean.

APPENDIX C 643 rcentile h 10th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 0 0 0 54 131 230 457 876 c 0 0 0 107 205 446 472 902 c 0 0 104 228 467 903 1,135 1,789 0 98 206 453 848 1,265 1,686 2,638 4 204 453 877 1,383 2,347 2,726 4,105c 0 211 608 1,038 1,772 2,648 3,642 5,612c 0 208 435 939 1,824 2,803 3,729 7,195 0 101 435 921 1,835 2,760 3,623 6,206 0 172 454 941 1,703 2,623 3,533 5,440 0 215 602 942 1,657 2,258 2,819 3,730c 6 178 351 709 1,320 2,103 2,628 4,371c 0 62 337 857 1,519 2,537 2,946 4,972c 0 94 368 889 1,704 2,603 3,128 4,717 0 95 334 897 1,734 2,645 3,411 4,723 0 189 468 966 1,768 2,614 3,341 4,625 0 222 470 945 1,545 2,064 2,634 3,724c 7 315 661 1,136 1,900 2,621 2,831 5,057c 5c 453c 951 1,301 1,914 3,121c 3,721c 4,717c 6 353 694 1,251 1,902 2,665 3,562 4,865c 0 99 343 878 1,610 2,530 3,240 5,261 0 100 347 884 1,614 2,538 3,244 5,258 c These values are potentially unreliable in a statistical sense based on an insufficient sample size as recommended in statistical reporting standards (Life Sciences Research Office/Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1995. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office). SOURCE: ENVIRON International Corporation, 2000.

Next: D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 19941996 »
Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc Get This Book
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This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.

Based on the Institute of Medicine's review of the scientific literature regarding dietary micronutrients, recommendations have been formulated regarding vitamins A and K, iron, iodine, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and other potentially beneficial trace elements such as boron to determine the roles, if any, they play in health. The book also:

  • Reviews selected components of food that may influence the bioavailability of these compounds.
  • Develops estimates of dietary intake of these compounds that are compatible with good nutrition throughout the life span and that may decrease risk of chronic disease where data indicate they play a role.
  • Determines Tolerable Upper Intake levels for each nutrient reviewed where adequate scientific data are available in specific population subgroups.
  • Identifies research needed to improve knowledge of the role of these micronutrients in human health.

This book will be important to professionals in nutrition research and education.

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