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OCR for page 259
Index
A
Abice concolor, 130, 150, 151, 158
Aeric Haplaquents (soil subgroup),
126
Aerosol production, 61-62, 197
Agriculture, 12,:129, 134-137,
156-157
Agrostis sp., 151
Air Bow patterns and air mass
types, 23-35, 24 (figure),
166-170, 168 (figure), 169
(figure)
Air quality, effects of changes in
lake level on, 5, 12, 166-170,
179, 182, 197-198
Algae
ammonium and, 57, 58, 186
effects of changes in lake level and
salinity on, 4, 14, 77-79,
187-190, 188 (table)
free water requirements of, 206
limited by nitrogen and
phosphorus, 57-58, 72
in Mono Lake food chain, 5, 14,
57-58, 69-72, 91
as primary producers and
decomposers, 69-72
seasonal dynamics of, 72
259
tufa formations and, 61
Cc also specific types of algae
Alkali flats, as nesting area for
snowy plovers, 13, 121, 182,
198
Alkaline Herbs (vegetation type),
143, 149
Alkalinity, 6, 14, 19, 50, 57, 58, 69,
70, 71, 91, 92, 103, 127, 129,
143, 147
Alluvial fans and sediments, 124
(figure), 125, 152, 154-156,
160, 200, 203
Amclanchicr sp., 150
Ammonium, 57-58, 70, 83, 186
Aquatic animals, effects of changes
in lake level and salinity on,
187-190, 189 (table); ecu ale o
specific types of animals
Aquatic arthropods, sec Brine flies;
Brine shrimp
Aquatic biology, effects of changes
in lake level and salinity on, 2,
4, 10, 69-92, 179, 183,
187-190, 206; ecc also specific
types of play and arums
OCR for page 260
260
Aquatic birds, effects of changes in
lake level on, 2, 5, 6, g, 12,
92-93, 96, 102-103, 106,
163-165, 179, 182, 183,
190-193, 192 (table), 193
(table), 206-207; Cc ale o Birds
and specific types of bird
Aquatic pelagic organisms
ecological aspects of, 69-77
physiological aspects and salinity
tolerances of, 77-92
arc also specific types of orgy
Aquatic plants, effects of changes
in lake level and salinity on,
187-190, 188 (table); sec also
apcafic typo of play
Aqueducts, 135
Aquents (soil subgroup), 126
Aquilegiaformosa, 151
Arabie spp., 160
Aragonite, 60, 64
Aral Sea, 17
Arctoetaph~'los patula, 158
Aridsols (soil group), 123, 126
Arsenic, 58, 64, 79
A~temiafranc~cana, sec Brine shrimp
Artemia Monica, Cc Brine shrimp
Artemia saline, ace Brine shrimp
Artem"ia tridentat4 Cc Big
sagebrush
Ashfalls, 132-134
Aster sp., 150, 151
Astragalw sp., 160
Atnplez canc~cens, 127
Avalanches, 127-129, 131
B
Bacteria, as primary producers and
decomposes, 69, 70-72
Bald eagle (Haliactus Icucocc~halus1.
163
Bahia h~sopifolia, sec Smother-weed
Baja occidental", 150, 151
Bicarbonates, 50, 57, 60, 63
Big sagebrush (Artem~a tridentata),
130, 146, 147, 148, 158, 159,
160, 161
Index
Biology of Mono Lake, 69-110; ecc
also Aquatic biology and
specific typ" of play aM
animus
Birds
ecological characteristics of,
215-225
effects of changes in lake level on,
2, 5, 6, 9, 12, 92-93, 96,
102-103, 106, 179, 182, 183,
190-193, 192 (table), 193
(table), 206, 207
numbers and migratory patterns
of, 2, 5, 92-110
as secondary consumers, 5, 14, 70,
92-110, 163-165, 190-193
use of shoreline or upland
habitats by, 163-165
Cc To Pacific tics of bit
Bishop, California, 26, 27
Biting midge ~ C~icoidc~
occidentally), 76
Bitterbrush (Pwshia t~dentata),
130, 131, 146, 147, 158, 159,
160,
Black cottonwood (Popular
trichocarpa), 150, 151,152; sec
ado Cottonwood
Black Point, 37, 126, 133, 148
Blaney-Criddle method of moisture
budget analysis, 38
Blue-green algae, 61
Boron, 58, 64
Bound water, 79
Bridgeport Creek, 29, 60, 195, 196
Brine dies (Eph~d~a Can)
bioenergetic~ of, 91
effects of changes in lake level and
salinity on, 5, 9, 90-92,182,
188-190,189 (table), 191, 207
fluidity and circulation of, 90-91
as food for California guile, 70,
92-93, 109, 110
as food for eared grebes, 70,
92-93, 95-96, 110, 191
as food for phalaropes, 5, 70,
92-93, 101-104, 110, 190, 191,
207
free water requirements of, 79,
90-91, 206
OCR for page 261
Index
as primary consumers, 1, 14, 70,
76-77
reproductive characteristics of,
77, 90
seasonal variations of, 76-77
sodium pump in, 91-92
spatial distribution of, 77
Brine shrimp (Artc~ua Monica; A.
fraruc~cana; A matinal
bioenergetics and fecundity of, 89
effects of changes in lake level and
salinity on, 4-5, 9, 78, 86, 87,
89, 91-92, 182, 188, 189
(table), 191, 207
effects of pHi on diapause cysts
of, 82, 85, 86
effects of temperature on
diapause cysts of, 86-87
fluidity and circulation of, 87-89
as food for California gulls, 5, 69,
92-93, 106, 109, 110, 190, 207
as food for eared grebes, 5, 69,
70, 92-100, 110, 190, 207
as food for phalaropes, 5, 70,
92-93, 101-104, 110, 207
free water requirements of, 79,
80-84, 88, 89, 188, 206
reproductive characteristics of,
73-75, 84-86
response to meromixis of, 186
as primary consumers, 1, 14, 69,
70, 73-76
seasonal abundance of, 73-75, 74
(figure)
sodium pump in, 88-89, 91-92
spatial distribution of, 75-76
vertical mixing and, 58
water activity (aw) and, 84:)-84, 81
(table), 83 (figure), 88, 89
Brook trout (Saluclinw fontinali`),
162
Brown trout (Salmo Greta), 7, 162,
205
Bulrush (Scirpw decadent), 143,
146
Bunchgrass, 136-137
C
Cain Irrigation Company, 135
261
Cain Ranch, 37, 132
Calcite (calcium carbonate), 19, 59,
60, 61, 63, 64
Calcium, 14, 19, 50, S9-60, 63-64,
136
Calcium chloride, 17
California Department of Fish and
Game, 163
California gulls (Laws califorr~cu~)
breeding habits of, 105-107
brine flies as food for, 70, 92-93,
109, 110
brine shrimp as food for, 5, 69,
92-93, 106, 109, 110, 190, 207
ejects of changes in lake level on
nesting habitats of, 106, 182,
192, 193 (table)
islands as nesting areas for, 2, 5,
92, 104, 105, 107-109, 182,
191, 192, 207
numbers and migratory patterns
of, 2, 92-93, 104-110, 191-192
plover chick e as food for, 164
California Wilderness Act, 8
Camborthide (soil subgroup),
126-127
Carbon dioxide, 18, 27, 59, 61
Carbonates, 14, 18, 19, 50, 57, 59,
60, 63, 69, 70, 72, 170
Farce douglaJii, 159, 161
Carc2 lanugino~a, 151
Care z praegracd", sec Sedge
Catch lip., 146, 150, 151
Cattle, 134, 136, 156, 165
Ccar~othw velutinus, 158
Ccrcocarpw Icdifolfw, 130
Charadrius aiczandrinw, em Snowy
plovers
Chemical stratification, effects of
changes in lake level on,
183-187, 206
Chemistry of Mono Basin, 1, 4,
16-19, 50, 56-65, 179, 183-187,
206-207
Chenopodiumfremontdi, 146
Chloride, 50, 56, 57, 60, 63, 64, 82
Chlorophyll, 72, 73 (figure)
Chrysotham~us namcosus, ecc
Rabbitbr~sh
Chr~othamnus 5p., 146, 160
OCR for page 262
262
Chry~othamnw v~cidi~orw, 159
C!comcila parvi~ora, 143
Climatology of Mono Lake, 9,
12-15, 22-27, 179
Corny sp., 150
Cloud formations, 167-168, 168
(figure), 169 (figure)
Contest ~tolorufcra, 152
Cottonwood (fop ulna sp.), 153,
157-158, 203, 204; Cc also
Black cottonwood
Cottonwood Creek, 11, 29
County Park Tufa area, 34, 147,
148, 194, 196
Cowtrack Mountain, 11, 14
Coyote Islet, 109
Coyotes (`Canu lairaru), 108
Preps sp., 160
C7tenocladu~ circinnaiw, 72, 79, 187
Cutthroat trout (Salmo clarb.), 162
Cyanobacteria, 72
Cyclones, 23-24, 25
Cyst hydration, 79-84, 82 (table),
83 (figure)
D
Dark kangaroo mice (Microdipodops
mcgaccphalw polion;tw), 166
Dead Sea, 17
Dechambeau Creek, 11, 194
Deer flies ( Ch~sops sp.), 76
Deflation, 61-62
Diatoms, 61, 64, 78, 91
Dissolved oxygen, 18, 56, 59
Distich~ epicata, sec Saligrass
Drought, 5, 24-26
Dry Creek, 60
Dry Open (vegetation type), 146
Dry Scrub (vegetation type), 146
Dunalicila parka, 79
D~alidla sp., 79,187
Durorthidic Xeric Torriorthents
(soil subgroup), 125, 126
Durorthidic Xeric Torripsamment
(soil subgroup), 125, 126
Dust storms, 6, 25, 166-170,
197-198
Dystric Xerorthent (soil subgroup),
125, 126
Index
Eared grebes (Podiccps nigncollu)
brine flies as food for, 70, 92-93,
95-96, 110, 191
brine shrirmp as food for, 5, 69,
70, 92-100, 110, 190, 207
effects of changing lake level on,
192 (table)
estimate of numbers of, 94
(figure)
fat reserves and Bight range of,
96-100, 98 (figure)
numbers and migratory patterns
of, 2, 92-100, 191-192
Earthquakes, 134
Ecological responses to changes in
lake level, 3-7, 179-211
Electrical conductivity (EC), 143,
144, 149
Elko, Nevada, 25, 27
El Nino-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) phenomena, 26
Ely, Nevada, 25, 26, 27
Elymw sp., 151
ElymuJ t~icoidc~, 150
Entisole (soil group), 122, 125, 126
Ephydra hiana, ecc Brine dies
Epilobium adenocaulon, 143
EpRobium sp., 151
Eriogonunm sp., 160
Erosion, 127, 129, 131, 169, 156,
170-173
Evaporation, 1, 3, 9, 14, 25, 28, 38,
40-41, 43, 44, 45, 57, 183; sec
ago Terrestrial
evapotraD spiration
Evapotranspiration, JCC Terrestrial
evapotranspiration
F
Filamentous green algae, 61, 72
Fire, 11, 129-132, 157, 165
Fish, 2, 7, 9, 14, 18, 69, 133, 139,
161-163, 205; JCC also specific
type of fish
Flash floods, 25, 129
Fluoride, 58, 64, 79
OCR for page 263
Index
Foxtail barley (Hordc~m jub~um),
143, 146
Free water
required by algae, 206
required by Artenua ealina, 80
required by brine dies, 79, 90-91,
206
required by brine shrimp, 79,
80-84, 88, 89, 206
Fresh water
available for vegetation, 5-6, 139,
42, 147, 148-149, 154-158,
198-205
bacteria in, 71
California gulls and, 107
evaporation rate of, 44, 46
mixing with saline water, 4,
53-56, 185-187
physical properties of, 51-53
radionuclides in, 18
red-necked phalaropes and,
102-103
volume of, 17, 183, 185
Wilson's phalaropes and, 102-103
ecc also Groundwater; Stream~lows
G
Geochemical evolution of Mono
Basin, 62-65
Geology of Mono Basin, 12-15, 51
Glaciation, 14, 15, 37, 122, 160
Goats, feral, 108
Golden trout (Salmo aguabonita),
162
Granites and metasedimentaries,
14, 59, 123, 126 (table), 128
(table), 160
Grant Lake, 11, 151, 152, 203, 204
Grazing, 12, 129, 134, 136-137
156-157, 165
Greasewood (Sarcobatus
vc~culatue), 127, 131, 143,
146, 159, 160
Great Basin
air flow patterns in, 23-25, 24
(figure), 166-170, 168 (figure),
169 (figure)
bacterial concentrations in, 71-72
263
California gull population of, 105,
192
eared grebe population of, 192
ephydrids in, 90
{all and rise in lake level of, 25-27
fish in, 161-163
phalarope population of, 101, 192
synoptic-scale systems and air
masses in, 23-25
precipitation patterns in, 23-27,
167, 169 (figure)
topography of, 1, 12-13, 121-122
vegetation studies in, 148
weather stations in, 25-26, 27
(figure)
Great horned owl (Bubo uirgiruanus),
109
Great Salt Lake, 17, 25, go, 93, fog
Green algae, 72, 78, 79
Groundwater
availability for vegetation, 5-6,
39, 142, 148-149, 154-156,
198-205
chemical constituents of, 50,
59-60, 183
data assessment of, 33-37
locations of transects for
sampling, 33 (figure)
movement of, 30-37
nearshore circulation of, 22,
31-32, 121, 194-196
in water balance models, 39-43
ace also Fresh water; Stream~lows
Gulf of California, 25, 97
Gulf of Mexico, 23, 25
E
Haplaquents (soil subgroup), 126
Hard substrate (tufa and
mudstone), area of, 190 (table)
Hiking, 139
Holomictic circulation, 53
Horde um j~aturn, ecc Foxtail barley
Hot springs, effects on lake
chemistry, 62-65, 71
Hydrogen sulfide, 63, 186
Hydrogeomorphic events, 127-129
Hydrologic cycle, 27-39
OCR for page 264
264
Mydro~gk~1 modeb, ~. Riveter
balance modeb
Hydrology ofh4Ono B "ln'10,
12-13~22-48
Mydrometeoro~gy ofhiono B "in'
^^-^,
I
Iustre ~ Fog Increments
age thod o logy OFIhi] mod e ~ of
Ash h~blt~ts,163
Inyo Craters,122
Inyo Natlon~1 Fb~st'135~138
, 1~
Ion ~ctlvlty,1~4~9~14~50' ~65,
80~82~84~183
Irrlg~tlou'26~1 ~ 135~152
Islands
erects ofchangeslul ^ levelon,
5,g,182~191~193~207 Stabled
as new ~ ~~ O~ Charm
gulb,2~5,92,104~105,
10~10g'182~1gl'192~207
. .^ . . ,
J pee (~ id, ~0~13o,
132~138~150~151~152~158'
15g,160
ago- 6~` .~' Wire rush
;~- _ 143
'~- sp.l142~146~150
Junlper(~n. sp]~132~138'
158
~u~. ~ 158-160
'~n~ n" o~ns~ 130~158
Lakelevel
~re~ ofl~ke bed exposed ~t
dlR~=nt,195 0ab~)
eco~g~ r~pon"~ to changesln'
2-7~17g-211
_ ~^ ~, ~ 1~1
eR~cts ofet~ ~ Do. on~g~l4
183~1g4-196~20K4205~202
(t~ble)~2 ~ 211
eScts ou ~lr qu~lky'5~12'
166-170~179~182~197-198
eScts on ~lgae,4~14~77-7g,
18~190~188 (t~ble)
eScts on ~qu~tlc ~nlm~ls'
187-190~189 (table)
eSctson ~qu~tlc b~log~ 2~4~10,
69-92~179~183~187-190~206
eR~cts on ~qu~tlc pl~nts,187-190,
188 (t~ble)
eScts on blrds,2~5~6~9~12,
92-93~96~102-103~106,
163-165~179~182~183,
19~193~192 (t~ble)~193
(tsEle)~206-207
eR~cts on brlne Bles,5~9,gl-92,
182~188-190~18g (tible),lDl,
207
eScts on brlneshrl~p,4-5~9,
91-92~182~188~189(tible),
191~207
eScts on chem k~lstr~lAc~tlon'
18~187~206
eScts on Ash'161-163
eScts on bl~nds'5'g,182~1gl,
193~207 (t~ble)
eScts on ~ ~ m~ls,165-166~205
eR~cts on s~llulg~ 4-5~14~44-48,
183-187~206-207
eR~cts on shoreUne en~lronment,
2I5-6,g,12~121~142,
17~173~179-183~180 (Agure),
181 (Ogu~)l182 (Agure)~183,
19~200~201 (t~ble)~206~20g
eR~c~ on snowy plovem,5~6~163'
164-165, 1821 198' lOg (table)
eScte on tu~ ~rm~t~ns,5~6lg,
12~170~179~182~196~1g?
(t~ble)~209
eScts on upl~nd en~l=~ment,2,
3, ~'gl121~183~200-205,
206
eR~cts on veget~tlon,5-~,g, 12
127l130~13g,142~14~148'
16~161~182' 183, 198-200,
201 (table)~208-210
eR~cts on w1~11~6~8,g, 10-11
161-166~179~183~205
equlllbrlum ve~us Oow'145
(Ogure)
OCR for page 265
Index
historical measurements of, 184
(table)
hydrologic processes affecting,
27-39
LADWP records of, 16, 17
(figure)
major ecological effects of,
208-209 (table)
precipitation patterns and, 9, 13,
25-27
predicted salinity values for, 184
(table)
prehistoric and historic changes
in, 15-16
ranges of, 2-4, 179-183, 180-181
(table), 206, 210 (figure)
water balance models for
predicting, 6-7, 22, 43, 39-48,
204
Lake Russell, 15, 133
Lake Tahoe, 56
Land-air interface, 121,166-170
Land use, history of, 134-139
Land-water interface, 121, 170-173
Lams califorrucw, ace California gulls
Las Vegas, Nevada, 25, 26, 27
Lee Vining, California, 11, 169
Lee Vining Creek, 6, 7, 10,11, 29,
37, 45, 134, 135, 142, 150, 151,
152, 155, 156, 157, 162, 163,
173, 200, 203
Lee Vining Tufa Area, 196
Lcprodactylon pungent, 160
Lightning, 25, 130, 132
Lithium, 58, 64
Littoral organisms,
ecological aspects of, 69-77
physiological aspects and salinity
tolerances of, 77-92
Lodgepole pine (Pings cordorta),
129, 150, 151, 158
Logging, 134, 138
Long-legged alien (Hydropheru~
plumicu~), 76
Long Valley, 122, 134, 135
Los Angeles, California, diversion
of Mono Basin water by, 1, 2,
7, 8, 9, 11, 16, 53, 135, 152,
155-156
265
Los Angeles Department of Water
and Power (LADWP)
groundwater studies by, 32-37,, 33
(figure), 34-35 (figure), 36
(table)
lake level records of, 16, 17
(figure)
plans to use IFIM m - el by, 163
precipitation records of, 13
surface runoff studies by, 30
water balance model of, 39-48, 46
(figure), 183-185, 204
Lundy, California, 137
Lundy Canyon, 125
Lundy Land Company, 37
Lupinue praten~u, 151
M
Mahogany, 132
Magnesium, 19, 50, 60,63-64,136
Mammals,
ecological characteristics of,
226-229 (table)
effects of changes in lake level on,
165-166,205
sec also Wildlife and specific
mammals
Mcr~zel~a torrcyi, 148
Meromixis, 4,18,53,55-56, 72,
185-187,206-207
Merriam's shrews, 166
Mesozoic era, 14
Methane, 71,186
Milford, Utah, 25,26,27
Mill Creek, 11, 29,135,138,173,
194
Minudue 9uH~w, 143
Mim~lw sp., 150
Minerals
as major component of Mono
Lake water, 50, 56-65
precipitation of, 4,50,56-65,185
in salt lakes, 18-19,50
in surface water and groundwater
59-60
ecc also speci.~ mincers
Mining, 134, 137-138
Miocene epoch, 14
Mirabilite, 63, 185
OCR for page 266
266
Muted sedimentaries, 126 (table),
128 (table)
Mixolimnion, 53, 73
Moisture balance equations, 40-43,
42 (table)
Moisture budget models, 28, 38-39,
60, 64
Mollisols (soil group), 122, 125
Mono Basin and Mono Lake
animals in, Cc Mammals;
Wildlife; and specific tack of
a?urnale
aquatic pelagic organisms of,
69-92
area capacity for Mono Lake, 52
(figure), 183-185
birds of, ace Birds and specific types
of birds
biology of, 2, 4, 10, 69-92, 179,
183, 187-190, 206
chemistry of, 1, 4, 16-19, 50,
56-65, 179, 183-187, 206-207
climatology of, 9, 12-15, 22-27,
179
compared with other salt lakes,
16-19
deflation in, 61-62
density of, 50, 51, 53, 54
earthquakes in, 134
ecological characteristics of birds
of, 215-225 (table)
ecological characteristics of
mammals of, 226-229 (table)
fires in, 11, 129-132, 157, 165
fish in, ecc Fish and specific tack of
fish
geochemical evolution of, 62-65
geology of, 12-15, 51
glaciation in, 14, 15, 37, 122, 160
grazing in, 12, 129, 134, 136-137,
156-157, 165
historic land use in, 134-139
hydrogeomorphic events in,
127-129
hydrology of, 10,12-13, 22-48
hydrometeorology of, 22-27
land-air interface in, 121, 166-170
land-water interface in, 121,
170-173
littoral organisms of, 69-92
Index
location of, 1, 8, 10 (figure), 11
(figure), 12
logging in, 134, 138
major ecological effects of changer
in lake level on resources of,
208-209 (table)
mining in, 134, 137-138
morphometric parameters for, 51,
52 (figure)
natural events in, 121, 127-134
physiography of, 12-15, 50, 51-56
precipitation in, Cc Precipitation
prehistoric and historic changes in
lake level, 15-16
primary consumers in, 1, 14, 70,
73-77, 79-91
primary producers and
decomposed in, 69-72, 77-79
recreation in, 138-139, 161
roads in, 137
salinity of, sec Salinity
secondary consumers in, 5, 14, 70,
92-110
shoreline environment of, Cc
Shoreline environment
shoreline of, at various lake
elevations, 179-183, 180
(figure), 181 (figure), 182
(figure), 195 (table)
soils of, see Soils and specific
pro - ~ and Croup of of voile
surface elevations of, 17 (figure)
surface fluctuations of, 16 (figure)
temperature of, 13, 51-53, 54
(figure)
topography of, 1, 12-15, 121-122,
123 (figure)
total dissolved solids in, 4, 32, 55
(figure), 57, 78, 89, 90-91, 195
tufa formations in, ecc Tufa
formations
upland environment of, Cc
Upland environment
vegetation in, ecc Riparian
vegetation; Vegetation; and
~peci~c typce of vegetation
volcanic activity and ashfall in,
14, 15, 37, 62-65, 121, 124
(figure), 129, 132-134,161
OCR for page 267
Index
water balance models for, sec
Water balance models
water diverted from, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9,
11, 16, 53, 135, 152, 155-156
water level in, sec Lake level
water mixing in, 4, 53-56
water motions in, 54-55
wildlife in, sec Mammals; Wildlife;
and specific tack of - disc
ecc alto cntrice im~ncdiatcly following
Mono Basin Ecosystem Study
Committee
established, 8-9
nature of study by, 9-12
summary and conclusions,
206-211
Mono Basin National Forest Scenic
Area
congressional request for study of,
2, 8-12
established, 2,8
location of, 1, 8, 10 (figure), 11
(figure)
vegetation map of, 159 (figure)
sec also Mono Basin and Mono
Lake
Mono Craters, 11,14,15, 16, 122,
124, 125,132, 133, 138, 158,
160
Mono Lake Tufa State Reserve, 8,
170
Monomictic circulation, 53
Mosquitofi.~h (Gambia a1fin;~), 162
Mount Conness, 122
Mount Dana, 122
Mount Lyell, 122
Mount Lyell shrews, 166
Mount St. Helens, 132
Mountain beavers, 166
Mudstone, area of, 190 (table)
MuNcnber~a aspcnfolia, 143
Mahicnbergia sp., 150
N
Nonnoc~on~ 5p., 72
National Research Council, 2,8-12
Natural events, 121,127-134
Navy Beach, 146,194
267
Negit Island, 10, 11, 14,108,109,
122,124,148,190
Nitrogen, 50,56,57-58, 70,72
Nitzechia f~wtulum, 72
Nutrients, 50,55-56, 72,207
o
Old Marina, 32,34,146,194,196
Ord's kangaroo rats, 166
Orthids (soil subgroup), 126
Or~zopsiJ h~noidcs, 160
Owens sucker (Cato~tomw
fumouentru), 162
Owens Valley, 15,24,135,167-168
p
Pacific Ocean, 1, 14,23,24,25,97,
167
Pacific willow (Saliz la~andra), 151,
153
Paleozoic era, 14
Panamint chipmunks, 166
Panamint kangaroo rats, 166
Panum Crater, 37,133
Paoha Island, 10, 11, 14,15,54,60,
61, 107, 108, 122, 126, 133,
149,173
Parker Creek, 11, 29, 45,135
Pelagic organisms
ecological aspects of, 70-77
physiological aspects and salinity
tolerances of, 77-92
Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinate),
163
pH, of soils, 19, 149
Phalaropes
brine dies as food for, 5, 70,
92-93, 101-104, 110, 190, 191,
207
brine shrimp as food for, 5, 70,
92-93, 101-104, 110, 207
effects of changes in lake level on,
192 (table)
numbers and migratory patterns
of, 2, 92-93, 100-104, 191-192
sec also Red phalaropes;
Red-necked phalaropes;
Wilson's phalaropes
OCR for page 268
268
Phalaropus fulicariue, sec Red
phalaropes
Phalaropw lobatus, Cc Red-necked
(northern) phalarope~
Phalaropw tricolor, sec Wilson's
phalaropes
pHi, effects on diapause cysts of
brine shrimp, 82, 85, 86
Phioz longifolia, 160
Phosphorus, 50, 56, 57-58, 60-61
Phreatophytes, 38, 142, 157
Physiography of Mono Basin,
12-15, 50, 51-56
Phytobenthos, sec Algae
Phytoplankton, sec Algae
Pinup albicaulu, 158
Pinus cordorta, ace Lodgepole pine
Pinw jcffrc~, sec Jeffrey pine
Pinyon pine (Pinw monoph?ila),
129, 130, 132, 138, 158
Pinyonjuniper woodland, 130, 158
Playas, 5, 6, 164, 169, 209
Pleistocene epoch, 15, 61
Poa sp., 150, 151
Pocliccps rugricollia, sec Eared grebes
Pole Line Road, 136, 137
Polypogon sp., 143
Populus sp., sec Cottonwood
Pop ulna trem?Joidcs, sec Quaking
aspen
Populw trichocarpa, ecc Black
cottonwood
Post Office Creek, 29, 129
Potassium, 50, 63, 80
Precambrian era, 19
Precipitation
average annual, 30 (table)
gaging stations for, 28-30, 30
(table), 31 (figure), 43
in Great Basin, 23-27
lake level and, 9, 13, 25-27
measurements of, 13, 28-29
in Mono Basin, 9, 13, 22-27,
28-29, 167,169 (figure)
natural events and, 127-129
riparian vegetation and, 154-155
upland vegetation and, 160
in water balance models, 40, 41,
43
Index
weather stations for, 25-26, 27
(figure)
Pronghorns, 165
Protozoa, 69, 70, 73
Pn~nw ander~onii, 146, 147, 148,
159, 160
Pr?`nw sp., 150
PJathyrotce anruta, 146,148
Puccincilia airoidce, 143
Pumice dunes, as nesting area for
snowy plovers, 164
Pure water (Po), 80
Purshia tridentata, Cc Bitterbrush
Pygmy rabbits, 165, 166
Pyramid Lake, 17, 25, 26, 71
Q
Quaking aspen (Poppa tremuloidce),
130, 150, 151, 152, 158
Quaternary period, 14
R
Rabbitbrush ( Ch? yJolkamn~u
nauscoe=), 130, 142, 146, 147,
148, 159
Radionuclides, 18
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdacri),
162, 205
Rainfall, ace Precipitation
Ranunc~dw cyrnbalaria, 143, 146
Recreation, 138-139, 161
Red phalaropes Phalaropw
~icar~w), 100
Red-necked (northern) phalarope
(Phalaropw loba;l;us~), 2, 10~104,
190, 191-192
Rena, Nevada, 25, 27
Rhamnw califorruca, 150
Rhyolitic ash, 124, 125, 126 (table),
128 (table), 132-133
Riparian vegetation and habitats
biotic components of, 139,
150-158
effects of changing streamflows
on, 6-7, 9, 12, 154-158,
200-205
effects of fire on, 157
effects of grazing on, 156-157
OCR for page 269
Index
environmental factors influencing,
154-157
mammals utilizing, 165-166
precipitation and, 154-155
regeneration and
evapotranspiration of, 38,
157-158
types of, 150-153
water available for, 154-158,
200-205
Riparian vegetation communities
Abice concolor-Populue trichoca~pa,
151
Bctula occiderdalu-Saliz: la~olepis,
150
Cares prac~racil - Junew battier,
151
Pinw contort~Populw tremuloidce,
150
Pinw cordort~Popul?" *ichocarpa,
151
Pinw jcffrc~-Populw trichocarpa,
150-151, 152
Populus tremulo~dc`-Carc2
lan~nosa, 151
Saw: "gid~Sal~e la~andra, 151
Roads, 137
Rosa sp., 150
Rosa wooded, 150, 152
Rotifers, 73
Rush, 147, 152
Rush Creek, 6, 7, 11, 29, 45, 135,
142, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156,
162, 163, 173, 200, 203, 2()4,
205, 210
S
Sacramento perch (Archopl*ce
interrupts), 162
Sage grouse ~ Ccntroccrew
uropha~anus), 163-164
Sagebrush, 136-137, 158, 160
Salinity
comparison of salt lakes, 16-19
eared grebes and, 95-96
eEects of changes in lake level on,
4-5, 14, 44-48, 183-187,
206-207
269
effects on algae, 4, 14, 72, 77-79,
187-190, 188
effects on aquatic animals,
187-190, 189 (table)
effects on aquatic biology, 2, 4,
10, 69-92, 187-190
effects on aquatic plants, 187-190,
188 (table)
effects on bacteria, 70-72
effects on birds, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12,
92-93, 96, 102-103, 106, 179,
182, 183, 190-193, 192 (table),
206, 207
effects on brine flies, 5, 9, 90-92,
188-190, 189 (table), 191
Effects on brine shrimp, 4-5, 9, 78,
86, 87, 89, 90-91, 188, 189
(table), 191
historical measurements of,
183-185, 184 (tables)
predicted values for, 183-187, 184
(tables)
of soils, 125-127, 139, 146, 148,
149, 198-199
Volume of, 1, 17-18
water activity ~ aw) and, 80-84
water balance models for
predicting, 6-7, 22, 43, 39-48,
204
sec also Salt lakes
Saliz Aqua, ecc Sandbar
Salix laculgata, 150
Sal" lasiandia, ace Pacific willow
Saliz rigida, 131, 150, 151
Saliz sp., ecc Willow
Salsola pceNfcra, 146
Salt Lake City, Utah, 25, 26, 27
Salt lakes
compared, 16-19
geographic, morphometric, and
chemical characteristics of,
16-19, 19 (table)
ions in, 1, 4, 9, 14
physical characteristics of, 51-56
trace elements in, 58-59
Cc also Salinity
Saltgrase (Distichlis Picas, 127,
130, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149,
160-161, 199
Salton Sea, 93, 95, 97, 191
OCR for page 270
270
Sambucu~ 8p., 150
Sandbar willow (Salix Papua), 143,
150, 152
Sarcobatue vc~culatus, Cc
Greasewood
Scirpus arrKricanuJ, 143
Scirpw nevadeneu, Cc Bulrush
SCiPpUJ Sp., 142, 143, 146
Sedge ~ Farce praegracil"), 151, 152
Sedimentaries and mixed
sedimentaries, 123, 126
(table), 128 (table), 160
Sheep, 134, 136, 156, 165
ShepAcrdia aryentca, 131
Shoreline environment
biotic components of, 139-158
effects of changes in lake level on,
2, 5-6, 9, 12, 121, 142,
170-173, 179-183, 180 (figure),
181 (figure), 182 (figure), 183,
193-200, 195 (table), 198-200,
201 (table), 206, 209
environmental factors influencing
vegetation of, 148-149
erosion of, 121, 170- 173
physical components of, 121-139
vegetation of, 5, 121, 139-150, 140
(figure), 141 (figure), 144-145
(figure), 148-149, 170-171, 182,
209
Sierra Nevada
air flow patterns in, 23-25, 24
(figure), 167-168, 168 (figure)
avalanches in, 129
as barrier to moisture, 23
fire in, 131
groundwater from, 9, 28, 32, 59,
154-156
history of, 134
precipitation in, 13, 23-27,
154-155
riparian vegetation in, 150-156
surface runoff from, 29-30
topography of, 1, 12-13, 14,
121-122, 123-124
upland vegetation of, 158-161
wildlife in, 161-166
Simon's Spring, 32, 149, 194, 195,
196, 198, 199
Sitamon hystr=, 160
Index
Smother-weed (Bas~a hyssopifolia),
143, 146, 147
Snowmelt, 9, 28, 29, 40, 59, 132
Snowpack, 28, 40, 131, 162, 185
Snowy plovers fC1`ara~ius
alczandrintu)
effects of changes in lake level on,
5, 6, 163, 164-165, 182, 198,
199 (table)
nesting area for, 164, 182, 198
numbers and migratory patterns
of, 6, 163, 164-165
Sodium, 4, 18, 50, 59-60, 63, 80, 82
Sodium chloride, 64, 80
Sodium pump, 88-89, 91-92
Soils
chemical and physical
characteristics of, 121,
122-127, 128 (table), 149
salinity of, 125-127, 139, 146, 148,
149, 198-199
types of, 121, 125-127, 126
(table), 128 (table)
vegetation and, 127, 143-146, 149,
198
Solar radiation, 50, 51
Solidago sp., 150, 151
South Tufa Area, 170, 196
Southern Sierra Power Company,
134
Spartina gracilu, 130
Springs
chemical constituents of, 59-60,
62-63
effects on lake level, 9, 194-196
hot, 62-65
locations of, 32, 33 (figure)
tufa formations and, 14, 32, 60-61
vegetation and, 6, 139, 148-149
Stipa sp., 160
Storms, 6, 13, 23, 25, 28, 166-170
Streamfiows
effects on lake level, 9, 14, 183,
194-196, 2~00-205, 202 (table),
205, 209-211
effects on riparian vegetation and
habitats, 6-7, 9, 12, 154-158,
183, 200-205, 209-211
fish populations and, 162-163
mammals and, 165-166
OCR for page 271
Index
seasonal nature of, 29
shoreline erosion and, 173
in water balance models, 44-48
Subalpine forests, 158
Sulfate, 50, 57, 63, 71
Sweetwater Mountain, 122
T
Temperature of Mono Lake, 13,
51-53, 54 (figure), 55-56, 60
Ten Mile Road, 34,147
Terrestrial evapotranspiration, 28,
38-39, 40-41, 47, 155, 157-158,
204
Test holes, groundwater studies
using, 32-27, 33 (figure), 34-35
(figure), 36 (table)
Tctradynua sp., 160
Thermocline, 55, 56, 57, 59, 72
Threespine stickleback (Gasterostew
ac~deatus), 162
Topography of Mono Basin, 1,
12-15, 121-122, 123 (figure)
Total dissolved solids (TDS), 4, 32,
55 (figure), 57, 78, 89, 90-91,
195
Trace elements, 56, 58-59
Transition Dry/Shrub (vegetation
type), 143
Transition Marsh/Dry (vegetation
type), 146, 149
Transparency, 51
Trout, 162-163, 205; ecc To spc=fic
tI,pce of trout
Tufa formations
algae and, 61
area of, 190 (table)
dynamics of, 1, 32, 121, 170,
196-197
effects of changes in lake level on,
5, 6, 9, 12, 170, 179, 182, 196,
197 (table), 209
sand, 6, 170, 171 (figure), 172
(figure), 196, 209
as scenic attraction, 1, 6, 9, 179,
196
springs and, 14, 60-61
towers, 1, 6, 14, 60-61, 102, 103,
170, 171 (figure), 196
271
Wilson's phalaropes and, 102, 103
windstorms and, 169
Tui chub (Gila bicolor), 162
Typic Cryoborolls (soil subgroup),
125,126
Typic Cryorthents (soil subgroup),
125, 126
Typic Haplaquents (soil subgroup),
126
Typic Haploxerolls (soil subgroup),
125,126
Typic Psammaquents (soil
subgroup), 126
Typic Xeropsamments (soil
subgroup), 125,126
Typic Xerorthents (soil subgroup),
125,126
U
Upland environment
biotic components of, 139,
158-161
effects of changes in lake level on,
2, ~7,9, 121,183,200-205,
206
physical components of, 121-139
vegetation of, 121,139, 158-161,
200-205
U.S. Bureau of Land Management,
8
U.S. Congress
establishes Mono Basin National
Forest Scenic Area, 2, 8
requests study of Mono Basin
National Forest Scenic Area,
2,9-12
U.S. Forest Service, 8, 11
V
Vegetation
effects of ashfall on, 133-134
effects of avalanches on, 129, 131
effects of changes in lake level on,
5-7, 9, 12, 127, 130, 139, 142,
146-148, 160-161, 182, 183,
198-200, 201 (table), 208-210
effects of fire on, 129-132, 157
OCR for page 272
272
effects of grazing on, 129,
136-137, 156-157
effects of wind on, 127, 129, 169
inventory of, 12
mapped, 140 (figure), 141
(figure), 159 (figure)
riparian, Cc Riparian vegetation
and habitats
shoreline, 5, 121, 139-149, 140
(figure), 141 (figure), 144-145
(figure), 170-171, 182, 198-200,
201 (table), 209
soils and, 127, 143-146, 149, 198
types of, 143-146, 144-145
(figure), 15~152
upland, 121, 139, 158-161,
200-205
water available for, 5-6, 139, 142,
147, 148-149, 154-158, 198-205
Vertical mixing, 53, 55-56, 5B, 72,
186, 207
Volcanic activity, 14, 15, 37, 62-65,
121, 124 (figure), 129, 132-134,
161
Vorster's water balance model,
39-48, 46 (figure), 204
W
Walker Creek, 11, 29, 45, 135
Warm Springs, 32, 149, 196, 198,
199
Water activity (aw), brine shrimp
and, 80-84, 81 (table), 83
(figure), 88, 89
Water balance models
description and assessment of, 28,
39-43, 41 (figure)
of LADWP, 39-48, 46 (figure),
183-185, 204
of Vorster, 39-48, 46 (figure), 204
for predicting lake level and
salinity, 6-7, 22, 43, 39-48, 204
Index
Weather stations in Great Basin,
25-26, 27 (figure)
Weather systems in Great Basin,
23-25, 167; Cc also
Precipitation
Well water, chemical constituents
of, 59-60, 62-63
Wells, in groundwater data
assessment, 37
Wet Marsh (vegetation type), 143
Wet Shrub (vegetation type), 143
White Mountains, 122
White-tailed hare, 165, 166
Wildlife, effects of changes in lake
level on, 6-7, 8, 9, 10-11,
161-166, 179, 183, 205
Willow (Saliz sp.), 147, 152, 157,
158, 203, 2~34
Wilson Creek, 11, 29, 125, 133,
173, 194
Wilson's phalaropes (Phalaropue
tricolors, 2, 92-93, 100-104,
190, 191
Windstorms, 129, 132, 166-170, 197
Winnemucca, Nevada, 25, 27
Wire rush (Juncm bathe - I, 151,
152, 159, 161
Xa~hoccphal?`m sp., 160
Xeric Torriorthents (soil subgroup),
125, 126
Xeric Torripsamments (soil
subgroup), 125, 126
Xerollic Camborthid (soil
subgroup), 126
Xerophytes, 38-39
z
Zoobenthos, ace Brine flies
Zooplankton, ace Brine shrimp
Representative terms from entire chapter:
soil subgroup
