NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by Contract No. 50-DKNA-6-90040 between the National Academies and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Grant No. ATM-9814235 between the National Academies and the National Science Foundation. Additional support for this study was provided by the Department of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations, agencies, or subagencies that provided support for the project.