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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc
individual applications, 554 , 557-558 , 562-563
methods used to set, 30 , 50-51 , 53
RDA compared to, 4 , 6 , 31 , 35
uses, 4 , 5 , 34-35 , 554 , 557-558 , 561 , 562-563 , 564 , 577
Adolescents, ages 14 through 18 years.
See also Life-stage groups;
Pubertal development;
individual nutrients
age of menarche, 339-340 , 573
AIs, 35 , 39 , 562-563
anemia, 335
basal losses of nutrients, 330 , 331 , 332 , 337
bioavailability of nutrients, 337
blood volume, 331
EARs, 39
evidence considered in setting EAR, 271-272 , 330-338 , 427
extrapolation of data for, 269 , 272 , 282 , 331 , 406 , 413 , 427 , 430-431 , 437
goiter, 271-272
growth velocity, 39 , 53 , 331 , 338 , 339
hemoglobin concentrations, 305 , 330 , 331-333 , 335 , 336 , 338
hypervitaminosis A, 144
lactation, 117 , 184 , 211 , 244-245 , 250 , 251 , 407 , 413-414 , 431-432 , 479 , 487 , 519 , 528
median weights, by age, 332
menstrual losses, 332 , 334-337 , 338
method used to set AIs, 180 , 207 , 404-405
method used to set EAR, 112 , 238
oral contraceptive use, 335 , 336 , 350 , 700 , 702
pregnancy, 116 , 117 , 142 , 183 , 184 , 210-211 , 243-244 , 276 , 277 , 348-349 , 406-407 , 413-414 , 430-431 , 477 , 487 , 519 , 528
reference weights and heights, 41 , 42 , 210 , 338
serum transferrin, 304
special considerations, 330 , 339-340 , 358 , 573
variability of requirements, 330-331 , 337-338
Adrenal glands, 522
Adults, ages 19 through 50 years.
See also Life-stage groups;
Men;
Women;
individual nutrients
AIs, 34-35 , 562-563
balance studies, 309-310 , 405-406 , 428-429
biochemical indicators, 239-240
bone mineral density, 126-128
depletion/repletion studies, 224 , 228 , 229 , 231 , 232 , 239-240 , 430
EARs, 52
energy expenditure, 40
factorial analysis, 240-242 , 340
hyperthyroidism, 283
hypothyroidism, 283
peak bone mass, 40
reference weights and heights, 41 , 114
supplement use, 246 , 278
thyroid iodine accumulation and turnover, 273-274
Adults, ages 51+ years.
See also Life-stage groups;
individual nutrients
AIs, 40
absorption of nutrients, 40 , 86 , 474 , 479
γ-carboxyglutamyl excretion, 167
dietary intakes, 186
EARs, 40
energy expenditure, 40
energy needs, 209
institutionalized, 171
nickel, 523
physical activity, 40
physiological functioning, 40
renal function, 40 , 69
silicon, 532
vanadium, 533 , 534
vegetarian diets, 479-480
vitamin K, 166 , 167 , 182 , 186
zinc, 451 , 474-475 , 479 , 559 , 562
Adverse effects.
See also individual nutrients
absorption of nutrients, 73
aging and, 508
defined, 60 , 72 , 704
evidence of, 72
form of intake and, 358 , 374 , 409 , 410 , 433 , 482 , 524
gender differences, 482
knowledge gaps, 584
nutrient interactions, 61 , 72 , 129 , 358 , 482-483
