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OCR for page 143
Index
A
Airports, sea level and, 98
Alaskan coast, 45
Alpine glacier contributions to sea
level rise, 27
Antarctic contribution to sea level
rise, 27
Antarctic deglaciation, 26
Anthropogenic subsidence, 11
Aquifers, coastal, 113
Artificial islands, sea level and,
115-116
Atlantic City tide gauge records,
14-15
Atlantic coastal plain, 41~3
Auto-subsidence, 11
B
Back-barrier marshes, 65
Barrier chains, coastal
compartment, 41
Barrier island coasts, 47
Barrier islands, 41
aOuter Banks" type, 42
Barrier width, 57
Bay shores, bulkheading along,
70-71
Beach erosion, 6; Cc also Erosion
143
Beach Erosion Board, 32
Beach nourishment, 75-79
with groins, 79
Beach profiles, equilibrium, 59~60
Beaches
perched, 7080
sandy, sec Sandy coastlines
Bluff retreat, 61-62
Boston levees, 101-102
Brackish marshes, 65-66
Breakwaters
offshore, 8~81
rubble-mound, 105
sea level and, 105
Bridges, sea level and, 108-109
Brnun rule, 2, 53-57
Buildings, commercial and
industrial, sea level and, 109
Bulkheading along bay shores,
70-71
Bulkheads, 74-75
C
Carbon dioxide monitoring, 24-25
Century, sea level rise per, 17
Chlorolluorocarbons, 13, 25
Cliff retreat, 61~2
Closed basins, 56
OCR for page 144
144
Closure, depth of, 55
Coastal aquifers, 113
Coastal armoring, 3
Coastal compartment barrier
chains, 41
Coastal Engineering Research
Center, 32
Coastal landform type, shoreline
erosion rate according to, 51
Coastal land-use planning, 3
Coastal processes research, funding
for, 8
Coastal projects, feasibility studies
for, 7
Coastal structures and protective
techniques, 3, 72-91
beach nourishment, 75-79
bulkheads and sea walls, 74-75
engineering case studies, 82-91
Galveston case study, 82-84
groins, 73-74
Harrison County, Mississippi, case
study, 86-87
Miami Beach case study, 86
Netherlands case study, 84-86
offshore breakwaters, 8~81
perched beach, 79-80
revetments, 75
storm surge barriers, 81
Terminal Island case study, 90-91
Tybee Island, Georgia, case
study, 87-90
Coastal wetlands, sec Wetlands
Coastal zone sea level rise effects,
40-71
Coastlines
sandy, sec Sandy coastlines
U.S. continental, 40-45
Commercial buildings, sea level
and, 109
Conclusions, 4-6, 122-124
Continental coastlines, U.S., 4~45
Continental shelf, 35
Coral reefs, 43
Crustal subsidence, ace Subsidence
Cuspate coast, 42
D
Dalrymple, Robert A., 137-138
INDEX
Dean, Robert G., 137
Decisions, 1 17-121
national policy, 121
strategic, 117-120
Deglaciation, antarctic, 26
Delta Project, 81, 85
Deltaic coast of Louisiana, 44
Deposit slopes, 56
Depth of closure, 55
Dikes, 84
Diversion of rivers, 94
Docking areas, sedimentation of,
102-105
Drains, flooding and storm,
110-112
Drowned-valley concept, 52
Dry docks, sea level and, 107-108
Dynamic equilibrium model, 59-61
Earthquakes, 11
Ebb tidal delta, 62~3
Economic {actors, 118-119
E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) effects, 11-12
Emergency action, 124
Engineering case studies, 82-91
Environmental factors, 12~121
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 64
Equilibrium beach profiles, 59~0
Equilibrium profile, 53
Erosion
beach, 6
at Ocean City, 60 61
shore, Cc Shore erosion
Erosion impact, 32
Estuaries
freshwater intakes from upstream
regions of, 114-115
sedimentation of, 102-105
Estuarine marshes, 65-66
Eustatic contribution, equation for,
28-29
Eustatic rate, global, 19
Eustatic sea level rise, 1-2, 11
scenarios of, 28-30
Eustatic signal, 18
OCR for page 145
INDEX
F
Fairbridge, Rhodes W., 138
Feasibility studies for coastal
projects, 7
Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), 36
Federal research funding effort, 12S
Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRMS), 36
Flood tidal delta, 62~3
Flooding and storm drains,
110-112
Florida Keys, 43
Florida's east coast, 77-79
Fresh water, perched, 113
Freshwater intakes from upstream
regions of estuaries, 114-115
Freshwater marshes, tidal, 66
Fending efforts, federal research,
125
Funding for coastal processes
research, 8
G
Galveston case study, 82-84
Gates
of levees, 101
navigation, 106
Gauges, tide, ace Tide gauges
Geodetic leveling, 20, 21
Geodetic leveling profile, 22
Geologic record of sea level, 12-13
Geological/geographical factors,
12~121
Geomorphological and geological
analysis, 20, 21
Glacial process models, 26
Glaciated coast, 41
Glacio-eustasy, 11
Global eustatic rate, 19
Global Positioning System (GPS),
21
Global temperature, mean, 27-28
Global warming, v, 11, 94-95
Golden Gate Bridge, 108-109
Graving docks, 107
Great Lakes, 55, 56
Greenhouse effect, 1, 94-95
Greenhouse gases, 9, 11, 13
145
Greenland, contribution to sea level
rise, 27
Groins, 73-74
beach nourishment with, 79
Gull Coast, 42, 43-44
H
Harbors, sedimentation of, 102-105
Harrison County, Mississippi, case
study, 86-87
Highways, sea level and, 108-109
Historical trend analysis, 51-53
Hotels, sea level and, 112
Hurricanes, 56
Hydrodynamic processed, 34-39
storm surges, 34-36
tidal ranges and currents, 36-37
waves, 37-39
Hydrologic recycling, 94
I
Industrial buildings, sea level and,
109
Inlet cross-sectional area, 37
Inlets, tidal, 6204
Insular tide gauges, 17
Interior ponding, 69
International Association of
Geodesy (TAG), 20
International Union for Quaternary
Research (INQUA), 20
International Union of Geology and
Geophysics (I\JGG), 20
J
Japan, subsidence in, 97
Jetties, 14, 64
sea level and, 105
Juneau tide gauge records, 14-15
Landfills, sea level and, 115
Land-use planning, coastal, 3
Leatherman, Stephen P., 138
Levees
gates of, 101
sea level and, 98-102
Littoral drift, 58
OCR for page 146
146
Littoral transport, 33
Louisiana, deltaic coast of, 44
M
Maintenance capability, 11~120
Maintenance costs, 79
Malls, sea level and, 112
Man-made subsidence, 11
Marsh accretion rates, 67-68
Marsh loss, processes of, 69
Marsh plants, 65
Marshes
back-barrier, 65
estuarine (brackish), 65-66
tidal freshwater, 66
Mean sea level, arc Relative mean
sea level
Mesotidal coast, 42~3
Methane, 25
Miami Beach case study, 86
N
Narrow shelves, 56
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 20
National Ocean Service (NOS), 20
ITS sheets, 52
National policy decisions, 121
Navigation channels, sediments of,
102-105
Navigation gates, 106
Nearshore ridges, 58
Netherlands case study, 84-86
New York City tide gauges, 22-23
Nitrous oxide, 25
Northeasters, 56 .
Nummedal, Dag, 138-139
o
O'Brien, Morrough P., 139
Ocean City, Maryland, erosion,
60~1
Office of Technology Assessment
(OTA), 64
Offshore breakwaters, 8~81
Offshore platforms, sea level and,
115-116
Offshore sediment transport, 60
INDEX
`'Outer Banks type barrier
islands, 42
Overfill ratio, 54
Overtopping, 80
p
Pacific atolls, 18
Pacific Coast, 44-45
Pacific rim, 4~41
Peat outcrops, 47
Perched beach, 7080
Perched fresh water, 113
Piers, sea level and, 106-107
Pilkey, Orrin H., 139
Pinch-out depth, 54-55
Pipelines, sea level and, 110
Planetary spin-rate effects, 17
Folders, 82, 84-86
Ponding, interior, 69
Power plants, sea level and, 109
Profile equilibration, 75-76
Profile retreat, 55
Railroads, sea level and, 108-109
Recession rate multiplier, 77
Recommendations, 6-8, 124-125
References, 126-135
Relative mean sea level, 4-5, 023
alternative responses to rise in,
72-95
assessment of changes in, 24-30
causes of rise of, 11-12
contribution to future rise in, 27
controlling rate of rise in, 94-9S
difference in secular changes of, 16
effects and responses of rise in,
31-33
estimates of future rise in, 24-28
geographical distribution of
worldwide change of, 19
methods of observing, 1023
past changes in, 12-19
present best estimate of changes
in, 10
rise effects in coastal zone, 40-71
risk of accelerated rise in, 123
temporal estimates of future rise
in, 27
OCR for page 147
INDEX
Research funding effort, federal
125
Residential centers, sea level and,
112
Response strategies for specific
facilities and systems,
assessment of, 96-116
airports, 98
breakwaters, sea walls, and
jetties, 105
commercial and industrial
buildings, 109
dry docks and wet docks, 107-108
flooding and storm drains,
11~112
highways, railroads, bridges, and
vehicular tunnels, 108-109
hotels and malls, 112
landfills and waste disposal sites,
115
levees, 98-102
navigation gates, 106
offshore platform s and artificial
islands, 115-116
piers and wharves, 106-107
pipelines, 110
power plants, 109
residential centers, 112
sedimentation and, 102-105
water supply systems, 113-115
Retreat from shoreline, 31, 91-94
e ~ ~ e
engmeermg, geologic, and
economic considerations,
93-94
mechanisms of, 92-93
Return period, storm, 323
Revetments, 75
Risk, degree of, 119
Rivers, diversion of, 119
Rubble-mound breakwaters, 105
S
Sacramento-San Joaquin delta,
98-101, 114
Salinity intrusion, 2-3
San Francisco tide gauge records,
14-15
Sand, nourishment, 75-79
Sand bypassing, artificial, 63
147
Sand ridges, linear, 58
Sand rights, concept of, 12~121
Sand system, 33
Sand transport, 57
Sandy coastlines, 2, 45~1
Brnun rule, 53-57
dynamic equilibrium model,
59-61
geologic indicators, 46~8
historical record, 48-49
historical trend analysis, 51-53
sediment budget approach, 57-59
techniques of projecting shoreline
retreat due to sea level rise,
49~1
Satellite altimetry, 20, 21
Scenarios of eustatic sea level rise,
28-30
Sea level
eustatic rise in, ecu Eustatic sea
level rise
geologic record of, 12-13
range of estimates available,
17-19
relative mean, sec Relative mean
sea level
rise in twentieth century, 13-17
rise per century, 17
Sea walls, 74-75
sea level and, 105
Seaports, sedimentation of, 102-105
Secular change difference, 16
Sediment budget approach, 57-59
Sediment transport, offshore, 60
Sedimentary accretion, 47
Sedimentation of seaports and
harbors, 102-1(~5
Seiching conditions, 102
Seismic subsidence, 11
Setback lines, 33, 92-93
Shallow water forecasting
relationships, 39
Shore erosion
national assessment of, 48
rate of, 50
historical, according to coastal
landform type, 51
Shoreline, retreat from, ace Retreat
from shoreline
Shoreline stabilization, 31
OCR for page 148
148
Social factors, 119-120
Spin-rate eRects, planetary, 17
Stabilization projects, 118-119
Steric-expansion eustatic sea level,
11
Storm damage, 32
Storm drains, 110-112
Storm return period, 32
Storm surge barriers, 81
Storm surges, 34-36
maximum, 35
Straight barrier coast of Texas, 44
Strategic decisions, 117-120
Sturges, Wilton, III, 139
Subsidence, 11
in Japan, 97
local rate of, 30
Subsidence processes,
T
Tectonic phenomena, 11
Temperature, mean global, 27-28
Temporal estimates of future sea
level rise, 27
Terminal Island, 23
case study, 90-91
Tcrpen, 84
Texas, straight barrier coast of, 44
Thames barrier, 81
Thermal expansion contributions
to sea level rise, 27
Tidal freshwater marshes, 66
Tidal inlets, 62-64
Tidal prisms, 3037, 62-63
Tidal ranges and currents, 36-37
Tide gauge analysis, 20, 21
Tide gauge data, 14-17
Tide gauge pairs, 16
Tide gauges, 2
insular, 17
of New York City, 22-23
Transgressive pulse, 47
Trend analysis, 51
Tunnels, vehicular, sea level and,
108-109
Turning basins, sedimentation of,
102-105
Tybee Island, Georgia, case study,
87-90
INDEX
U
Uplift, local rates of, 30
U.S. continental coastlines, 40 45
V
Vehicular tunnels, sea level and,
108-109
Vlied~crger~ 84
W
Warming, global, v, 11, 94-95
Waste disposal sites, sea level and,
llS
Water depth, 39
Water supply systems, sea level
and, 113-115
Wave action effects, 3
Wave-cut cliffs, 47
Wave damping, 38
Wave height, 38-39
wind-generated, 39
Waves, 37-39
Wet docks, sea level and, 107-108
Wetlands, 64-71
human-induced changes in, 69-71
prospects for, 71
Wharves, sea level and, 100107
Wide shelves, 56
Wiegel, Robert L., 140
Wind-generated wave height, 39
Wind stress surge, 35
Windmills, 84
Working and economic life, 96
Zuider Zee, 85
Representative terms from entire chapter:
level rise
