Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc

IAEA

International Atomic Energy Agency

IARC

International Agency for Research on Cancer

ICC

Indian childhood cirrhosis

ICCIDD

International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders

ICT

Idiopathic copper toxicosis

Intramuscular

IOM

Institute of Medicine

IPCS

International Programme on Chemical Safety

Insulin receptor

IRE

Iron response element

IRP

Iron response proteins

International units

Lacto-ovovegetarian

Person who consumes milk (lacto), eggs (ovo), and plant foods and products, but no meat or fish

LDL

Low density lipoprotein

LMWCr

Low molecular weight chromium-binding substance

LOAEL

Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level: lowest intake (or experimental dose) of a nutrient at which an adverse effect has been identified

LSRO

Life Sciences Research Office

MCH

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin—the amount of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (red blood cells)

MCV

Mean corpuscular volume—the volume of the average erythrocyte

Myocardial infarction

Elemental symbol for manganese

MnSOD

Manganese superoxide dismutase

MTF1

Metal response element transcription factor

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R24

Summary 1-28

1 Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes 29-43

2 Overview and Methods 44-59

3 A Model for the Development of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 60-81

4 Vitamin A 82-161

5 Vitamin K 162-196

6 Chromium 197-223

7 Copper 224-257

8 Iodine 258-289

9 Iron 290-393

10 Manganese 394-419

11 Molybdenum 420-441

12 Zinc 442-501

13 Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium 502-553

14 Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes 554-579

15 A Research Agenda 580-586

Appendix A Origin and Framework of the Development of Dietary Reference Intake 587-590

Appendix B Acknowledgments 591-593

Appendix C Dietary Intake Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 594-643

Appendix D Dietary Intake Data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 644-653

Appendix E Dietary Intake Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study, 1991-1997 654-673

Appendix F Canadian Dietary Intake Data, 1990 674-679

Appendix G Biochemical Indicators for Iron, Vitamin A, and Iodine from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 680-691

Appendix H Comparison of Vitamin A and Iron Intake and Biochemical Indicators from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 692-696

Appendix I Iron Intakes and Estimated Percentile of the Distribution of Iron Requirements from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), 1994-1996 697-703

Appendix J Glossary and Acronyms 704-708

Appendix K Conversion of Units 709-709

Appendix L Options for Dealing with Uncertainties 710-714

Appendix M Biographical Sketches of Panel and Subcommittee Members 715-728

Index 729-769

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 770-771

Summary Table, Dietary Reference Intakes: Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 772-773