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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinuleotide hydride; a coenzyme
NHANES
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; a survey conducted periodically by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
NOAEL
No-observed-adverse-effect level; highest intake (or experimental dose) of a nutrient at which no adverse effect has been observed
NRC
National Research Council
OTA
Office of Technology Assessment
Phylloquinone
Plant form of vitamin K and a major form of this vitamin in the human diet
Provitamin A carotenoids
α-Carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin
RAR
Retinoic acid receptor
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
RE
Retinol equivalents
Risk assessment
Organized framework for evaluating scientific information, which has as its objective a characterization of the nature and likelihood of harm resulting from excess human exposure to an environmental agent (in this case, a nutrient); it includes the development of both qualitative and quantitative expressions of risk
Risk characterization
Final step in a risk assessment, which summarizes the conclusions from steps 1 through 3 of the risk assessment (hazard identification, dose response, and estimates of exposure) and evaluates the risk; this step also includes a characterization of the degree of scientific confidence that can be placed in the Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Risk management
Process by which risk assessment results are integrated with other information to make decisions about the need for, method of, and extent of risk reduction; in addition, risk management
