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200 Evaluating Vehicle Emissions I/M Programs Ashbaugh, L.L., and D.R. Lawson. 1991. A Comparison of Emissions from Mobile Sources Using Random Roadside Surveys Conducted in 1985, 1987, and 1989. AWMA Reprint No. 91-180.58 presented at 84th annual meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vancouver, BC. June. Ashbaugh, L.L., D.R. Lawson, G.A. Bishop, P.L. Guenther, D.H. Stedman, R.D. Ste- phens, P.J. Groblicki, J.S. Parikh, B.J. Johnson, and S.C. Huang. 1992. On-road remote sensing of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions during several vehicle operating conditions. Pp. 885-898 in PM~o Standards and Nontraditional Particulate Source Controls, Vol. II, J.C. Chow and D.M. Ono, eds. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste Management Association. Barrett, R.2001. Colorado's I/M240 and OBDII Testing. Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Presentation at 20th North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference. April. Baum, M.M., E.S. Kiyomiya, S. Kumar, A.M. Lappas, and H.C. Lord.2000. Multicom- ponent remote sensing of vehicle exhaust by dispersive absorption spectroscopy. 1. Effect offuel type and catalystperformance. Environ. Sci. Technol.34~13~:2851 - 2858. Beardsley, M. 2001. MOBILE6: EPA's Highway Vehicle Emissions Model. Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Presented at Coordinating Research Council On-Road Vehicle Emission Conference, San Diego, March26, 2001. "Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm [May 29, 2001]. Bishop, G.A., and D.H. Stedman.1996. Motor vehicle emission variability. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46~7~:667-675. Bishop, G.A., S.S. Pokharel, and D.H. Stedman. 1999. On-Road Remote Sensing of Automobile Emissions in the Phoenix Area: Year 1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO. Prepared for the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Atlanta, GA. "Online]. Available: http://www.crcao.com. LMay 22, 2001 J. Bishop, G.A., S.S. Pokharel, and D.H. Stedman. 2000a. On-Road Remote Sensing of Automobile Emissions in the Los Angeles Area: Year 1. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO. Prepared for Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Alpharetta, GA. "Online]. Available: http://www.crcao.com. [May 22, 20011. Bishop, G.A., J.R. Starkey, A. Ihlenfeldt, W.J. Williams, and D.H. Stedman. 1989. IP long-path photometry: A remote sensing tool for automobile emissions. Anal. Chem. 61 :671A-674A. Bishop, G.A., D.H. Stedman, R.B. Hutton, L. Bohren, and N. Lacey. 2000b. Drive-by motor vehicle emissions: Immediate feedback in reducing air pollution. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34~6~: 1110- 1116. Blanchard, C.L,. and S. Tanenbaum. 2000. Data Analysis Complementing Proximate Modeling of the Weekday/Weekend Ozone Differences in Southem Califomia. NTIS PB 2001 -1014. Final report. Envair, Albany, CA. Prepared for Coordinating

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202 Evaluating Vehicle Emissions I/M Programs Cicero-Fernandez, P., J.R. Long, and A.M. Winer. 1997. Effects of grades and other loads on on-road emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 47~8~:898-904. Clean Air Report.1999. States may lose half of current I/M emissions credit in new air model. April 15, p. 7. Colorado Air Quality Control Commission.1999. Report to the Colorado General As- sembly on the Automobile Inspection and Readjustment Program. Final Report. "Online]. Available: http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/studiesreports.asp Coninx, P.2000. Test Result Variability in Ontario's New Drive Clean Inspection and Maintenance Program and its Implications. Presented at the 10th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA, March 27-29, 2000. Corley, E., and M.O. Rodgers. 2000. Evaluating Inspection/Maintenance Program Effectiveness: Reconciliation of the Denver Step and Atlanta Reference Methods. Presented at the 10th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA, March 27-29. Davis, S.C.1997. Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 17. ORNL-6919. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Davis, S.C.1999. Transportation EnergyData Book, Edition 19. ORNL-6958. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Davis, S.C.2000. Transportation EnergyData Book, Edition 20. ORNL-6959. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Deacon, R.T., and J. Sonstelie. 1985. Rationing by waiting and the value of time: Re- sults from a natural experiment. J Poll Econ. 93~4~:627-647. Dill, J. 2000. Vehicle scrappage programs. Paper presented at the Congestion Mitiga- tion and Air Quality Improvement Program, Berkeley, CA, Oct. 13-14, 2000. Dockery, D.W., C.A. Pope, X. Xu, J.D. Spengler, J.H. Ware, M.E. Pay, B.G. Ferris, Jr., and F.E. Speizer. 1993. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. Engl. J. Med.329~24~:1753-1759. Durbin, T.D., J.M. Norbeck, R.D. Wilson, and M.R. Smith.2001. Analysis ofthe Effec- tiveness of OBDII for Emissions Reductions. Presented at 11th Annual CRC Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 26, 2001. Eastern Research Group.1997. Profiling Vehicle Emissions with the High Emitter Profile Model. Prepared for Califomia Bureau of Automotive Repair by de la Torre Kausmeier Consulting, Inc., and Radian International, LLC, Austin, TX. Eastem Research Group and Radian International.1999. Models for Estimating Califor- nia Fleet FTP Emissions from ASM Concentrations. Prepared for Califomia Bureau of Automotive Repair by Eastern Research Group, Inc., and Radian International, LLC, Austin, TX. ECOS/STAPPA/EPA ~ Environmental Council of the States/ State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).1998. Inspection and Maintenance Workgroup Resource Document. ECOS/STAPPA/ EPA Workgroup. Compiled by the Keystone Center, Keystone, CO. ENVIRON International Corporation. 1998. Performance Audit of the Colorado AIR

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Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness.

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