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FORCED MIGRATION & MORTALITY
Index
A
Accidental injuries, 131, 132
Cambodians, 113
Kosovars, 92
North Koreans, 74
Afghanistan, 38-41
Africa, 6
ECOMOG, 47
see also Angola;
Burundi;
Eritrea;
Ethiopia;
Liberia;
Mozambique;
Rwanda;
Sierra Leone;
Somalia;
Sudan;
Uganda;
Zaire
Age factors, 2, 12, 14-20, 30, 34, 132
Afghans, 40
Bosnia, 14
Cambodians, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
camp populations, general, 14, 15-17
crude mortality rates, 30, 39, 63
gender factors and, 16, 17-20, 30, 45, 62, 63, 114, 121-123, 124-126, 127, 132
Kosovars, 89, 95-97, 99
North Koreans, 18, 73, 74, 79, 84
Rwandans, 15-16, 55, 61, 62, 63
see also Children;
Elderly persons;
Life expectancy
Aid, see Humanitarian interventions
Albania, Kosovars in, see Kosovo
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Congo-Zaire (AFDL), 53, 57, 59
Angola,5,10,25
Asia, see Afghanistan; Cambodia; China; Iran; Iraq; North Korea; Pakistan; Soviet Union, dissolution of; Thailand; Vietnam
B
Balkans, 22, 25
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Macedonia
Bangladesh, 5, 9, 13
Baseline mortality
defined, 4
Kosovars, 90, 99
Birth rate, see Fertility
Bosnia, 10, 24, 25, 26, 39, 41-43
age factors, 14
crude mortality rates, 41
executions, 41
forensics, 41-42
gender factors, 41
mass graves, 41-42
medical interventions, 42-43
urban areas, 41, 42-43
Burundi, 53
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C
Cambodia, x, 5, 11, 25, 33, 34, 102-129
age and gender factors, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
camp populations, 106, 119
children, 104, 117, 122, 124-125
elderly persons, 104
executions, 104, 105, 108, 116, 117, 118, 125, 127
families and households, 106-108, 123, 125
famine, 104, 117, 118, 119, 124
fertility, 106, 109, 111, 119-120, 121, 124
gender factors, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
geographic factors, 112, 119
landmines, 116, 127
medical interventions, 104, 116
retrospective mortality surveys, 107, 108, 109
sampling, 107-108
sanitation, 104
surveillance systems, 105 ;
see also“retrospective mortality surveys” supra
transportation and travel factors, 104
urban areas, 104
vital statistics, 106, 111, 117-118
war, 102, 103-106, 107, 116, 123-124, 127
Camp populations, 4, 8-9, 31-32, 54
Afghans, 38-39, 40
age factors, 14, 15-17
Cambodians, 106, 119
Kosovars, 90, 91-92, 97-98, 132
Rwandans, 46, 52-68
Sierra Leone, 47-48, 49
stages of crisis, 11
Case studies, x, 2, 33-34
Afghans, 38-41
Albanians Kosovars, 33-34
Bosnians, 39, 41-43
Cambodians, 34, 102-129
Kosovars, 33, 86-101
North Koreans in China, 34, 43-45, 69-85
Rwandans in Zaire, 33, 39, 45-47, 52-68
Sierra Leone, 39, 47-49
Census data, Cambodian crisis, 106-107
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
crude death rate, 7
Kosovo, 88
Children, 4, 14, 15, 16, 30
Afghan, 39, 40, 41
Cambodian, 104, 117, 122, 124-125
crude death rate, 7-8 (n.3)
crude mortality rate, 7-8(n.3), 14, 39, 63
gender factors, 17
Kosovar, 95
North Korean, 45, 69, 70, 84
Rwandan, 46, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66
Sierra Leone, 48
see also Fertility
China
North Korean refugees, x, 18, 34, 39, 43-45, 69-85, 131
Cholera, 47, 55, 57, 58, 61
Coale-Demeny life tables, 15-20, 74
Complex humanitarian emergency, defined, 1, 3-5
Congo, see Zaire, Rwandans in Cost factors, 26, 108
see also Funding
Crude death rate (CDR), definitional issues, 4, 7-8
Crude mortality rate (CMR), 2, 9-10
Afghans, 38, 39
age factors, 30, 39, 63
Bosnians, 41
children, 7-8(n.3), 14, 39, 63
definitional issues, 4, 7-8
gender factors, 30
Kosovars, 92-95, 98-99, 100
malnutrition, 13
North Koreans, 44, 73-74
Rwandans, 55-59(passim), 61, 63, 65, 66
stages of crisis, 11-12, 30
Cultural factors, 2
recall and, 32
see also Genocide and ethnic cleansing;
Political factors;
Psychological factors
D
Death penalty, see Executions
Definitional issues, 3-5
complex humanitarian emergency, 1, 3-5
crude mortality/death rates, 4, 7-8
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forced migration, x
war-related deaths, 131
Diarrhea, 39, 41, 48, 55, 57, 58
see also Cholera
Disasters, see Earthquakes; Famine; Floods; Natural disasters; War and armed conflicts
Diseases and disorders, 13-14
Afghans, 38, 40-41
Bosnians, 40-42, 132
Cambodians, 117, 127
cholera, 47, 55, 57, 58, 61
chronic, general, 7(n.3), 24, 25, 42, 95, 96, 97, 132
combatant mortality from disease, 5
communicable, general, 4, 5, 13-14, 24, 38, 40-41, 42, 47, 55, 67, 89, 95, 96, 97, 127, 132
dehydration, 47
diarrhea, 39, 41, 48, 55, 57, 58
disabilities, 24
Kosovars, 89, 95, 132
malaria, 13, 20-21, 41, 61
malnutrition, 4, 7(n.3), 13, 14, 24, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 61, 74, 81-83, 117, 132 ;
see also Famine
measles, 13, 20, 39, 47
meningitis, 55
mental health trauma, 5, 24, 27-28, 34, 35, 131 ;
see also Psychological factors
North Koreans, 74, 81-83
pertussis, 47
respiratory infections, 39, 47, 48, 61, 95
Rwandans, 47, 54-55, 57, 58, 61, 67
shigella, 47, 55
Sierra Leone, 48
typhoid, 41
see also Medical interventions;
Vaccinations
Drought, 70
see also Famine
E
Earthquakes, 5, 41
Eastern Europe, 6
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Macedonia
Economic factors, 3, 13, 14, 23, 26
North Korea, 69-70, 76-77, 79
see also Cost factors;
Funding;
Humanitarian interventions
Education, see Professional training
Educational attainment
literacy, 4, 70
North Koreans, 70, 79
see also Literacy
Elderly persons, 14, 15, 16, 131, 132
Cambodians, 104
Kosovars, 92, 99
North Koreans, 45, 73
Equations, see Mathematical models
Eritrea, age factors, camps populations, 14
Ethiopia, 9, 12, 13, 49
age factors, camps populations, 14
Ethnic cleansing, see Genocide and ethnic cleansing
Europe
political factors, 22
see also Balkans;
Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Macedonia;
Soviet Union,
dissolution of
Excess mortality, 20-21, 28, 30, 38, 130
Afghans, 40, 41
Bosnians, 42
Cambodians, 34, 112, 117-127
North Koreans, 44-45, 82
Rwandans, 46, 55
Sierra Leone, 48
Executions
Bosnians, 41
Cambodians, 104, 105, 108, 116, 117, 118, 125, 127
Rwandans, 46
F
Families and households, 2, 132
Afghans, 38
Cambodians, 106-108, 123, 125
food entitlements and reports of deaths by, 31
host families, 91-92, 97-98
Kosovo, 90, 91-92, 97, 98
marital status, 80-81, 83
North Koreans, 34, 71-84
Rwandans, 55, 60-61, 67
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Famine, x, 12, 130
Cambodians, 104, 117, 118, 119, 124
North Koreans, 43-45, 70, 77, 81-83
see also Food and nutrition;
Malnutrition
Females, see Gender factors
Fertility, 2, 35
Cambodians, 106, 109, 111, 119-120, 121, 124
North Koreans, 71, 75, 82, 83
see also Reproductive health
Floods, 47, 69-70
Food and nutrition, 8-9, 13, 20
aid, 31, 43, 58, 70, 77, 78, 79, 84
Cambodians, 104, 117, 118, 119, 124
family reports of deaths and aid entitlements, 31
feeding center registers, 66
gender factors, 81-83
insecurity, 2, 31, 38, 40, 45, 82 ;
see“malnutrition” infra
Kosovars, 132
malnutrition, 4, 7(n.3), 13, 14, 24, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 61, 74, 81-83, 117, 132 ;
see also Famine
North Koreans, 34, 43, 44, 45, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78-79, 81-84
Rwandans, 58, 66
see also Famine;
World Food Program
Forced migration, definitional issues, x, 1, 3-5
Forces Armées Rwandaises, 47
Forensics, Bosnia, 41-42
Funding, 7, 27
FYROM, see Macedonia
G
Gender factors, 2, 12, 30, 34, 132
Afghanistan, 40
age factors and, 16, 17-20, 30, 45, 62, 63, 114, 121-123, 124-126, 127, 132
Bosnia, 41
Cambodians, 17, 18, 19, 20, 102, 109-111, 112-115, 116-117, 118, 121-126, 127
children, 17
crude mortality rates, 30
Kosovo, 95-97
life expectancy, 18, 73
marital status, 80-81, 83
North Koreans, 45, 69, 73, 80-83
nutritional status, 81-83
rape, 24
reproductive health, 27-28, 34, 35 ;
see also Fertility
Rwandans, 62, 63
Genocide and ethnic cleansing, 1, 5, 26, 130, 131, 133
Cambodians, 104
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Rwanda
Geographic factors
Cambodians, 112, 119
country boundaries, adjustment, 7
Kosovo, 87, 97
North Koreans, 44, 45, 76-77
Rwandans, 47, 54
see also Internally displaced persons;
Rural areas;
Transportation and travel;
Urban areas
Government role, 83, 131, 134
complex humanitarian emergency defined, 1
destructive policies, x, 1
Kosovars, 89, 100, 133
North Korea, 44, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79
refugee/internally displaced persons, counted as, 6
Rwandans in Zaire, 60
see also War and armed conflicts
Guinea, 47
H
Health care, see Medical interventions
Households, see Families and households
Humanitarian interventions, 2, 3, 9, 20-21, 130, 133, 134
evaluation techniques, general, 34
food aid, 31, 43, 58, 70, 77, 78, 79, 84
internally displaced persons, 9, 23, 24, 49
international organizations, aid levels, 7
military targeting of workers, 26, 52
morbidity as guide to, 24-25
North Koreans, 70, 71
Sierra Leone, 49
stages of crisis and, 10, 12
standards, 27, 34, 52
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typologies of complex emergencies, 4
U.S. bilateral aid levels, 7
see also Camp populations;
International organizations;
Logistics;
Nongovernmental organizations;
specific organizations
I
ICRC, see Red Cross
Immunizations, see Vaccinations
Indirect estimation techniques, 3, 34, 71-72, 119-124
Information systems, 27-33
see also Statistical methodology;
Surveillance systems
Insects, 21
see also Malaria
Internally displaced persons (IDPs), 2, 4, 26, 35
Bosnia, 41
crude mortality/death rates, 10
geopolitical factors, 23
international organizations, aid, 9, 23, 24, 49
nongovernmental organizations, 23, 49
Rwanda, 52
Sierra Leone, 47, 49
trends, 5-6
United Nations, 24
International organizations, 9, 21, 26, 132, 133, 134
budgets for relief, 7
internally displaced persons, 9, 23, 24, 49
North Koreans, 84
refugee/internally displaced persons, counted as, 6
Rwandans, 57
standards for assistance, 27, 34, 52
see also Nongovernmental organizations;
specific organizations
Interventions, see Camp populations; Humanitarian interventions; Medical interventions; Sanitation; Vaccinations
Iran, 9, 39
Iraq, 25
K
Kampuchea, see Cambodia
Korea, North, see North Korea
Kosovo, x, 24, 33, 86-101, 131, 132, 133, 134
age factors, 89, 95-97, 99
camp populations, 90, 91-92, 97-98, 132
children, 95
crude mortality rates, 92-95, 98-99, 100
elderly persons, 92, 99
families and households, 90, 91-92, 97, 98
gender factors, 95-97
geographic factors, 87, 97
government role, 89, 100, 133
medical interventions, 89, 97, 99-100
nongovernmental organizations, 87-88, 89, 90
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 86, 90, 91
retrospective mortality surveys, 68, 88, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100
sampling, 88, 90, 100
sanitation, 132
surveillance systems, 87-90, 97-100 ;
see also“retrospective mortality surveys” supra
transportation and travel factors, 86, 132
United Nations, 87-89, 90
vaccinations, 90, 100
L
Landmines, 5, 13
Afghanistan war, 40
Cambodians, 116, 127
Liberia, 10, 47
Life expectancy, 8(n.3), 14-15
Cambodians, 124-125 (n.13)
gender factors, 18, 73
North Koreans, 73
Literacy, 4
North Koreans, 70
Logistics, 21, 25-26, 133
Kosovo, 88
Rwandans, 60
stages of crises, 10
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M
Macedonia (FYROM), Kosovars in, 33, 86, 88, 89-100, 132, 133
Malaria, 13, 20-21, 41
Rwandans, 61
Males, see Gender factors
Malnutrition, 4, 7(n.3), 13, 14, 24, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 61, 74, 81-83, 117, 132
see also Famine
Marital status
North Koreans, 80-81, 83
Mass graves
Bosnia, 41-42
Rwandans, 46, 54
Mass media, Afghans, 40
Mathematical models, ix, 109-112, 115, 116
Measles, 13, 20, 39, 47
Medical interventions, x, 14, 20, 21, 28-29, 130
Afghanistan, 38
Bosnia, 42-43
Cambodians, 104, 116
Kosovo, 89, 97, 99-100
Médicins Sans Frontières (MSF), 39, 41, 46
morbidity and, 24-25
Physicians for Human Rights, 42
reproductive health, 27-28, 34, 35 ;
see also Fertility
Rwandans, 52, 59
see also Diseases and disorders;
Surveillance systems;
Vaccinations
Médicins Sans Frontières (MSF), 39, 41, 46
Men, see Gender factors
Meningitis, 55
Mental health trauma, 5, 24, 27-28, 34, 35, 131
see also Psychological factors
Methodology, see Case studies; Definitional issues; Indirect estimation techniques; Logistics; Mathematical models; Recall; Sampling; Statistical methodology; Surveillance systems
Middle East, 6
Mines, see Landmines
Mortality, see Baseline mortality; Crude death rate; Crude mortality rate; Excess mortality; Retrospective mortality surveys
Mozambique, 8
MSF, see Médicins Sans Frontières (MSF)
N
NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Natural disasters, x, 5, 83, 130, 131
Afghanistan, 40, 41
defined, 3-4
drought, 70
earthquakes, 5, 41
floods, 47, 69-70
see also Famine
Nongovernmental organizations, 23, 25, 26
Afghanistan war, 40
Bosnia, 41
Kosovo, 87-88, 89, 90
North Korea, 71
Sierra Leone, 47, 49
Sphere Project, 27
standards for assistance, 27, 34
see also International organizations;
specific organizations
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
Kosovo crisis, 86, 90, 91
North Korea, x, 34, 39, 43-45, 69-85, 131
age factors, 18, 73, 74, 79, 84
children, 45, 69, 70, 84
crude mortality rates, 44, 73-74
economic collapse, 69-70, 76-77, 79
educational attainment, 70, 79
elderly persons, 45, 73
families and households, 34, 71-84
famine, 43-45, 70, 77, 81-83
fertility, 71, 75, 82, 83
food and nutrition, 34, 43, 44, 45, 70, 72, 74, 77, 78-79, 81-84
gender factors, 45, 69, 73, 80-83
geographic factors, 44, 45, 76-77
government role, 44, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79
sampling, 44, 71
transportation and travel factors, 76, 79-80
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United Nations, 45, 69, 70, 75, 84
urban areas, 76-77
World Food Program, 43, 70
World Vision, 44-45, 70
Nutrition, see Food and nutrition
P
Pakistan, Afghans in, 38
Pertussis, 47
Pests, see Insects
Political factors, 6, 12, 21(n.7), 22-24, 83, 133
Cambodia, 102-129
North Koreans, 77
stages of crisis, 12
see also Genocide and ethnic cleansing;
Government role;
War and armed conflicts
Professional training, surveillance systems, 21
Protein energy malnutrition, 13
Psychological factors, 2, 27-28, 34, 131
dignity issues, 25
family reports of deaths, 31
recall, 32-33, 66-67
see also Cultural factors;
Mental health trauma
Q
Quality control, see Standards
R
Rape, 24
Recall, 32-33
North Koreans, 71-75, 82
Rwandans, 66-67
Red Cross (ICRC), 23
Afghans, 41
Bosnians, 41
Kosovars, 98
Rwandans, 46
standards for assistance, 27
Refugees, see Forced migration; individual countries
Repatriation, 23, 64
Reproductive health, 27-28, 34, 35
see also Fertility
Respiratory infections, 39, 47, 48, 61, 95
Retrospective mortality surveys
Cambodians, 107, 108, 109
Kosovars, 68, 88, 90, 92, 98, 99, 100
Rwandans, 33, 53, 55, 60-61, 66-68
Rural areas
famine, 4-5
North Koreans, 76-77
Rwanda, x, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 26, 29, 33, 39, 45-47, 52-68
age factors, 15-16, 55, 61, 62, 63
camp populations, 46, 52-68
children, 46, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66
crude mortality rates, 55-59 (passim), 61, 63, 65, 66
disease, 47, 54-55, 57, 58, 61, 67
executions, 46
families and households, 55, 60-61, 67
food and nutrition, 58, 66
gender factors, 62, 63
geographic factors, 47, 54
mass graves, 46, 54
medical interventions, 52, 59
retrospective mortality surveys, 33, 53, 55, 60-61, 66-68
sampling, 60, 61-62, 67
sanitation, 52, 57, 59-60
surveillance systems, 33, 53, 54-55, 57, 58, 60, 66;
see also“retrospective mortality surveys” supra
urban areas, 52, 53-57
vaccinations, 54-55
water supply, 47, 52, 57
S
Sampling, 31-32
Cambodians, 107-108
Kosovars, 88, 90, 100
North Koreans, 44, 71
Rwandans, 60, 61-62, 67
Sanitation, 9, 20
Cambodians, 104
Kodovars, 132
Rwandans, 52, 57, 59-60
see also Water supply
Sex differences, see Gender factors
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Shigella, 47, 55
Sierra Leone, 24, 39, 47-49
Somalia, 10, 12, 13, 14, 25, 49
Southeast Asia, see Cambodia; North Korea; Thailand; Vietnam
Soviet Union, dissolution of, 22
Afghanistan war, 38-39, 40
North Korea and, 43
Sphere Project, 27
Standards
aid provision, 27, 34, 52
data collection protocols, 28-29
reporting procedures, 31
Statistical methodology, ix, 28-33, 34, 130-135
baseline mortality, 4, 90, 99
camp populations, 31-32, 54
data collection protocols, 28-29
indirect estimation techniques, 3, 34, 71-72, 119-124
vital statistics, ix, 106, 111, 117-118
see also Crude death rate;
Crude mortality rate;
Mathematical models;
Retrospective mortality surveys;
Sampling;
Surveillance systems
Sudan, 5, 10, 13
Suicide, 74, 113
Surveillance systems, 21, 28-33
Cambodians, 105
Kosovo, 87-90, 97-100
professional training, 21
Rwandans in Zaire, 33, 53, 54-55, 57, 58, 60, 66
see also Information systems;
Retrospective mortality surveys
T
Thailand, Cambodian refugees in, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 105, 119, 121, 123
Time factors
Cambodians, 109-112
duration of crisis, 2, 13, 130
recall, 32-33, 66-67, 71-75, 82
Rwandans, 65, 66-67
stages of crisis, 10-12, 30, 65, 94
Training, see Professional training
Transportation and travel, 20, 131
Kosovars, 86, 132
Cambodians, 104
North Koreans, 76, 79-80
stages of crisis, 10-12
Typhoid, 41
U
Uganda, 53
United Nations, 23, 24, 25, 26
Bosnia, 42
Cambodians, 106
Kosovo, 87-89, 90
North Koreans, 45, 69, 70, 75, 84
Rwandans, 57
Urban areas, 5
Afghans, 38, 39
Bosnians, 41, 42-43
Cambodians, 104
North Koreans, 76-77
Rwandans in Zaire, 52, 53-57
Sierra Leone, 47, 48
V
Vaccinations, 4, 8(n.3), 13, 14, 20, 30
Kosovars, 90, 100
Rwandans, 54-55
Vietnam, Cambodian crisis, 103, 104, 105-106, 121, 126
Violence, 14, 20, 30, 113-114, 124-125, 126
rape, 24
suicide, 74, 113
see also Executions;
War and armed conflicts
Vital statistics, ix, 106, 111, 117-118
W
War and armed conflicts, x, 5, 12-13, 24, 25, 130, 131
Afghans, 38-39, 40
aid workers, military targeting of, 26, 52
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Cambodians, 102, 103-106, 107, 116, 123-124, 127
combatant mortality, 5, 116, 127
complex humanitarian emergency defined, 1
exclusion zones, 43
field hospitals, 43
genocide and ethnic cleansing, 1, 5, 26, 104, 130, 131, 133 ;
see also Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Rwanda
rape as a weapon, 24
Sierra Leone, 24, 39, 47-49
see also Balkans;
Bosnia;
Kosovo;
Landmines;
Rwanda
Water supply
Bosnians, 43
Kosovars, 132
Rwandans, 47, 52, 57
see also Sanitation
Weather
drought, 70
floods, 47, 69-70
Whooping cough, see Pertussis
Women, see Gender factors
World Food Program, 7
North Koreans, 43, 70
World Vision, North Koreans, 44-45, 70
Y
Yugoslavia, see Bosnia; Kosovo; Macedonia
Z
Zaire, Rwandan refugees in, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15-16, 17, 26, 29, 33, 46, 52-68
