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OCR for page 217
Index
A
Aiken, Howard, 25
American National Standards Institute, 46
American Telephone and Telegraph
Corporation, 131
Artificial intelligence, 37
Automotive industry
joint ventures between U.S. and Japan,
28-29
program for displaced workers, 9
B
Baby boom cohorts
earnings inequality and, 110
effect on U.S. labor markets, 53, 55, 62
effect on Western European labor
markets, 56
Bell Canada, effects of automation on
occupational groups within, 90-91
Bell Telephone Laboratories
basic research investments, 35
transistor development by, 25
Benetton Group of Italy
effects of changes in organizational
structure, 125
Biotechnology
definition, 49
217
development trends and employment
implications, 49
Blacks
differential technology impacts on,
113-117, 174
unemployment rates, 57, 115- 116
Blue-collar workers
duration of unemployment, 58-59
occupations contributing displacements,
59-60
training differentials between
white-collar workers and, 139, 141,
152
unemployment trends, 56-57
wage losses on reemployment, 59
Buffalo Dislocated Worker Demonstration
Program, 150
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
computer price index, 31
Current Population Survey, 57
educational attainment forecasts,
66
methodology for incorporating
technological change in employment
projections, 96
productivity growth rates, 74
projections of labor force participation
rates, 62-65, 96
survey of displaced workers, 57-59
OCR for page 218
218 INDEX
Bureau of the Census, U.S.
occupational categories in blue-collar
employment, 60
unemployment rates by worker group,
57
Business Roundtable, 157
C
California Employment Training Panel,
151-152
Canada, growth rates in unit labor costs,
productivity, and compensation, 83
Career mobility, effects of computer-based
technologies on, 127-128, 174
Caterpillar, Inc., offshore production
losses, 81
Chemicals industry, rates of innovation in,
31
Clerical workers
black women, 115
displacement of, 89-90
employment forecasts for, 117-119
skill changes, 102-103
Committee on Science, Engineering, and
Public Policy (COSEPUP)
Panel on National Security Controls on
International Technology Transfer, 37
Panel on Secondary School Education
for the Changing Workplace, 121, 185
_
Communications services, sectoral
employment and output changes in,
75-76
Communications Workers of America, 131
Compensation
international comparison of, 82-84
see also Earnings; Wages
Competitiveness in foreign trade
effect of technological change on, 17-18,
21, 81-82, 85
importance to U.S. living standards,
68
Comprehensive Employment and Training
Act of 1973, 146-147
Computer numerically controlled machine
tools
displacement of workers by, 48
use rates in U.S., 43-44
Computer-integrated manufacturing
development trends and employment
implications, 48
displacement of workers by, 48
organizational change required for, 28,
126
product redesign and, 27
product standards in, 46
reduction of U.S. offshore sourcing of
subassemblies, 81
Computers/computer-assisted technologies
adoption costs of, 45, 47
career mobility and, 128
commercialization of, 26
desktop data processing, minicomputers,
102
diffusion of, 43, 95
early market studies for, 25
innovation and productivity growth in,
74
product standards role in, 46-47
sales, 52
training, 99, 153
worker displacement by, 90, 95
workstation use growth rates, 44
see also Information technologies
Construction
output growth in, 75
Corporation for Open Systems, 46
Counseling, 6, 20, 155
D
Deere and Company, product redesign by,
27
Deskilling, 128; see also Skill changes
Diffusion of innovations/technology
definition, 26-27
factors affecting, 27, 41-44
measures of, 31
obstacles to, 41-47
rates, 27, 29, 32, 41, 49
Digital information transmission,
contribution to international
technology transfer rates, 39
Disadvantaged workers, factors affecting
employment, 57
Discrimination, racial, 116
Displaced workers
adjustment strategies for, 4, 6-12,
143-159; see also Worker adjustment
adult education for, 153
assets, 59
assistance for, 8-9, 88, 131, 154-155,
170-171
characteristics, 144-146
definition, 57-58
educational attainment, 60
estimation of population of, 9, 57
evaluation of programs for, 149-151
OCR for page 219
INDEX 2 19
federal training and income support
programs for, 146- 149, 170
funding for programs for, 9
minorities, 115
private adjustment programs, 153-155
reemployment of, 61, 115
retraining, 6, 9, 131, 144-145, 147-149,
151, 155
skill levels, 6, 170
state programs for, 151 - 152
unemployment durations of, 6, 57-58,
144, 170
women, 119
Displacement of workers
causes of, 20, 57, 60-61
by computer-assisted manufacturing
technologies, 48, 125
duration of unemployment from, 58-61,
115, 119
extent of, 143
financial consequences, 59
geographic implications, 59, 115
in manufacturing, 106
by office automation, 89-90
by robotics, 48, 91-94
technology adoption rate and, 5
trade-related, 5, 61, 76, 79-80
unemployment share caused by, 57-58
U.S. trends in, 32, 57-61
Downriver Community Conference
Economic Adjustment Program, 150,
155
DuPont Company, basic research
investments, 35
E
E.
arnlngs
definition, 106
growth rates of, 52-54, 169
inequality in distribution of, 106,
108-111, 173
losses associated with reemployment
after displacement, 59, 144
technological change and distribution of,
106-111
see also Compensation; Wages
Eckert, J. Presper, 25
Educational attainment
displacement and, 60
gender-based and racial differences in,
66-67, 117, 119, 143, 172
growth in, 143
income and, 67-68, 172
projections, 66-67
skills and, 100
U.S. labor force contrasted with other
nations, 68-70
U.S. trends in, 65-69
Electronics industry, offshore production
by, 81
Employment effects of technological
change
in biotechnology, 49
in computer-integrated manufacturing,
48
findings, 168-176
forecasting, 41, 92-98, 114, 117-119, 173
gradual nature of, 5
in information technologies, 47-48
in manufacturing, 51-52
in materials technologies, 48-49
influences on, 86-87
international trade-related, 17-18, 20-21,
52, 68, 76-79
levels and wages, 4-5
quality of data on, 164- 166, 175- 176
sectoral composition of jobs, 53, 74-77,
92-93
studies of, 86-99
see also Displacement of workers;
Unemployment
Employment growth, 53, 55, 76-77, 85,
90-91, 125
Employment opportunities
forblacks, 12, 113-117
in construction, 53, 55
for disadvantaged workers, 57
on financial services, 53
in insurance industry, 53, 102
for labor force entrants, 12, 119-121, 170
for women, 12, 117-119
Engineers
displacement by computer-aided
manufacturing technologies, 48
projected supply of, 63
Export controls
on commercial spillovers from defense
R&D, 37-38
see also International trade
F
Farming, employment projections for, 95
Financial services
displacement of clerical workers in, 90
product innovation and productivity
growth, 73
OCR for page 220
220 INDEX
sectoral employment and output changes
in, 74-75, 77
Firm size
diffusion of technology and, 42, 46
use of robotics and, 44
see also Small companies
Foreign companies, worker displacement
from technological change in, 61
France
educational attainment in, 70
growth rates in unit labor costs,
productivity, and compensation,
83
R&D investment, 35, 38
unemployment levels, 56
G
General Motors (GM), contrasts in
productivity and product quality,
28-29
Government
output growth, 75
programs for adjustment of displaced
workers, 146-151
Great Britain, see United Kingdom
H
Hazards, workplace, 124- 135, 175
Health insurance, coverage lost by
displaced workers, 59
High-technology industries, offshore
production by, 81, 158
Hispanics, unemployment rates, 57
I
Income support, 4, 147-149, 154-155
Income, household
distribution of, 106-109
family structural changes and, 108-109
measures of, 107
tax policy and, 109
Income, per capita
educational attainment and, 67-68
effects of technological change on, 1, 3,
16
Information technologies
development trends and employment
implications, 47-48
diffusion rates, 31-32, 44
displacement of clerical workers by,
89-90
effect on organizational structure of U.S.
firms, 125-126
innovation and productivity growth in,
74
job skill changes in, 115-116
product standards role in, 46-47
relationship to occupations with
projected declines in employment,
96-97
see also Computers/computer-assisted
technologies
Innovation
costs, 26-27
definition, 25-26
development expenditures, 27, 35
diffusion of, see Diffusion of innovation
employment growth from, 90-91
firm size and, 42
geographic shifts in, 32
influences on, 26-27
introduction of, 100
measuring rates of, 30
process, 2, 24, 51, 89
product, 24-25, 51, 73, 90
rates, 32
see also Technological development
Insurance industry
displacement of clerical workers in, 90
sectoral employment and output changes
in, 74-75, 77
Insurance, unemployment, 145, 148-149
International Business Machines
Corporation (IBM)
basic research investments, 35
desktop printer redesign, 27-28
product standards development by, 46
International trade
effects on employment, 2, 5, 17-18,
20-21, 52, 68, 76-79
importance to U.S. living standards, 68
Invention
definition, 25
influences on, 26
measuring rates of, 30
rates, 32
Italy
educational attainment in, 70
growth rates in unit labor costs,
productivity, and compensation, 83
J
Japan
automotive industry, 28-29
OCR for page 221
INDEX 22 1
computer numerically controlled
machine use in, 44
educational attainment, 69-70
growth rates in unit labor costs,
productivity, and compensation, 83-84
job-related skills training in, 138, 143
labor market structure, 141
organizational techniques affecting
productivity and quality, 28-29
R&D investment, 34, 38
Job creation rates, 56
Job search assistance, 4, 6, 8-9, 20, 144,
147, 151, 155
Job security, 129-131
Job Training Partnership Act of 1982, Title
III, 6, 8, 10, 146-147, 150-152, 155, 170
L
Labor costs
in U.S. and foreign manufacturing, 81-84
lowering of, 2-3, 21
Labor demand
determinants of, 19, 71
impacts of technological change on, 71
reductions, causes of, 55, 172-173
technologies enhancing, 48
trends in, 71-77
Labor force
civilian, definition, 62
educational attainment of, 65-69
gender and racial composition, 63-64
growth in, 61-62, 172
illegal immigrants in, 64-65
two-tiered, 106, 110, 123, 128, 174
unionized, 130-133, 135, 159
Labor force entrants
differential technology impacts on,
119-121, 174
educational attainment of, 65, 68-70
effects of labor supply and demand on,
61
employment opportunities, 12, 119-121,
170
occupational distribution of, 120-119
skill change adjustments by, 142
skill level requirements, 6, 11, 20,
120-121, 143
training of, 11, 143
Labor force participation rates,
projections, 62-65
Labor supply
determinants of, 19
growth in, 54
influence on unemployment, 61-62
projections, 61-65
scientists and engineers, 63
Labor-management relations in
implementation of innovation, 129-133
Layoffs
advance notice of, 4, 6, 10-11, 131, 155,
170
training prior to, 152
see also Displacement of workers
M
Managers/management
displacement by computer-aided
manufacturing technologies, 48, 125
need for consultation between work
force and, 132-133, 174-175
Manpower Development and Training Act
of 1962, 146-147, 149-150
Manufacturing industries
case studies of skill changes in, 101-102
durables, worker displacement in, 59,
145
employment growth in, 53, 55, 76-77, 85
employment shifts to services sector,
109, 125
exports, 77-78
flexible systems, 29, 44
high-technology, 109-110
impact of robotics on, 91-92
inequalities in employee earnings
distribution in, 109-110
interactions among technological change,
productivity growth, output growth,
and employment in, 91
output growth, 75-77
productivity growth in, 72-74, 81-84
role of technological change in, 77
unit labor costs in, 81-84
wage declines in, 109
Materials technology, development trends
and employment implications, 48-49
Mauchly, John, 25
Microelectronics industry, hazards created
by technological change in, 134
Microelectronics-based,
machine-controlled technologies,
displacement of workers by, 48
Miniaturization, 26
Mining
interactions among technological change,
productivity growth, output growth,
and employment in, 91
OCR for page 222
222 INDEX
output growth, 75-76
Monitoring worker exposure to hazardous
substances, 135
N
National Alliance of Business, 158
National Association of Manufacturers,
157-158
National Center on Occupational
Readjustment, 158
National Commission on Technology,
Automation, and Economic Progress,
88, 146
National Research Council
Committee on Occupational
Classification and Analysis, 123
Committee on the Effective
Implementation of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, 28, 101,
127, 129
Panel on Engineering Labor Markets,
63
Panel on Technology and Women's
Employment, 31, 90, 92, 95, 117
Netherlands, educational attainment in, 68,
70
New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.,
success of, 29
Newly industrializing countries, U.S.
sourcing of subassemblies in, 81
o
Occupations
classifications of, 100, 123
with projected declines in employment,
96-97, 114, 117-118
sources of skill improvement training by,
140
Office automation
case studies of, 102-103
displacement of workers by, 89-90
product standards in, 46
skill changes resulting from, 89,
102-103
U.S. investment rates in, 44
Organizational change
interaction with technological change,
27-29
Organizational structure
impact of technological change on,
122-128
of U.S. firms, 123-126
Output
changes in sectoral composition, 74-77
growth in, 72-74
p
Patents, growth in number of, 31
Perkins Vocational Education Act of 1984,
146, 149
Philadelphia Area Labor-Management
Committee, 155
Plant shutdown, advance notice of, 4, 6,
10-11, 155-159
Policy recommendations
adoption of new technologies, 12-15,
186-188, 190-191
advance notice of plant closures and
layoffs, 10-11, 183-185
data collection and analysis, 13-14,
188-190
education for managers, 192-193
equal employment opportunity, 12, 117,
119, 186
health and safety implications of
technological change, 15, 190
labor-management collaboration in
technology adoption, 14, 190-192
training for labor force entrants, 11,
185-186
worker adjustment, 4, 7-12, 178-186
President's Commission on Industrial
Competitiveness, 158
Product quality
after notifying employees of plant
shutdown or layoffs, 157
organizational changes affecting, 28-29
productivity measures and, 30-31
Product redesign, organizational change
required for, 27-28
Product standards, role in information and
computer technologies, 46-47
Production workers, displacement by
computer-aided manufacturing
technologies, 48
Productivity
after notifying employees of plant
shutdown or layoffs, 157
basic skill contribution to, 99
best practice and average, 93
declines, causes of, 54
difficulties in measuring, 73
growth in, 30-33, 54, 72-74, 81-84, 88
international comparisons of, 82-84
labor, 2, 30, 32, 52, 73, 88
OCR for page 223
INDEX 223
manufacturing, 73-74, 81-84
measures of technological change, 30-32
multifactor, 30, 32
nonmanufacturing vs. manufacturing,
73-74
organizational change and, 27-28
R&D investment relation to, 34
unemployment and, 72
Profitability
effect on diffusion of innovation, 42
organizational change and, 27
of R&D investment, 40
Q
Quality of employment
importance of technological change to, 88
organizational change and, 27
R
R&D investment
federal, 35-38
foreign, 34, 35, 38-40
industrial, 27, 33-35
as measure of inventive or innovative
activity, 30
productivity and, 34
profitability of, 40
relation to U.S. exports, 78-80
tax treatment of, 34
Real estate, sectoral employment and
output changes in, 74-75, 77
Reemployment, wage levels associated
with, 59, 61
Regulation
effect on diffusion of innovation, 27, 42-43
of hazards in workplace, 135-136, 175
of mandatory advance notice of plant
shutdowns and layoffs, 158
Research
basic, 34-35, 38
Robotics
displacement of workers by, 48, 91-95
reduction of workplace hazards with, 134
use in U.S. industry, 43-44, 95
S
Safety, workplace, opportunities created
with technological change, 134- 135,
175
Science and technology policy
recommendations, 12-13, 186-188
Scientists, projected supply of, 63
Secretary of Labor's Task Force on
Economic Adjustment and Worker
Dislocation, 57-59, 158
Service industries
diffusion studies of, 43
employment growth, 53, 77, 125
output growth, 75
quality of data on employment and
output, 74
skill and wage levels in, 79, 106
Skill level changes
from adoption of computer-assisted
technologies, 45-46, 89, 127- 128
effects on blacks, 114, 116
for entry-level jobs, 116, 127
findings on, 169
in manufacturing, 101-102
multiskilling, 127-128
organizational change and, 27, 127-128
projections of, 5-6
recommended adjustments for, 4
studies of, 99-103
Skills, basic
contribution to productivity, 99
for labor force entrants, 11, 20, 142- 143,
170
minority access to education in, 117
Skills, job-related
definition and measurement, 100
educational attainment and, 100
increased training in, 127
Small companies
product standards effect on, 46
training provided by, 127, 139-140
use of robotics by, 44
Standard of living, importance of
technological change to, 16, 88
Studies of technological change
aggregate analyses, 94-98, 100
and distribution of earnings and income,
106-111, 173
and employment impacts, 86-99
and impact on compensation of worker
sectoral changes, 105-106
individual firms, industries, or
occupations, 89-94
input-output methodology, 94-98
interactions among technological change,
productivity change, output growth,
and employment, 91
and level of earnings, 103-106
in manufacturing, 101-102
office automation, 102-103
OCR for page 224
224 INDEX
and organizational structure, 122- 123, 173
policy-oriented, 87-89
recommendations for, 12-13
and sectoral changes in employment,
92-94
skill requirements and, 99- 103
weaknesses and difficulties in, 13, 86,
93-96, 98, 100, 123, 173
Sweden
automation investments, 44
educational attainment in, 70
job-related skills training in, 138
R&D public investment focus, 38
T
Taxes
effects of policy changes on household
income distribution, 109
R&D investment and, 34
Technological change
adjustments required for firms and
individuals, 3-4
adoption strategies, 123, 129-133, 169
benefits of, 1-2, 16-17, 88-89
defining, 24-32
economic effects of, 16-19, 87-88, 169
effect on U.S exports, 78-80
employment effects of, see Employment
effects of technological change
jobs affected by, 19-20
labor-management relations and, 129- 133
measuring, 29-32
organizational dimensions of, 27-29,
122-128
policy-oriented studies of, 87-89
quality of data on, 160-166, 175-176
rates, 12-15, 21, 31, 41, 171, 186-188,
190-191
skill requirements and, 99-103
sources, 32-40, 171
stages in, 25-26
studies, see Studies of Technological
change
unit labor costs and, 82-83
worker displacements related to, 61
worker health and safety and, 134-136
Technological Trends and Employment
(TEMPO) project, 92-93
Technology
civil versus military, 37-38
description of key technology "clusters"
with employment implications, 47-50
diffusion of, 40-47; see also Diffusion of
innovation
Technology transfer, rates of, 2-3, 5, 32,
71, 126, 169
Telecommunications
contribution to international technology
transfer rates, 39
product innovation in, 74
Temporary National Economic Committee,
studies of technological change
impacts, 87-88
Temporary worker industry, growth in,
125
Texas Department of Community Affairs
evaluation of displaced worker
programs, 150
Texas Instruments, silicon junction
transistor, 26
Toyota production system, 28-29
Trade adjustment assistance for displaced
workers, 147-148
Trade, wholesale and retail
employment growth, 53, 77
output growth, 75
Training
adequacy of current system, 142-143
basic skills, 4, 143
costs, 46, 127, 133
differential between blue-collar and
white-collar workers, 139, 141, 152
of displaced workers, 9-10, 146-148
firm size and, 139
increased need for, 127-128
job-related, 138-143
for labor force entrants, 11, 143
on-thejob, 99
sources, 138-141
upgrades for employed workers, 149
Transistors, development of, 24-26, 46
Transportation industry
employment growth, 53
output growth, 75
Turnover rates in manufacturing
employment, 129-130, 141
U
U.S. companies, organizational structure
of, 122-128
U.S. economy
labor supply and demand within, 51-85,
171-173
sectoral composition of jobs in, 53
sources and rates of technological
change in, 24-50, 171
OCR for page 225
INDEX 225
structural and performance changes in,
51-55
technological change and welfare of, Video display terminals, 134
16-19
U.S. exports, effect of technological
change on, 78-80
Unemployment
age, race, and gender correlates of, 57,
60, 115-117
aggregate, 19, 55-57
benefits, displaced workers receiving,
59
causes of, 54
compensation, 8-9, 145, 148-149
displaced worker share in, 6, 57-58
duration, 56, 58-61, 115, 119, 156, 170,
172
geographic region and, 59
labor supply influence on, 61-62
skill level mismatches causing, 55-56
strategies for reducing, 54-55
structural, 19
trends in, 52, 55-61, 88-89
women's contribution to, 55
youth rates, 57, 121
see also Displacement of workers
Unemployment insurance, 148- 149
Unions
bargaining over adoption strategies for
technological change, 130-133
contract provisions for displaced
workers, 130-131, 154-155
contract provisions for
employer/employee sharing of training
costs, 141
decline in pattern bargaining, 131
requirements for notification of plant
shutdowns and layoffs, 159
role in structuring U.S. firms, 124
United Auto Workers-Ford program for
displaced workers, 9, 155
United Kingdom
educational attainment in, 69-70
growth rates in unit labor costs,
productivity, and compensation,
83
public R&D funding, 35
sectoral studies of employment and
technological change in, 92-93
unemployment levels, 56
Utility industry
employment opportunity trends in,
53
output growth, 75
V
W
Wages
multiskilling and, 127
studies of, 53-54
see also Compensation; Earnings
West Germany
automation investments, 44
educational attainment in, 69-70
growth rates in unit labor costs,
productivity, and compensation, 83-84
job-related skills training in, 138
R&D investment, 34, 38
unemployment rates, 56
White-collar workers
duration of unemployment, 59
wage losses on reemployment, 59
Women
distribution of earnings by, 108
effect on labor markets, 53, 55, 62
employment opportunities for, 117-119,
174
labor force participation effects on
family income, 108-109
Worker adjustment
through adult education, 153
through advance notice of plant
shutdowns and layoffs, 155-159
basic skills training for labor force
entrants, 143
costs of programs for, 9-10
current policies for, 137-159, 175
demonstration and experimental
programs for, 8
effectiveness of programs, 166- 167
employment services for, 8
federal loans for, 8
federal training and income support
programs for, 146-151, 170
income support for, 8
through job-related training, 138-143
private programs for, 153-155
quality of data on, 166-167
recommended strategies for, 7-12
state programs, 151-152
unemployment compensation, 8-9, 148-149
see also Training
y
Youth unemployment rates, 57, 121
Representative terms from entire chapter:
labor force
