The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom
FIGURE 1-1Perspectives on learning environments.
The learner-centered lens encourages attention to preconceptions, and begins instruction with what students think and know.
The knowledge-centered lens focuses on what is to be taught, why it is taught, and what mastery looks like.
The assessment-centered lens emphasizes the need to provide frequent opportunities to make students’ thinking and learning visible as a guide for both the teacher and the student in learning and instruction.
The community-centered lens encourages a culture of questioning, respect, and risk taking.
These aspects of the classroom environment are illustrated in Figure 1-1 and are discussed below.
