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Page 471
Index
A
Absenteeism,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
age factors,
back disorders,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
,
,
epidemiologic studies,
,
,
preventive interventions,
,
,
,
,
surveillance,
upper extremity disorders,
,
,
,
workers' compensation and,
,
Adenosine triphosphate,
Administrative controls,
,
,
,
,
see also
Ergonomic interventions
back disorders,
,
,
,
,
rest breaks,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
upper extremity disorders,
,
,
African Americans,
see
Race/ethnicity
Age factors,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
see also
Elderly persons
absenteeism,
back disorders,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
carpal tunnel syndrome,
,
,
,
,
,
databases,
,
,
,
,
,
,
ergonomic interventions,
gender and,
,
,
,
hand disorders,
muscle contraction,
peripheral nerve,
psychosocial factors,
,
skeletal muscle,
,
,
tendinitis,
tendons, other,
upper extremity disorders,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
vertebral bone and disc,
,
,
,
,
Agricultural workers,
see
Farm workers
Alcohol consumption,
,
Allodynia,
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,
American National Standards Institute,
Animal models,
,
,
,
,
,
,
peripheral nerve,
,
skeletal muscle,
,
spinal discs,
,
,
tendons,
,
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses,
,
,
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OCR for page 471
Page 471
Index
A
Absenteeism,
1,
11,
17,
30,
47-52 (passim),
58.
153,
157,
351,
364
age factors,
51
back disorders,
53-54,
97,
123,
143,
147,
153,
154,
157
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
50,
51,
52
epidemiologic studies,
97,
98,
435
preventive interventions,
305-306,
316-317,
319,
326,
327
surveillance,
305-306
upper extremity disorders,
98,
110,
183,
315-317
workers' compensation and,
28-29,
58
Adenosine triphosphate,
202
Administrative controls,
8,
304,
307,
368,
437
see also
Ergonomic interventions
back disorders,
8,
309,
311,
312,
313
rest breaks,
111-112,
160,
161,
162,
174,
181,
183,
263,
274,
320
upper extremity disorders,
183,
315-316,
322
African Americans,
see
Race/ethnicity
Age factors,
2,
4,
6,
9,
11,
10,
32,
89,
90,
330,
336,
347,
365,
373,
433
see also
Elderly persons
absenteeism,
51
back disorders,
7,
39,
40,
43,
44,
51,
55,
151
carpal tunnel syndrome,
51,
56,
286,
360,
442,
447-448
databases,
39,
40,
43,
44,
46-47,
48,
366
ergonomic interventions,
304
gender and,
39,
42,
51,
337
hand disorders,
54-55
muscle contraction,
203
peripheral nerve,
217-218
psychosocial factors,
141,
151
skeletal muscle,
209,
210,
217-218
tendinitis,
51
tendons, other,
198-199
upper extremity disorders,
7,
51,
55,
56,
183,
286,
360,
433
vertebral bone and disc,
188,
189-190,
193-194,
217-218,
433
Agricultural workers,
see
Farm workers
Alcohol consumption,
75-76,
442
Allodynia,
186-187
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,
57
American National Standards Institute,
307
Animal models,
5,
22,
65,
66,
67,
184,
216
peripheral nerve,
213,
216
skeletal muscle,
207-208,
216
spinal discs,
193,
194,
216
tendons,
197-199,
216-217
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses,
44-45,
49,
60-61
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Anxiety,
25,
148,
149,
159,
289,
435
see also
Psychosocial factors
back disorders,
107,
108,
109,
142,
145,
149,
150,
151,
154,
156,
157
somatization,
26-27,
108,
149,
175,
288
upper extremity disorders,
7,
111,
112,
161,
166,
296,
358
Arms,
111,
151,
173,
174,
180,
231,
255,
268-269,
319
see also
Elbows;
Forearms;
Hands;
Shoulders;
Upper arm;
Wrists
Arthritis,
see
Osteoarthritis
ATP,
see
Adenosine triphosphate
Attitudes,
26,
30,
108,
314,
319,
326
see also
Anxiety;
Depression;
Job satisfaction;
Psychosocial factors about pain/functional limitations,
23,
33,
59,
145
Attributable risk,
114,
118-132
back disorders,
98-99,
108-109,
118-124,
141-147
defined,
87-88
psychosocial factors,
141-183 (passim)
upper extremity disorders,
101-102,
110,
111-112,
125-132,
160-183,
314,
441-442,
443,
459
Auditory disorders,
see
Hearing disorders;
Noise
Australia,
452-453
Automobile manufacturing workers,
22,
23,
56-57,
180-181,
238,
239,
275,
307
B
Back belts,
307,
309,
310,
311,
312,
313,
436
Balance theory of job design and stress,
293
Bending,
9,
55,
98,
99-100,
119-122,
124,
354,
364,
434
attributable risk,
88,
119-122,
124
spinal curvature,
251
spinal discs,
190,
192,
249-250
Best practice interventions,
xiii,
13,
310-313,
320,
322-323,
369,
437,
439
Biomechanics,
9,
56,
81,
91,
219-286,
353,
356-357,
361,
362,
365,
373,
432,
439
see also
Tissue mechanobiology
back disorders,
6-7,
219,
235-253,
356-358,
363
spinal discs,
229-230,
239,
247-250,
252,
373
vertebra,
229-230,
250,
252
carpal tunnel syndrome,
260,
261,
265,
266-268,
286
collagen,
228,
229
committee study methodology,
4,
5,
22
connective tissue,
227-228;
see also
“tendons” infra
elbows,
253,
269,
277,
278
electrophysical measurements,
24,
93,
208,
225,
230,
231-232,
233,
243,
257-258,
259,
260,
263-264,
268-269,
271,
274,
275,
278,
291-292,
297,
360,
443,
440-449 (passim)
epidemiology and,
252,
253,
459
fatigue, tissue,
226,
232-233,
269-279
force, general,
221-222,
224,
225,
226,
253-286
forearms,
233,
257,
260,
267-269,
274,
277,
278,
284
gender factors,
258,
277,
284
grip,
231,
233,
258,
259,
268,
274,
275-276,
279-285 (passim),
360
pinch grip,
267,
276,
279,
448
hands, general,
231,
254-260 (passim),
265-266,
270-281 (passim)
individual factors,
33,
35
lifting,
225,
236,
237-239,
244,
246,
250-251
loading,
3,
5,
6-7,
33,
34,
35,
81,
95
neck,
253
pain,
373
back,
235-241,
246-248,
250-253,
287,
357-358
upper extremities,
279-284,
286,
287,
360
pinch force/strength,
254,
256,
260,
262,
268,
270,
276,
277,
280,
282,
284,
285-286,
317,
448
posture,
221,
257-258,
259,
266-268,
270,
279,
280,
281,
284,
286,
359-360
preventive interventions,
304
prospective research,
237
psychosocial factors,
234,
237,
275-279,
297,
373
repetitive motion,
221,
224,
225,
253-257 (passim),
270,
275-277,
373
shear loads,
221,
227-228,
230,
232,
239-251 (passim),
265,
268
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shoulder disorders,
253,
263,
264,
269,
274,
277,
278
skeletal muscle,
222,
225,
226,
227,
228-229,
234,
242-243
spinal discs,
229-230,
239,
247-250,
252,
373
stress, general,
234,
259
stretching,
202,
206,
207-208,
216,
227,
228
surveillance,
243,
250
temperature factors,
219,
221-226 (passim),
248,
253,
255-256,
258,
260-264,
280-282
tendons,
222,
227-228,
239,
247,
250-252,
265-266,
268,
373
time factors,
224,
225,
226,
258,
280,
281-284,
286,
373
twisting,
55,
239,
244,
270,
271,
275-276,
278
typing,
231,
254,
256,
257,
260,
263,
264,
268-269,
278,
280,
281
upper extremity disorders,
7,
219,
253-286,
359-360,
363,
432,
439,
458;
see also
specific disorders and extremities supra
vertebra,
229-230,
250,
252
vibration,
221-226 (passim),
230,
231,
233,
254,
255-256,
258,
260-264,
268,
270-273,
274,
276,
277-278,
280,
281-283,
286
wrist,
255,
257-258,
260,
261,
262,
263,
265-267,
268,
270,
274,
275-279,
282,
284,
360,
363
Biophysical model,
293
Biostatistics,
68,
74
Blood flow/pressure,
76,
198,
205,
210,
212,
214,
233,
269,
274,
293,
297,
299,
448
Body weight,
see
Weight factors, body
Bone,
22,
101,
251-252,
372
see also
Skeletal muscle;
Vertebra cellular healing processes,
193
Bracial arteriography,
135
Bradford Hill criteria,
causality,
20,
21,
28,
66,
72-79,
87,
108,
144
tissue mechanobiology,
184
Brain neurobiology,
186
pain,
25-26,
185
psychological stress,
290,
291
Breaks,
see
Rest breaks
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS),
xiv,
10,
58,
64
absenteeism,
50,
51,
52
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses,
44-45,
49-51,
60-61
databases,
22-23,
44-45,
46-47,
48-52,
60-61,
351-352,
366,
435-436
Bursitis,
48
C
Cadaver studies,
22,
66,
184,
253,
261,
266
spinal discs,
191,
192
tendinosis,
197
tissue mechanobiology,
22,
66,
184
Caffeine,
442
Canada,
30,
31,
121
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS),
19,
27,
56,
79,
231,
360,
431,
434,
435-436,
440-451,
458-460
age factors,
51,
56,
286,
360,
442,
447-448
biomechanics,
260,
261,
265,
266-268,
286
computer users,
45-46,
51,
340-341,
452
cultural factors,
449
epidemiology,
101-102,
103,
118-124,
435-436,
440-443,
451,
459-460
incidence and prevalence,
39,
40,
41,
43,
49,
50,
51,
56,
176,
352,
435-436,
440-443,
448-449
exercise,
267
gender factors,
55,
56,
442,
447-448
preventive interventions,
267,
301,
318,
439-442,
450,
459
psychological stress,
299
racial factors,
442,
447-448
self-reports,
43
service workers,
50,
435-436
Case-control studies,
22,
76-77,
79
see also
Randomized controlled trials back disorders,
97,
99-100,
238,
308,
311
upper extremity disorders,
131,
442
Catecholamines,
290,
293,
295,
298,
299
Causality,
20,
21,
28,
66,
72-79,
87,
108,
144,
184,
352,
361-362,
446
epidemiology,
77,
78,
79,
352,
361-362,
446
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Cellular processes,
184,
247,
372,
374
see also
Contraction, muscles;
Immune response;
Inflammatory response
cytokines,
215,
217,
290,
299
peripheral nerve,
12,
25,
185-187,
210-213
synovial cells and synovitis,
48,
194
tendons,
194,
196-197,
199
vertebra and discs,
188,
189-190,
192-193,
362
Chairs,
318,
359
Chrysler Corporation,
56
CISDOC,
86
Clerical workers
see also
Office workers;
Typing age factors,
51
back disorders,
51
preventive interventions,
318-319
upper extremity disorders,
51,
103,
138,
160-161,
166,
167,
169,
173,
174,
178
visual display units (VDUs),
138,
160-161,
166,
182,
340-341
Clinical evaluation,
97,
98,
253
Clinical interventions,
70,
97,
308-309,
316,
445
see also
Physicians
safety culture,
4,
314,
327
Cocontraction, muscles,
231-232,
249,
292,
296
Coffee,
see
Caffeine
Collagen,
188,
194,
196,
197,
198,
199,
213,
217,
228,
229
Comorbidity,
2,
90,
304,
374
Compensation,
see
Wages and salaries;
Workers' compensation
Compressive loads and compression muscle cocontraction,
232
peripheral nerve,
211-212,
217,
230-231
spinal,
73,
186,
188,
191,
193,
214-215,
216,
229,
237-238,
244,
248,
249-250
discs,
73,
186,
188,
191,
193,
248,
249-250
vertebra,
186,
188,
191,
192
tendons,
194,
197
Computer databases,
see
Databases
Computer users,
337,
340-341,
344,
346,
365
see also
Typing
back disorders,
8,
51,
54
carpal tunnel,
45-46,
51,
340-341,
452
e-commerce,
342-343,
346-347
mouse use,
268-269,
315,
341
preventive interventions,
315,
316,
317,
318-319,
340-341,
452
psychosocial factors,
7,
347
upper extremity disorders,
7,
45-46,
51,
138,
160,
263,
264,
269,
315,
316,
317,
318-319,
340-341,
358,
452,
459
visual display units (VDUs),
138,
160-161,
166,
182,
340-341
Confidentiality,
45,
56,
60
Confounding,
6,
68,
73-74,
75-76,
89-91,
100,
114,
145,
447
Connective tissue
see also
Tendons and ligaments biomechanics,
227-228
muscle contraction,
202
Construction workers,
55,
91-92,
334
back disorders,
53,
54,
55,
118,
119,
120,
352
gender factors,
54
incidence and prevalence,
50,
53,
352,
436
upper extremity disorders,
129,
134,
135,
139,
172,
322-323
Contraction, muscles,
199-210,
217,
226,
232-233,
242-243,
296
age factors,
203
cocontraction,
231-232,
249,
292,
296
motor neurons/units,
186,
199-209 (passim),
233,
275,
297
psychosocial stress,
292,
296,
297,
298
spasms,
186,
291
Coping mechanisms,
2,
4,
23,
31,
32,
33,
35,
107,
108,
187,
189,
302,
374,
435
Cortisol,
290,
293,
295,
296,
298,
299
Cost factors,
1,
8-9,
11,
12,
17,
50,
57-59,
63-64,
150,
338,
343,
364,
368
see also
Absenteeism
back disorders,
150
databases,
47,
150
e-commerce,
343
interventions,
302,
319,
324-327
medical,
62,
63,
326
research,
70
somatization,
26-27
surveillance,
304-305
wages, loss of,
1,
8-9,
17,
58,
63
whole person approach,
26
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Court cases,
see
Litigation
Cross-sectional surveys,
98
back disorders,
68,
73,
79-80,
97,
100
upper extremity disorders,
88,
97,
102-103,
360,
448-449
CTS,
see
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cultural factors,
2,
20(n.3),
22,
28,
31
see also
Organizational factors;
Social factors
carpal tunnel syndrome,
449
safety culture,
4,
314,
327
whiplash,
31
workers' compensation,
31,
449
Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD),
102,
125,
193,
220,
248,
254
Cyclical loading,
184,
185,
216,
218
see also
Repetitive motion
tendons,
196,
199,
216,
266
vertebra,
192,
216
Cytokines,
215,
217,
290,
299
D
Databases,
1,
22-23,
38-64,
351-352,
366-367,
368
see also
Incidence and prevalence;
Reporting
age factors,
39,
40,
43,
44,
46-47,
48,
366
back disorders, general,
39,
48,
53-54
best practices,
13
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
22-23,
44-45,
46-47,
48-52,
60-61,
351-352,
366,
435-436
cost factors,
47,
150
epidemiologic literature review,
86
gender factors,
42,
43,
46,
48,
366
insurance,
40,
46,
49
interventions,
45-46
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey,
38,
62
National Arthritis Data Workgroup,
435
National Center for Health Statistics,
11,
45,
61-62,
352,
366-367,
436
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
38,
41,
62
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS),
38,
39-42,
43,
45,
46-47,
52-56,
61-62,
441
NIOSHTIC database,
86
National Occupational Exposure Survey,
11,
57,
63,
79,
366-367
OSHA,
46-48 (passim),
61
pain,
44,
49
racial factors,
43,
46-47,
48
repetitive motion,
48,
49
risk factors,
45,
86
self-report surveys,
38
time factors,
46-47
Decision latitude
see also
Monotonous work
back disorders,
105,
106,
109,
143,
144,
365
epidemiology,
upper extremity disorders,
96,
110,
111,
112,
160,
161,
165,
166,
170,
172,
173,
177,
178,
183,
435
upper extremity disorders, other,
298,
435
Definitional issues,
11,
19-20,
36-37,
62,
367,
371,
440,
445,
458-459
see also
Standards
attributable risk,
87-88
case definitions,
371
diagnosis,
11,
18
elastic materials,
185
ergonomics,
303,
452
fatigue,
185
load tolerance,
219
OSHA reporting requirements,
47
relative risk,
87
repetitive stress,
451
risk,
31-32,
440
stiffness,
185
strength,
185
workers' compensation,
36
work-related conditions,
1,
20(n.3),
37,
440
Demographic factors,
6,
10,
39,
44,
61,
64,
330,
331,
336-337,
366
see also
Age factors;
Gender factors;
Race/ethnicity;
Sectoral/occupational breakdowns;
specific sectors and occupational categories
educational attainment,
90,
149,
151,
342
marital status,
90
socioeconomic status,
90
Department of Defense,
307
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Department of Labor
see also
Bureau of Labor Statistics;
Mine Safety and Health
Administration
Workers' Compensation Programs,
45,
56-57
Department of Transportation,
45
Depression,
158,
159,
289,
435
back disorders,
107,
109,
148,
149,
150,
154,
156,
157,
287
somatization,
27,
149
upper extremity disorders,
180,
287
Diabetes,
434
Diagnosis,
18,
98,
321,
326
back disorders,
44,
432
definitional issues,
11,
18
insurance claims data,
56-57,
96,
98,
141,
142,
151
medical records,
56-57,
63,
142,
183,
304-305,
351
radiographs,
19,
24,
25,
98,
192,
217,
431,
432,
438
upper extremity disorders,
431-432,
441,
445-446
whole person approach,
24,
25
Disability,
3,
5,
17,
19,
35,
36,
150,
152
attitudes about pain/functional limitations,
23,
33,
59,
145
defined,
36
Distress,
see
Anxiety;
Depression
Dose-response relationships,
6,
31,
75,
77,
78,
93,
103,
184,
185,
308,
356,
360,
361,
370-371,
372,
440
see also
Load-response relationships
Dupuytren's contracture,
129
Duty cycle,
207,
208,
238,
274,
345-346,
372
see also
Rest breaks
Dynamic load,
21,
198,
228,
230,
241,
243,
245,
257,
331,
333
Dynamometers,
284,
285
E
Ecological model,
293-295
Economic factors,
1,
22,
28,
29,
330,
338
see also
Cost factors;
Funding;
Insurance;
Wages and salaries;
Workers' compensation
downsizing,
343-344
globalization,
331,
341-343,
344-345,
347
preventive interventions,
303
profitability,
30
socioeconomic status,
90
Edema,
7
peripheral nerve,
210-212,
213
spinal,
214,
217
tendons,
196,
197-198,
216
Educational interventions,
8,
324,
326,
327,
344-345
back disorders,
301,
309,
310,
311,
313
upper extremity disorders,
316,
317,
318,
323
Educational workers
back disorders,
54
upper extremity disorders,
56,
171
Education of professionals,
12,
13,
368
Effective Workplace Practices and Programs Conference,
310
Elbows,
20,
27,
297,
436,
446,
450
biomechanics,
253,
269,
277,
278
epidemiology,
110,
111,
125,
172,
173,
175,
177,
182
tissue mechanobiology,
186,
196
Elderly persons,
336,
347,
351,
360,
365,
433
back disorders,
39,
44,
433
skeletal muscle,
209
Electrophysical measurements,
24,
93,
208,
225,
230,
231-232,
233,
243,
257-258,
259,
260,
263-264,
268-269,
271,
274,
275,
278,
291-292,
297,
360,
440-449 (passim)
Embase,
187
Emotionally stressful work,
106,
147
Engineering controls,
8,
303,
321,
322,
345,
355,
437
see also
Ergonomic interventions
back belts,
307,
309,
310,
311,
312,
313,
436
upper extremity disorders,
315,
320,
322,
459
Epicondylitis,
19,
133,
134,
180,
196,
197,
216,
431
Epidemiology,
3,
5,
19,
20,
22,
27,
34,
85-183,
361,
362,
373-374,
432,
434,
439
see also
Attributable risk;
Incidence and prevalence;
Relative risk;
Reporting;
Surveillance
absenteeism,
97,
98,
435
OCR for page 477
Page 477
back disorders,
6,
31,
65,
66,
67-70,
73,
81,
97,
98-101,
104-108,
109,
118- 124,
141-159,
252,
352,
354-355,
356
biomechanics and,
252,
253,
459
carpal tunnel syndrome,
101-102,
103,
118-124,
435-436,
440-443,
459- 460
incidence and prevalence,
39,
40,
41,
43,
49,
50,
51,
56,
176,
352,
435-436,
440-443,
448-449
causal associations, criteria for,
77,
78,
79,
352,
361-362,
446
comorbidity,
2,
90,
304,
374
confounding,
6,
68,
73,
89-91,
100,
114,
145,
447
cultural factors,
31
decision latitude,
back disorders,
105,
106,
109,
143,
144
upper extremity disorders,
96,
110,
111,
112,
160,
161,
165,
166,
170,
172,
173,
177,
178,
183,
435
definitional issues,
11
elbow disorders,
110,
111,
125,
172,
173,
175,
177,
182
forearm disorders,
111,
173,
175
hand disorders,
20,
94-95,
101,
102,
125,
138,
161,
172,
173,
174,
175,
177,
178,
180,
181,
182
incidence and prevalence,
43,
53,
54-55,
57,
174,
175,
181,
436,
440-441
see also
“carpal tunnel syndrome” supra
literature review, methodology,
85-98
neck disorders,
85,
101,
103-104,
110,
138,
150,
153,
158,
160,
161,
173,
178,
179,
180,
182
observational, methodology,
65,
66,
67-70,
73,
77,
78,
81,
91,
93-95,
psychosocial factors,
104-113,
141-183,
370-371,
373
shoulder disorders,
101,
103-104,
110,
111,
138,
139,
140,
150,
160,
161,
163,
166,
168,
169,
171,
173,
174,
177,
178,
179,
180,
182
spinal disc disorders,
42,
44,
123,
124,
142,
153
standards for data collection,
45,
46,
48-49,
61,
64,
304-305,
321,
366,
367,
371
typing-related disorders,
103,
138
upper extremity disorders,
7,
94-95,
96,
97,
98,
101-104,
109-113,
125-140,
160-183,
253,
314,
358,
359,
458,
459
pain,
110,
127,
128,
129-131,
138,
139,
161-183,
352
posture,
138,
139
repetitive motion,
102,
103,
114-115,
125-127,
131,
133,
134,
140,
358
vibration,
101,
102,
103,
114,
125-131,
134-137,
139,
140,
314
see also
specific disorders and extremities supra
wrists,
20,
102,
111,
125,
126,
138,
172,
174,
175,
177,
178,
180,
181,
182;
see also
“carpal tunnel syndrome” supra
Epinephrine/norepinephrine,
290,
298-299
Ergonomic interventions,
2,
10,
33,
303-329,
344,
365-366
see also
Administrative controls;
Engineering controls;
Modifier interventions;
Workstations
age factors,
304
back disorders,
8,
9,
308-314,
438
chairs,
318,
359
defined,
303,
452
gender factors,
304
job analysis,
93-95,
238,
304,
305,
306-307,
330,
331,
365
psychosocial factors,
9-10,
27,
304
upper extremity disorders,
7,
9,
314-320,
439-440,
451-452
Ergoweb,
86
Error of measurement,
76-77
Ethics, research,
70,
184
Ethnicity,
see
Race/ethnicity
Event data,
10,
11,
23,
27,
47,
48,
49,
53,
219,
248,
250,
289,
368
Exercise,
8
see also
Physical therapy
back disorders,
309
carpal tunnel syndrome,
267
skeletal muscle,
206
tendons,
197,
198-199
upper extremity disorders,
314,
316,
318,
319,
320
OCR for page 478
Page 478
F
Factory workers,
see
Manufacturing workers
Family factors,
108,
159
Farm workers,
118,
332,
333
incidence and prevalence,
46-47,
50-51,
426
sprains, strains, and tears,
51,
436
Fatigue, human experience of,
3,
34,
205,
234,
326,
353
upper extremity disorders,
172,
175
Fatigue, tissue,
216,
344,
346-347
biomechanics,
226,
232-233,
269-279
defined,
185
skeletal muscle,
200,
202-203,
205,
208,
217,
226,
232-233,
269-275
spinal discs,
191-192
tendons,
216
time factors, testing,
216
Federal Employees' Compensation
program,
45
Federal Railroad Administration,
45
Females,
see
Gender factors
Fibrosis,
7,
188,
189,
192,
198,
199,
212-213,
214,
217,
229,
291,
363
Finland,
121
Food processing workers,
333,
334
upper extremity disorders,
7,
127,
130,
133,
134,
276,
316,
317-318,
438
Force, general,
20,
230,
358,
434
see also
Grip;
Pinch force/strength biomechanics,
221-222,
224,
225,
226,
253-286,
286
skeletal muscles,
205,
206
time study,
94
upper extremity disorders,
7,
102,
103,
114-115,
125,
133-134,
139,
253-286,
314,
359,
360,
364-365
Ford Motor Company,
xiv,
22,
23,
307
Forearms,
297,
450
see also
Wrists biomechanics,
233,
257,
260,
267-269,
274,
277,
278,
284
epidemiology,
111,
173,
175
preventive interventions,
315,
317,
318,
319
psychosocial stress,
297
ulnar deviation,
231,
257,
265,
274,
276,
279,
284,
448
Foreign countries,
see
International perspectives;
specific countries
Forestry workers,
127-131,
135,
136,
137,
150
Funding
research, administrative procedures,
13
research, general,
367-368,
369
G
Gender factors,
2,
4,
6,
9,
11,
32,
46,
53,
90,
153,
335,
337,
347,
365,
433,
436
age and,
39,
42,
51,
337
back disorders,
7,
39,
42,
43,
51,
53,
54,
121-124,
141-159 (passim)
biomechanics,
258,
277,
284
carpal tunnel syndrome,
55,
56,
442,
447-448
databases,
42,
43,
46,
48,
366
ergonomic interventions,
304
hormone-related conditions,
90
peripheral nerve,
212-213
psychophysical factors,
277,
298
psychosocial factors,
141-159 (passim),
163,
170,
173,
178,
179,
183,
298
relative risk,
53
upper extremity disorders,
7,
51,
134,
163,
170,
173,
178,
179,
183,
258,
277,
284,
433
Genetic factors,
2,
289,
433
see also
Race/ethnicity
Globalization,
331,
341-343,
344-345,
347
Gloves,
274,
280,
282,
284,
285
Government workers,
8,
46,
56,
60,
332,
333
public utility,
51,
322
Grip,
208,
441,
451
biomechanics,
231,
233,
258,
259,
268,
274,
275-276,
279-285 (passim),
360
pinch grip,
267,
276,
279,
448
preventive interventions,
315
see also
Power hand tools
H
HAL (hand activity level) scales,
94-95
Hammering,
85,
257,
278,
279,
281,
284
OCR for page 479
Page 479
Hands,
54-55,
340,
431,
433
see also
Carpal tunnel syndrome;
Grip;
Trigger finger;
Typing age factors,
54-55
biomechanics,
231,
254-260 (passim),
265-266,
270-281 (passim)
epidemiology,
20,
94-95,
101,
102,
125,
138,
161,
172,
173,
174,
175,
177,
178,
180,
181,
182
incidence and prevalence,
43,
53,
54-55,
57,
174,
175,
181,
436,
440-441
gloves,
274,
280,
282,
284,
285
HAL (hand activity level) scales,
94-95
power hand tools,
85,
219,
222,
255,
258,
259,
263,
268,
274,
276,
277-279,
280,
282,
315,
438
preventive interventions,
315,
319,
439-440
racial factors,
54-55
repetitive motion,
54-55,
125
time factors, activity level,
95
twisting,
55
vibration,
48,
101,
102,
212-213,
231,
260
vibration white finger (VWF),
127,
130,
131,
135,
136,
137
work stations, hand tools,
222,
259
Health and Retirement Survey,
38,
40,
58-59
Health care workers,
148,
160,
333-334,
436
see also
Nurses;
Physicians
back disorders,
53,
54,
72,
106,
148,
312
carpal tunnel syndrome,
55
hand disorders,
54-55
physical therapists, disorders among,
333-334
upper extremity disorders,
56,
163-164,
181,
318-318,
436
Hearing disorders,
48
see also
Noise
Height,
90
Hispanics,
336
Historical perspectives,
78;
330,
335,
345
absenteeism, surveillance,
306
distribution of workers,
331-334
incidence and prevalence,
49,
50,
57,
64
organizational factors,
30
preventive interventions,
308-310
Holistic approach,
see
Whole person approach
Hormones,
90,
290,
298
Hours worked,
46,
48,
136,
138,
139,
303,
344,
346-347
overtime,
161,
183,
303,
344
HSELINE,
86
Hypothyroidism,
434
I
Immigrants,
336-337
Immune response,
186
see also
Inflammatory response
psychological stress,
198,
290,
295,
299,
300
Incidence and prevalence,
19,
20,
21,
40-64 (passim),
79,
87,
435-436,
438
see also
Databases
back disorders, general,
41,
42,
43-44,
53-54,
55,
352,
435
carpal tunnel,
39,
40,
41,
43,
49,
50,
51,
56,
176,
352,
435-436,
440-443,
448-449
construction workers,
50,
53,
352,
436
farm workers,
46-47,
50-51,
426
general population vs workers,
2,
9,
18,
20,
38-39,
55,
59-60,
64,
85,
351,
354,
435
historical perspectives,
49,
50,
57,
64
manufacturing workers,
7,
22,
50-51,
53,
55-57,
351-352,
435-436
mine workers,
45,
47,
50-51,
436
patterns of evidence,
5,
6-8,
25,
27,
56,
81-82,
351-363
research methodology,
79,
87
sciatica,
42,
44
service workers,
50,
53,
177,
352
specific industries,
18
specific occupational groups,
18
spinal disk injuries,
42,
44
sprains, strains, and tears,
49,
50,
352,
435-436
tendinitis,
40,
49,
53,
54,
352,
436
time-series analysis,
70
transportation workers,
50,
51,
53,
436
upper extremity disorders, general,
40,
42,
43,
54-55,
136,
137,
160-164,
166,
169,
173,
174,
177,
181,
182,
435-436
OCR for page 480
Page 480
Individual risk factors,
2,
5-9 (passim),
19,
21,
32-33,
35,
65,
85,
90,
104,
220,
353,
364,
365,
372,
433-434,
433
see also
Attitudes;
Demographic factors;
Job satisfaction;
Self-report methods
alcohol consumption,
75-76,
442
back disorders,
25-26,
97,
106-108,
357
biomechanical loading,
33,
35
caffeine,
442
coping mechanisms,
2,
4,
23,
31,
32,
33,
35,
107,
108,
187,
189,
302,
374,
435
height,
90
interventions,
8,
21,
302
pain and functional limitations,
responses to,
2,
23,
33,
59,
108,
145,
287,
291,
365
psychosocial,
2,
21,
26-27,
31-32,
97,
104,
106-108,
294,
297,
374;
see also
“coping mechanisms” supra
smoking,
2,
4,
75-76,
90,
304,
433,
442
somatization,
26-27,
108,
149,
175,
288
upper extremity disorders,
7,
97,
294,
297,
359,
360,
442,
447-448
weight, body,
2,
4,
9,
32,
89,
304,
365,
374,
433
Industrial workers,
see
Manufacturing workers
Inflammatory response,
25,
247,
372
see also
Edema;
Fibrosis cytokines,
215,
217,
290,
299
psychological stress,
290,
299
skeletal muscle,
204,
206-207
spinal discs,
186,
190,
247
tendons,
196,
198;
see also
Tendinitis
tenosynovitis,
19,
48,
133,
134,
196,
216,
431
Insurance,
334
see also
Workers' compensation
claims data,
56-57,
96,
98,
141,
142,
151
cultural factors,
31
databases,
40,
46,
49
self-insured persons,
46-47,
55
Social Security Insurance Disability,
40
surveillance,
79
International Classification of Diseases,
20,
45,
431
International perspectives
back disorders,
121
globalization,
331,
341-343,
344-345,
347
immigrants,
336-337
psychosocial stress measurement,
96
Internet,
86,
187
Interventions,
5,
8,
9-10.
13,
21,
32,
64,
114,
286,
301-329
see also
Administrative controls;
Best practice interventions;
Clinical interventions;
Educational interventions;
Engineering controls;
Ergonomic interventions;
Exercise;
Medical care;
Modifier interventions;
Physical therapy;
Preventive interventions
attributable risk,
88
back belts,
307,
309,
310,
311,
312,
313,
436
back disorders,
8,
9-10,
109,
235,
308-314,
355-356,
362-363
cost factors,
302,
319,
324-327
databases,
45-46
definitional issues,
11
education, professional,
12,
13,
368
evaluation methodology,
8,
13,
65,
66,
69-71,
77,
79-82,
80-81,
235,
301,
308-329,
352,
358,
371,
374
job satisfaction,
305,
347
light duty,
310,
312,
320,
322,
323,
355
organizational factors,
9-10,
302,
303-304,
305,
327,
328
psychosocial factors,
27,
109,
355,
356
randomized controlled trials,
69-71,
79,
80-81
upper extremity disorders,
7,
9-10,
112,
314-320,
359,
361
Ischemia,
197,
204,
207
J
Job analysis,
93-95,
238,
304,
305,
306-307,
330,
331,
365
Job Content Questionnaire,
96
Job rotation,
7,
10,
320
OCR for page 481
Page 481
Job satisfaction,
20,
96,
104,
148-149,
156,
157,
326,
340,
347
see also
Decision latitude;
Monotonous work
back disorders,
9,
105,
106,
141-147,
149,
151,
365,
434
interventions,
305,
347
upper extremity disorders,
111-112,
169,
170,
176,
177,
178,
287
K
Keyboard work,
see
Typing
L
Labor unions,
13,
30,
172
Lifting,
334,
335,
346,
347,
365,
434
back belts,
307,
309,
310,
311,
312,
313,
436
back disorders, general,
98,
99,
100,
118-124,
236,
237-239,
244,
246,
250-251,
292,
312,
362-363,
364-365,
438
biomechanics,
225,
236,
237-239,
244,
246,
250-251
lift index, back disorders,
94
psychosocial factors,
292
repetitive, back disorders,
9,
53,
66,
67-74,
81,
119
upper extremity disorders,
139,
275
Ligaments and tendons,
see
Tendons and ligaments
Light duty,
310,
312,
320,
322,
323,
355
Litigation,
29,
31
Livermore National Laboratories,
xiv
Load-response relationships,
6,
19,
21,
98,
99,
100-101,
133-134,
138-140,
184,
220,
364
see also
Lifting biomechanics,
3,
5,
6-7,
33,
34,
35,
81,
95
spinal disc effects,
190-193
Load tolerance,
219-235,
247-249
Log and Summary of Occupational Injury and Illnesses,
48
Longitudinal studies,
88,
98,
158,
373
see also
Prospective research
back disorders,
97,
98,
100,
141,
145,
146,
147
upper extremity disorders,
97,
448-449
Lungs,
see
Respiratory diseases
M
Maintenance workers,
91,
118,
127-128,
285,
331,
333,
442
Males,
see
Gender factors
Manufacturing workers,
54,
91,
331,
332,
333,
334,
338,
345-346
see also
Food processing workers
automobile manufacturing workers,
22,
23,
56-57,
180-181,
238,
239,
275,
307
back disorders,
53,
54,
120,
146,
237-239,
312-313,
355
biomechanical studies,
237-239
downsizing,
343-344
exposure determinations,
91
incidence and prevalence,
7,
22,
50-51,
53,
55-57,
351-352,
435-436
organizational factors,
30
preventive interventions,
305-306,
318-319,
322,
355
psychosocial factors,
141,
146,
165,
340
surveillance,
305-306
technological innovation,
338-340
upper extremity disorders,
7,
55-57,
125,
126,
131,
134,
136,
137,
139,
165,
167-169,
171,
175,
176,
179,
180,
318-319,
322,
340,
352,
435-436,
448-449
Marital status,
90
Mechanical factors,
3,
29
see also
Biomechanics;
Tissue mechanobiology
Medical care,
1,
301-302,
326,
327
see also
Health care workers;
Nurses;
Physical therapy, Physicians
back disorders,
312,
313
upper extremity disorders,
294,
323
Medical records,
56-57,
63,
142,
183,
304-305,
351
MEDLINE,
86,
187
Men,
see
Gender factors
OCR for page 482
Page 482
Methodology,
see
Reporting;
Research methodology
Military personnel,
307,
442
Mine Safety and Health Administration,
45,
47,
48,
49,
60
Mine workers
incidence and prevalence,
45,
47,
50-51,
436
upper extremity disorders,
135
Minority groups,
see
Race/ethnicity
Modifier interventions,
304,
307,
312,
313,
315,
316,
320,
321,
322-323,
437,
442,
448
Monotonous work,
6,
9,
96,
105,
109,
141,
143,
145,
147,
170,
182,
287,
298,
303,
365,
434,
437
Motor neurons/units,
186,
199-209 (passim),
233,
275,
297
Muscle contraction,
see
Contraction, muscles
Muscle-tendon syndrome,
128,
133
N
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey,
38,
62
National Arthritis Data Workgroup,
435
National Center for Health Statistics,
11,
45,
61-62,
352,
366-367,
436
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
38,
41,
62
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS),
38,
39-42,
43,
45,
46-47,
52-56,
61-62,
441
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH),
11,
12,
13,
20,
45,
52-53,
65,
162,
167,
366-368,
369,
445
lift index,
94,
239,
335
NIOSHTIC database,
86
National Institute for Working Life in Sweden,
338
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases,
12,
13,
39,
368,
369,
435
National Institute of Mental Health,
13
National Institutes of Health (NIH),
2,
4
National Occupational Exposure Survey,
11,
57,
63,
79,
366-367
Neck disorders,
19,
44,
50,
56,
58,
446
biomechanics,
253
epidemiology,
85,
101,
103-104,
110,
138,
150,
153,
158,
160,
161,
173,
178,
179,
180,
182
preventive interventions,
317-322 (passim),
340
Necrosis
skeletal muscle,
204,
206,
217
tendons,
197
Nerve entrapment,
231,
234,
266-268,
443
see also
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Netherlands,
121
NIOSHTIC,
86
Noise,
57,
329
see also
Hearing disorders
Nonwork risk factors,
19,
38-39,
59,
62,
63,
89,
90,
91,
293,
335-337,
351,
432,
433
see also
Demographic factors
family factors,
108,
159
general population vs workers,
2,
9,
18,
20,
38-39,
55,
59-60,
64,
85,
351,
435
psychosocial,
7,
102,
104,
108,
110-113 (passim),
159,
287,
291,
304,
314,
358-359,
435
Norepinephrine,
see
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
Norway,
305
Nurses,
53,
72,
106,
118,
119,
120,
123,
135,
151,
170,
333-334,
352,
436
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
367-368
assessment standards,
307
databases,
46-48 (passim),
61
Office workers,
332,
333,
340-341
see also
Clerical workers;
Computer users;
Typing preventive interventions,
318-319,
322-323
upper extremity disorders,
51,
103,
138,
160-161,
166,
167,
169,
173,
174,
178,
294,
318-319,
322-323
visual display units (VDUs),
138,
160-161,
166,
182,
340-341
Olecranon spurs,
125
OCR for page 483
Page 483
Organizational factors,
3,
8,
20,
21,
30,
31-32,
33,
34,
220,
330,
331,
343-346,
353,
365
see also
Administrative controls;
Labor unions
downsizing,
343-344
interventions,
9-10,
302,
303-304,
305,
327,
328
modified work after injury,
30
upper extremity disorders,
183,
294,
314
work-related conditions, defined,
1
Osteoarthritis,
54,
125,
438
Osteoporosis,
433
P
Pain,
1,
3,
17,
21,
34,
35,
98,
158,
351,
353,
365
back disorders,
6-7,
8,
19,
20,
25,
44,
49,
53-54,
67,
431,
433-434,
436
biomechanics,
235-241,
246-248,
250-253,
287,
357-358
epidemiology,
107,
108,
109,
118-124,
141-159,
352
interventions,
308-314
preventive interventions,
301,
309,
310,
311,
312-313
psychosocial stress,
190,
291-292
sciatica,
19,
44,
145,
247,
431
biomechanics,
235-241,
246-248,
250-253,
279-284,
286,
287,
357-358,
373
databases,
44,
49
medical interventions,
302
muscle spasms,
186,
291
nonspecific,
19,
20,
101,
102,
371,
431
peripheral nerve,
185-187
personal responses,
2,
23,
33,
59,
108,
145,
287,
291,
365
self reports,
96,
97,
98
skeletal muscle,
199,
205
somatization,
26,
288
spinal nerve root,
215
stiffness,
185,
195,
198
upper extremity disorders,
433
see also
Carpal tunnel syndrome
biomechanics,
279-284,
286,
287,
360
epidemiology,
110,
127,
128,
129-131,
138,
139,
161-183,
352
preventive interventions,
315,
316,
319,
439-440
psychosocial stress,
295-299 (passim)
vertebra,
217
whole person approach,
23,
24,
25-26
Passive stretch injury,
207-208
Patterns of evidence,
5,
6-8,
25,
27,
56,
81-82,
351-363
back disorders,
6-7,
8,
351,
354-358,
361-363
causal inference, criteria for,
20,
21,
28,
66,
72-79,
87,
108,
144,
184,
352,
361-362,
446
upper extremity disorders,
7,
358-363
Peripheral nerve,
12,
25,
185-187,
210-213,
230-231,
291,
360,
372
age factors,
217-218
animal models,
213,
216
cellular processes,
12,
25,
185-187,
210-213
compression,
211-212,
217,
230-231
edema,
210-212,
213
gender factors,
212-213
pain,
185-187
temperature factors,
186,
230
time factors,
212
vibration,
212-213,
230,
231
wrist,
212-213,
see also
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Peritendinitis,
133,
196,
197-198
Physical therapy
see also
Exercise
back disorders,
8,
311
employed in sector,
333-334
upper extremity disorders,
161,
162
Physicians,
98
back disorders,
20,
32,
44
number of visits to,
1,
20
upper extremity disorders,
181
whole person approach,
24,
25
wrist,
20
Pinch force/strength,
254,
256,
260,
262,
268,
270,
276,
277,
280,
282,
284,
285-286,
317,
448
posture,
254,
256,
262,
268
Postal workers
back pain,
54,
120
biomechanics,
221
upper extremity disorders,
140
OCR for page 484
Page 484
Posture,
6,
8,
20,
57,
365,
434
see also
Bending;
Static postural loads;
Twisting
back disorders,
118,
119,
121,
251
biomechanics,
221,
257-258,
259,
266-268,
270,
279,
280,
281,
284,
286,
359-360
chairs,
318,
359
hammering,
85,
257,
278,
279,
281,
284
pinch force,
254,
256,
262,
268
preventive interventions,
315,
317,
359
psychosocial factors,
295
standing, prolonged,
120,
122,
269
time study,
94
upper extremity disorders,
7,
20,
94,
295
epidemiology,
138,
139
interventions,
315,
317,
359
Power hand tools,
85,
219,
222,
255,
258,
259,
263,
268,
274,
276,
277-279,
280,
282,
315,
438
Pre-Medline,
187
Prevalence,
see
Incidence and prevalence
Preventive interventions,
10,
12,
28,
114,
286,
301-329,
365-366,
374,
436-438,
439
see also
Administrative controls;
Clinical interventions;
Educational interventions;
Engineering controls;
Ergonomic interventions;
Exercise;
Medical care;
Modifier interventions
absenteeism,
305-306,
316-317,
319,
326,
327
age factors,
304
back belts,
307,
309,
310,
311,
312,
313,
436
back disorders, other,
8,
9,
301,
308-314,
355-356,
434
pain,
301,
309,
310,
311,
312-313
best practice interventions,
xiii,
13,
310-313,
320,
322-323,
369,
437,
439
biomechanics,
304
carpal tunnel syndrome,
267,
301,
318,
439-442,
450,
459
computer users,
315,
316,
317,
318-319,
340-341,
452
cost factors,
302,
319,
324-327
databases,
45-46
evaluation methodology,
8,
13,
65,
66,
69-71,
77,
79-82,
235,
301,
308-329,
352,
358,
371,
374
forearms,
315,
317,
318,
319
gender factors,
304
hands,
315,
319,
439-440
historical perspectives,
308-310
individual risk factors,
8,
21,
302
job satisfaction,
305,
347
light duty,
310,
312,
320,
322,
323,
355
manufacturing workers,
305-306,
318-319,
322,
355
neck,
317-322 (passim),
340
office workers,
318-319,
322-323
organizational factors,
9-10,
302,
303-304,
305,
327,
328;
see also
Administrative controls
posture, general,
315,
317,
359
psychosocial factors,
27,
109,
301-302,
316,
326,
355,
356,
436-437
safety culture,
4,
314,
327
shoulders,
317,
319
standards,
304-305,
307,
321,
328-329,
374;
see also
“best practice interventions” supra
stretching,
319,
320,
322
surveillance and,
304-306,
320-321
time factors,
319,
325,
326
typing,
315,
439-440,
450
upper extremity disorders,
7,
9,
314-320,
359,
439-440;
see also
specific disorders and extremities infra and supra
vibration,
314-315
wages and salaries,
303,
326
worker compensation,
303
workstations,
7,
8,
302,
314,
317,
318,
320,
359,
361,
452
wrist,
319,
451
Privacy,
see
Confidentiality
Prognostic research,
374
back disorders,
141,
142,
149,
153,
157,
159
Prospective research,
22,
69,
73,
77,
79,
80,
141-159,
370-371
see also
Randomized controlled trials
back pain,
86,
106,
107-108,
141-159,
153,
237
biomechanics,
237
randomized controlled trials,
69-71,
79,
80-81,
308-309,
327
upper extremity disorders,
112-113
OCR for page 485
Page 485
Psychological factors,
2,
5,
6,
20,
29,
31-35,
85,
86,
115
see also
Anxiety;
Attitudes;
Job satisfaction;
Psychosocial factors;
Social factors
back disorders,
6-7,
237,
291-292,
314,
355,
356
pain,
190,
291-292
biomechanics and,
234,
237,
275-279,
297
coping mechanisms,
2,
4,
23,
31,
32,
33,
35,
107,
108,
187,
189,
302,
374,
435
monotonous work,
6,
9,
96,
105,
109,
287,
303,
355,
434
somatization,
26-27
upper extremity disorders,
275-279,
287,
291,
358,
359
Psychosocial factors,
xiii,
2,
6,
9,
23,
32,
287-300,
353,
365,
373,
434-435
see also
Anxiety;
Decision latitude;
Depression;
Job satisfaction;
Psychological factors
age and,
141,
151
attributable risk,
141-183 (passim)
back disorders,
9,
97,
104-109,
141-159 (passim),
252,
291-292,
355,
365
pain,
190,
291-292
biomechanics and,
234,
237,
275-279,
297,
373
brain neurobiology,
290,
291
carpal tunnel syndrome,
299
computer users,
7,
347
coping mechanisms,
2,
4,
23,
31,
32,
33,
35,
107,
108,
187,
189,
302,
374,
435
downsizing,
341
emotionally stressful work,
106,
147
epidemiology,
104-113,
141-183,
370-371,
373
ergonomics,
9-10,
27,
304
evaluation of individual workers,
27
family factors,
108,
159
forearms,
297
gender factors,
141-159 (passim),
163,
170,
173,
178,
179,
183,
277,
298
immune response,
198,
290,
295,
299,
300
individual response,
2,
21,
26-27,
31-32,
97,
104,
106-108,
294,
297,
374;
see also
“coping mechanisms” supra
inflammatory response,
290,
299
international perspectives,
measurement,
96
lifting,
292
manufacturing workers,
141,
146,
165,
340
monotonous work,
6,
9,
96,
105,
109,
141,
143,
145,
147,
170,
182,
287,
298,
303,
365,
434,
437
muscle contractions,
292,
296,
297,
298
nonwork risk factors,
7,
102,
104,
108,
110-113 (passim),
159,
287,
291,
304,
314,
358-359,
435
posture,
295
preventive interventions,
27,
109,
303,
316,
326,
355,
356,
436-437
research, invasiveness of,
93
self-report methods,
95-96,
141-145,
149,
164-174
social support systems,
2,
104,
105,
109,
110,
111,
143,
147,
160-170 (passim),
178,
287,
323,
434
sociotechnical systems,
345
spinal discs,
291
tendons,
298
time factors,
95,
347
hours worked,
46,
48,
136,
138,
139,
303,
344,
346-347
overtime,
161,
183,
303,
344
stress, time pressure,
32,
96,
104,
105,
109,
171,
181,
183,
298-299,
365
upper extremity disorders,
7,
9,
97,
109-113,
160-183,
275-279,
287,
292-300,
314,
316,
358,
361,
365,
449-450
pain,
295-299 (passim)
see
specific disorders and extremities supra
Public utility workers
preventive interventions,
322
sprains, strains, and tears,
51
R
Race/ethnicity,
90,
336-337
black persons,
43,
336
carpal tunnel syndrome,
442,
447-448
databases,
43,
46-47,
48
data collection,
10,
11
OCR for page 486
Page 486
hand disorders,
54-55
Hispanics,
336
immigrants,
336-337
Radiographs,
19,
24,
25,
98,
192,
217,
431,
432,
438
Railroad workers,
45,
136
Randomized controlled trials,
69-71,
79,
80-81,
308-309,
327
Raynaud's phenomena,
48,
101,
102,
127,
134,
135,
137,
231
Relative risk,
434,
435
back disorders,
6,
53
defined,
87-88
gender factors,
53
Repetitive motion,
17,
20,
21,
93,
334,
347,
365,
434,
451-425,
439-453
see also
Carpal tunnel syndrome;
Typing;
Vibration
back disorders,
9,
53,
66,
67-74,
81,
98,
99,
437
biomechanics,
221,
224,
225,
253-257(passim),
270,
275-277,
373
databases,
48,
49
defined,
451
hand/wrist disorders,
54-55,
125
lifting,
9,
53,
66,
67-74,
81,
119
skeletal muscle,
203-206,
209
spinal discs,
9,
53,
66,
67-74,
81
sprains, strains, and tears,
51
tendons, general,
197-198,
199,
216,
217
tissue mechanobiology,
185,
372-373
upper extremity disorders, general,
7,
51,
364-365
biomechanics,
253,
270,
275-277
epidemiology,
102,
103,
114-115,
125-127,
131,
133,
134,
140,
358
interventions,
314,
359
preventive interventions,
314
Repetitive work,
see
Monotonous work
Reporting,
20,
58
see also
Databases;
Self-report methods
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
10-11,
49
confidentiality,
45,
56,
60
Mine Safety and Health Administration,
48
Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
47,
48
organization factors,
30
Research methodology,
65-82,
368-369,
370-374
see also
Animal models;
Biomechanics;
Cadaver studies, Case-control studies;
Cross-sectional surveys;
Databases;
Epidemiology;
Longitudinal studies;
Patterns of evidence;
Prospective research;
Randomized controlled trials;
Reporting;
Sampling;
Surveillance
basic sciences,
65,
66-68,
70,
77,
78,
432;
see also
Tissue mechanobiology
biostatistics,
68,
74
causal inference, criteria for,
20,
21,
28,
66,
72-79,
87,
108,
144,
184,
352,
361-362,
446
confidentiality,
45,
56,
60
confounding,
6,
68,
73-74,
75-76,
89-91,
100,
114,
145,
447
electrophysical measurements,
24,
93,
208,
225,
230,
231-232,
233,
243,
257-258,
259,
260,
263-264,
268-269,
271,
274,
275,
278,
291-292,
297,
360,
440-449 (passim)
error of measurement,
76-77
ethical issues,
70,
184
funding,
13,
367-368,
369
general population vs workers,
2,
20,
435
levels of analysis, general,
27-28
literature reviews,
85-98,
187,
253,
308-310,
439-460
preventive interventions, evaluation of,
8,
13,
65,
66,
69-71,
77,
79-82,
80-81,
235,
301,
308-329,
352,
358,
371,
374
prognostic studies,
141,
142,
149,
153,
157,
159,
374
time-series analysis,
70,
334-335
Research recommendations,
4,
8,
10-13,
19,
365-367,
370-374
Respiratory diseases,
48
Rest breaks,
111-112,
160,
161,
162,
174,
181,
183,
263,
274,
320
Retail workers,
123,
332.
436
OCR for page 487
Page 487
Risk factors, general,
9,
10,
28-35,
54-55,
59-60,
64,
72,
86-87,
364,
372,
432-435
see
Age factors;
Attributable risk;
Demographic factors;
Epidemiology;
Gender factors;
Individual risk factors;
Interventions;
Preventive interventions;
Psychosocial factors;
Race/ethnicity;
Relative risk;
Research methodology;
Sectoral/occupational breakdowns;
Surveillance;
specific risk factors
automobile manufacturing workers,
56
biomechanics,
236-286
causal inference, criteria for,
20,
21,
28,
66,
72-79,
87,
108,
144,
184,
352,
361-362,
446
confounding,
6,
68,
73-74,
75-76,
89-91,
100,
114
databases,
45,
86
education on,
12
job analysis,
93-95,
238,
304,
305,
306-307,
331
pattern of evidence approach,
5,
6-8,
25,
27,
56,
81-82,
351-363
Rotation,
see
Job rotation
Rotator cuff syndrome,
19,
197,
198,
431
automobile manufacturing workers,
56
S
Salaries,
see
Wages and salaries
Sampling,
46-49,
335
Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses,
60
back disorders,
98,
308
cross-sectional surveys,
79
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey,
38,
62
National Arthritis Data Workgroup,
435
National Center for Health Statistics,
11,
45,
61-62,
352,
366-367,
436
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
38,
41,
62
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS),
38,
39-42,
43,
45,
46-47,
52-56,
61-62,
441
National Occupational Exposure Survey,
11,
57,
63,
79,
366-367
work sampling,
94
Sciatica,
19,
44,
145,
247,
431
Sectoral/occupational breakdowns,
50-51,
64,
118-183,
331-334,
361,
366,
437-438,
447-448
see also
specific sectors and occupational categories
back disorders,
53-54,
118-124
sprains, strains, and tears,
50,
51,
435-436
Self-employed persons,
46-47,
60,
332,
343-344,
436
back disorders,
53,
352
Self-insured persons,
46-47,
55
Self-report methods,
38,
45,
46-47,
52-55,
81,
86,
91,
92-93,
96-98,
361,
435
back disorders,
108,
141-145,
149,
151,
436
carpal tunnel,
43
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS),
38,
39-42,
43,
52-56,
43,
45,
46-47,
52-55,
61-62,
441
pain,
96,
97,
98
psychosocial factors,
95-96,
141-145,
149,
164-174
standards,
95,
96,
98
time factors,
92,
95
upper extremity disorders,
101,
164-174,
181,
436,
441
Serotonin,
299
Service workers,
330,
331-333,
345-346,
452
back pain,
53,
54
carpal tunnel syndrome,
50,
435-436
gender factors,
53
globalization,
331,
341-343,
344-345,
347
incidence and prevalence,
50,
53,
177,
352
upper extremity disorders,
50,
166,
167,
177,
183,
352,
435-436
Sex differences, see
Gender factors
Shear loading,
292
biomechanics,
221,
227-228,
230,
232,
239-251 (passim),
265,
268
skeletal muscle,
206,
232,
242
tendons,
194
vertebra and discs,
191,
192,
239-251 (passim)
OCR for page 488
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Shoulders,
43,
50,
57,
340,
433,
436,
451
biomechanics,
253,
263,
264,
269,
274,
277,
278
epidemiology,
101,
103-104,
110,
111,
138,
139,
140,
150,
160,
161,
163,
166,
168,
169,
171,
173,
174,
177,
178,
179,
180,
182
preventive interventions,
317,
319
Sick leave,
see
Absenteeism
Skeletal muscle
see also
Tendons and ligaments
age factors,
209,
210,
217-218
animal models,
207-208,
216
biomechanics,
222,
225,
226,
227,
228-229,
234,
242-243
elderly persons,
209
electrophysical measurements,
24,
93,
208,
225,
230,
231-232,
233,
243,
257-258,
259,
260,
263-264,
268-269,
271,
274,
275,
278,
291-292,
297,
360,
443,
440-449 (passim)
exercise,
206
fatigue,
200,
202-203,
205,
208,
217,
226,
232-233,
269-275
force, general,
205,
206
inflammation,
204,
206-207
necrosis,
204,
206,
217
pain,
199,
205
repetitive motion,
203-206,
209
shear loading,
206,
232,
242
static postural loads,
205,
206
time factors,
203-204,
208,
226
tissue mechanobiology,
200-210,
217-218,
372-373
vibration,
208,
226
Small and medium-sized businesses,
12,
60,
343-344,
347
back disorders,
53,
312-313,
352
farms,
46-47,
60
gender factors,
53
upper extremity disorders,
322-323
Smoking,
2,
4,
75-76,
90,
304,
433,
442
Social factors,
2,
3,
5,
6,
20,
24,
29,
33-35
see also
Cultural factors;
Organizational factors;
Psychosocial factors
back disorders,
6-7
interventions,
302
support systems,
2,
104,
105,
109,
110,
111,
143,
147,
160-170 (passim),
178,
287,
323,
434
work-related conditions, defined,
1
Social Security Insurance Disability,
40
Socioeconomic status,
90
Somatization,
26-27,
108,
149,
175,
288
Spinal discs,
188-194,
217,
372,
373,
432,
433-434,
437
see also
Vertebra
age factors,
188,
189-190,
193-194,
217-218,
433
animal models,
193,
194,
216
bending,
190,
192,
249-250
biomechanics,
229-230,
239,
247-250,
252,
373
cellular processes,
188,
189-190,
192-193,
362
compression,
73,
186,
188,
191,
193,
248,
249-250
epidemiologic studies,
123,
124,
142,
153
prevalence,
42,
44
fatigue,
191-192
inflammatory response,
186,
190,
247
psychosocial factors,
291
repetitive lifting,
9,
53,
66,
67-74,
81
shear loads,
191,
192,
239-251 (passim)
tissue mechanobiology,
187-194,
217
twisting,
190,
191,
192,
249-250
vibration,
191-192
Spinal loading,
81,
93,
190-193 (passim),
235-236,
239-248,
252,
292,
354-358,
362,
363
compression,
73,
186,
188,
191,
193,
214-215,
216,
229,
237-238,
244,
248,
249-250
Spinal nerve roots,
19(n.2),
25,
185,
186,
189,
190,
210,
213-215,
217,
247,
291
edema,
214,
217
Spinal stenosis,
19
Spondyloisthesis,
19,
431
Spondylolysis,
19,
431
Sprains, strains, and tears
incidence and prevalence,
49,
50,
352,
435-436
repetitive motion,
51
sectoral breakdowns,
50,
51,
435-436
Standards
best practice interventions,
xiii
,
13,
310-313,
320,
322-323,
369,
437,
439
causal associations, criteria for,
72-77,
446
OCR for page 489
Page 489
data collection,
45,
46,
48-49,
61,
64,
304-305,
321,
366,
367,
371
diagnostic codes,
45,
321
globalization,
343,
347
OSHA assessment standards,
307
preventive interventions,
304-305,
307,
321,
328-329,
374
self-reports,
95,
96,
98
skeletal muscle injury prevention,
210
Standard Industrial Classification codes,
46,
331
Standard Occupational Classification codes,
46
surveillance questionnaires,
304-305,
321
Standing, prolonged,
120,
122,
269
Static postural loads,
8,
10,
21,
221,
365,
434
back disorders,
99,
119,
242-243
skeletal muscle,
205,
206
standing, prolonged,
120,
122,
269
upper extremity disorders,
269,
317
Statistical methodology, see
Biostatistics
Stiffness,
185,
195,
198
Strains, see
Sprains, strains, and tears
Stress, general,
159,
221,
287-300
see also
Psychosocial factors
back disorders,
9,
105,
142,
145,
237,
291-292,
365,
434
biomechanics,
234,
259
catecholamines,
290,
293,
295,
298,
299
coping mechanisms,
2,
4,
23,
31,
32,
33,
35,
107,
108,
187,
189,
302,
374,
435
cortisol,
290,
293,
295,
296,
298,
299
epinephrine/norepinephrine,
290,
298-299
immune response,
198,
290,
295,
299,
300
muscle contraction,
292,
296,
297,
298
preventive interventions,
303,
437
upper extremity disorders,
7,
9,
109-110,
160,
164-170,
173,
174,
175,
178,
179,
180,
287,
292-300,
358,
365,
435
Stretching
biomechanics,
202,
206,
207-208,
216,
227,
228
passive stretch injury,
207-208
preventive interventions,
319,
320,
322
Supplemental Security Income,
39
Surveillance,
1,
8,
10,
11,
44,
60,
79,
243,
250
see also
Bureau of Labor Statistics;
Databases;
Incidence and prevalence;
National Center for Health Statistics;
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health;
Reporting
absenteeism,
305-306
biomechanical,
243,
250
cost factors,
304-305
definitional issues,
11
manufacturing workers,
305-306
preventive interventions and,
304-306,
320-321
Sweden,
121,
122,
338
Synovial cells and synovitis,
48,
194
T
Tears,
see
Sprains, strains, and tears
Technological innovation,
330,
331,
337-343,
344,
346-347,
365
see also
Computer users
globalization,
331,
341-343
sociotechnical systems,
345
Temperature factors,
25
biomechanics,
219,
221-226 (passim),
248,
253,
255-256,
258,
260-264,
280-282
peripheral nerve,
186,
230
tendons,
194,
197,
198
time factors,
127,
134,
224
upper extremity disorders,
127,
134,
253,
255,
258,
260-264,
275,
285,
286,
358
Temporal factors,
see
Time factors
Tendalgia,
178
Tendinitis,
19,
27,
139,
216,
431,
435-436
forestry workers,
128,
133
incidence and prevalence,
40,
49,
53,
54,
352,
436
manufacturing workers,
50,
180,
435-436
peritendinitis,
133,
196,
197-198
Tendinosis,
196-198
Tendons and ligaments,
22,
183,
358,
360,
372
see also
Carpal tunnel syndrome;
Tendinitis
age factors,
51,
198-199
OCR for page 490
Page 490
animal models,
197-199,
216-217
biomechanics,
222,
227-228,
239,
247,
250-252,
265-266,
268,
373
cellular processes,
194,
196-197,
199
compression,
194,
197
cyclical loading,
196,
199,
216,
266
edema,
196,
197-198,
216
epicondylitis,
133,
134,
180,
196,
197,
216,
431
exercise,
197,
198-199
fatigue,
216
inflammation, general,
196,
198
muscle contraction,
202
muscle-tendon syndrome,
128,
133
necrosis,
197
nociceptors,
186
peritendinitis,
133,
196,
197-198
psychological stress,
298
repetitive motion,
197-198,
199,
216,
217
shear loading,
194
temperature factors,
194,
197,
198
tendinosis,
196-198
tenosynovitis,
19,
48,
133,
134,
196,
216,
431
tenovaginitis,
196
tissue mechanobiology,
185,
186,
194-199
vertebral bone and discs,
189
Tenosynovitis,
19,
48,
133,
134,
196,
216,
431
Tenovaginitis,
196
Thermal factors,
see
Temperature factors
Time factors,
2,
91,
92,
94
see also
Absenteeism;
Historical perspectives
back disorders, general,
44,
104,
105,
108,
365
biomechanics,
224,
225,
226,
258,
280,
281-284,
286,
373
bone fracture repair,
193
causal inference, criteria for,
72-73,
74-75,
77,
79,
108,
114,
184,
446
databases,
46-47
deadlines,
see
“stress, time pressure” infra
duty cycle,
207,
208,
238,
274,
345-346,
372
fatigue testing,
216
force, time study,
94
gripping,
280
hand activity levels,
95
hours worked,
46,
48,
136,
138,
139,
303,
344,
346-347;
see
also “overtime” infra
job analysis,
93-95,
238,
304,
305,
306-307,
331
job, time on,
10,
11,
30,
48,
91,
92,
94,
136,
138,
176,
366
ligament damage recovery,
251
litigation,
30
National Occupational Exposure Survey,
11
overtime,
161,
183,
303,
344
peripheral nerve compression,
212
preventive interventions,
319,
325,
326
psychosocial factors,
95,
347
rest breaks,
111-112,
160,
161,
162,
174,
181,
183,
263,
274,
320
self-reports,
92,
95
skeletal muscle damage,
203-204,
208,
226
spinal loading,
193
spinal nerve root,
215-216
stress, time pressure,
32,
96,
104,
105,
109,
171,
181,
183,
298-299,
365
temperature extremes,
127,
134,
224
tendons, repetitive stress,
197-198,
216-217
upper extremity disorders,
96,
109,
110,
111-112,
136,
138,
161,
162,
171,
174,
258,
280,
360,
446,
450
workers' compensation,
28-29,
450
Time-series analysis,
70,
334-335
Tissue mechanobiology,
5,
21,
22,
33,
184-218,
372-373
see also
Cellular processes;
Peripheral nerve;
Spinal nerve roots
animal models,
5,
22,
65,
66,
67,
184
back disorders,
6,
187-198,
213-216,
357
cadaver studies,
22,
66,
184
collagen,
188,
194,
196,
197,
198,
199,
213,
217
elbows,
186,
196
repetitive motion,
185,
372-373
skeletal muscle,
200-210,
217-218,
372-373
tendons,
185,
186,
194-199
ultrastructural responses,
199,
207-208,
216,
372,
373
OCR for page 491
Page 491
vertebral bone and spinal disc,
187-194,
217
wrists,
196
Tobacco use,
see
Smoking
Torsion,
see
Twisting
Torso,
6,
227,
246,
251,
278,
357,
362
Torts,
see
Litigation
Toxic agents,
48,
329
respiratory diseases,
48
Training,
see
Educational interventions;
Education of professionals
Transportation workers,
332,
334
back disorders,
53,
118,
119,
352,
433-434,
438
incidence and prevalence,
50,
51,
53,
436
railroad workers,
45,
136
sprains, strains, and tears,
51
upper extremity disorders,
164,
178,
436
Trigger finger,
19,
133,
431
Twisting,
9
back disorders, attributable risk,
88,
119,
120,
124,
354
back disorders, other,
98,
99-100,
119,
120,
124,
239,
244,
251,
364
biomechanics,
55,
239,
244,
270,
271,
275-276,
278
hand disorders,
55
muscle cocontraction,
232
spinal discs,
190,
191,
192,
249-250
upper extremity disorders, general,
270,
271,
278,
281,
285
wrist disorders,
55,
275-276
Typing,
51,
337,
340,
341,
439-440
biomechanics,
231,
254,
256,
257,
260,
263,
264,
268-269,
278,
280,
281
epidemiology,
103,
138
preventive interventions,
315,
439-440,
450
U
Ulnar deviation,
231,
257,
265,
274,
276,
279,
284,
448
Ultrastructural responses,
199,
207-208,
216,
372,
373
Unions,
see
Labor unions
United Auto Workers,
xiv,
56
Upper arm,
101,
111,
186,
253,
278,
253
see also
Shoulders
V
Vertebra
see also
Spinal discs
age factors,
188,
189-190,
193-194,
217-218,
433
biomechanics,
229-230,
250,
252
cellular processes,
188,
189-190,
192-193,
362
compression,
186,
188,
191,
192
cyclical loading,
192,
216
shear loading,
191,
192,
239-251 (passim)
tissue mechanobiology,
187-194,
217
Vertebral endplates,
188,
190,
193,
248-249
Vibration,
57,
93,
219,
434
back disorders,
9,
98,
99,
118-122,
433-434
biomechanics,
221-226 (passim),
230,
231,
233,
254,
255-256,
258,
260-264,
268,
270-273,
274,
276,
277-278,
280,
281-283,
286
peripheral nerve,
212-213,
230,
231
skeletal muscle,
208,
226
spinal discs,
191-192
upper extremity disorders,
7,
48,
364-365
biomechanics,
254,
255-256,
258,
260-264,
270-273,
286
epidemiology,
101,
102,
103,
114,
125-131,
134-137,
139,
140,
314
hands, general,
48,
101,
102,
212-213,
231,
260
power hand tools,
85,
219,
222,
255,
258,
259,
263,
268,
274,
276,
277-279,
280,
282,
315,
438
preventive interventions,
314-315
Raynaud's phenomena,
48,
101,
102,
127,
134,
135,
137,
231
Vibration white finger (VWF),
127,
130,
131,
135,
136,
137
Viscoelasticity,
195
Visual analog scale,
94-95,
142,
154,
234,
277
Visual display units (VDUs),
138,
160-161,
166,
182,
340-341
OCR for page 492
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W
Wages and salaries
job satisfaction,
146
loss of,
1,
8-9,
17,
58,
63
preventive interventions,
303,
326
Washington State, workers' compensation,
45,
46-47,
55-56,
57-58,
62
Weight factors, body,
2,
4,
9,
32,
89,
304,
365,
374,
433
upper extremity disorders,
7,
359,
360,
442,
447-448
Weight factors, object handled
upper extremity disorders,
254,
272
Whiplash, cultural factors,
31
Whole person approach,
9,
23-27,
216,
234-235
Wisconsin, workers' compensation,
57-58
Women,
see
Gender factors
Workers' compensation,
28-29,
55-56,
57-58,
64,
90,
155
absenteeism and,
28-29,
58
back disorders,
55,
144,
149
cultural factors,
31,
449
defined,
36
preventive interventions,
303
somatization,
26-27
upper extremity disorders,
55,
449-450
Washington State,
45,
46-47,
55-56,
57-58,
62
Workers' Compensation Programs,
Department of Labor,
45,
56-57
Workstations,
259,
275-276,
278,
298,
339,
346
see also
Computer users;
Typing chairs,
318,
359
hand tools,
222,
259
preventive interventions,
7,
8,
302,
314,
317,
318,
320,
359,
361,
452
Work style model,
295-296
World Health Organization,
1,
89
World Wide Web,
see
Internet
Wrists,
340,
431
see also
Carpal tunnel syndrome
biomechanics,
255,
257-258,
260,
261,
262,
263,
265-267,
268,
270,
274,
275-279,
282,
284,
360,
363
epidemiology,
20,
102,
111,
125,
126,
138,
172,
174,
175,
177,
178,
180,
181,
182
incidence and prevalence,
43,
51,
54,
57,
181,
436,
440-441
nonspecific,
19
peripheral nerve,
212-213
physician visits,
20
preventive interventions,
319,
451
tissue mechanobiology,
196
twisting,
55,
275-276
X
X rays,
see
Radiographs
Representative terms from entire chapter:
extremity disorders
