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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

Index

A

Acid deposition, 24, 223

Agricultural Biotechnology Research Advisory Committee (ABRAC), 10, 104, 171-172

Agricultural Extension Service, 17, 105, 135, 144

trained observer monitoring, 206, 207

Alien species, see Invasive species

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 1, 7-14, 15, 50-51, 101-191, 230, 234, 236, 251, 253-254

Biotechnology, Biologics, and Environmental Protection unit (BBEP), 1, 8, 12, 50, 60, 101, 187, 190

case studies, 121-166, 177-178, 187, 189

committee mission, 1-2, 19, 20, 21, 296

committee recommendations, 8-16(passim), 106, 174-178 (passim), 182, 186, 187, 191, 197, 198, 208, 211, 212, 218

confidential business information (CBI), 11-12, 177

conventionally improved plants, 4, 20, 78, 80, 82, 251

Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology, 1, 19, 20, 49-50, 101, 171, 246, 289

definitions, regulatory, 102, 103, 106-107

developing countries, 176

DNA, 108-109, 114-116, 119, 137-139, 141, 143, 146, 185-186;

see also “genomics” infra

environmental assessments, 2, 8, 9-11, 20, 126, 160-165, 252, 296-297

expert judgment, 60, 168, 174-175, 187-188

field testing, 1, 9, 12, 21, 60, 63, 105, 170, 175

notification process, 108, 109-110, 122-123

permitting process, 111, 113, 117, 123-126

petitions for deregulation, 126, 140, 147, 154, 183, 189

time factors, 9, 51, 108, 169, 173, 174

Food and Drug Administration and, 108, 141

genomics, 11, 108, 116, 143, 185, 186;

see also “DNA” supra

hazard identification, 54-55, 59, 65-77, 169, 172, 218, 243, 255

herbicides, notification and deregulation, 123, 129, 165

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

historical perspectives, 8, 19, 72-74, 83, 101, 120, 167, 173, 174, 190

legislative mandates,

Federal Noxious Weed Act, 108

Federal Plant Pest Act, 1, 4, 49, 50, 81-87, 101-102, 234, 253-254

Federal Plant Quarantine Act, 1, 4, 49, 50, 87, 101-102, 234, 253-254

Plant Protection Act (proposed), 15- 16, 101, 236, 253-254

monarch butterfly protection, Bt, 72-74

non-target species, 177-178, 179, 180-182, 296

petitions for deregulation status, 129-130, 140-141, 154-156, 157, 161, 163, 188, 189

notification requirements, 2, 9, 10, 13, 51, 87, 104, 105, 107-110, 112, 121-123, 167-181 (passim), 190, 296

field testing, 108, 109-110, 122-123

pharmaceuticals, 9, 108, 180

pollen, 132-133, 181

standards, 109, 122

time factors, 9, 51, 108, 169, 173, 174

permitting, 9-10, 13, 110-111, 112, 123-126, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 178, 179, 183, 190

field testing, 131, 132, 133-135, 150-151, 183-184

pharmaceuticals, 9-10, 110, 123-126

pollen, 124-125, 188

spatial factors, 124-125, 131, 179, 188-189

time factors, 11, 132

petitions for nonregulation status, 8, 9, 10, 13, 50, 73, 102, 104, 111-118, 168, 169, 170, 175-176, 183-190, 233, 235, 252, 296

case studies, 126-166, 167

extension of determination of, 104, 118-120

field testing, 131, 132, 133-135, 150-151, 183-184

hybridization, 131, 132, 133-135, 150-151, 183-184

non-target species, 129-130, 140-141, 154-156, 157, 161, 163, 188, 189

pharmaceuticals,

notification process, 9, 108, 180

permitting, 9-10, 110, 123-126

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 12-14, 192-219

theoretical issues, 193-196

public input, 9-10, 12, 104, 105, 118, 127, 135, 165-166, 168-175, 182, 188, 191, 212

reference scenarios, 90, 91, 122-123

risk analysis, general, 6, 60, 81-87, 172, 252-254

spatial factors, 8-9, 13, 103-104, 150, 176, 179, 184, 191

permitting process, 124-125, 131, 179, 188-189

staffing, 12, 182, 187, 191, 205-207

standards, 109, 122, 187

time factors,

notification and field testing, 9, 51, 108, 169, 173, 174

permitting, 111, 132

regulation, other, 102, 118-120, 135, 169

viruses, 104, 106, 109, 113-114, 116-117, 118, 126-135, 152, 159-160, 187

weediness, 11, 104, 105, 113, 122, 130-133, 139-140, 142, 147-150, 160, 165, 178-179

weeds, general, 104, 105, 113, 122, 156-157

wild relatives, 129-135 (passim), 149-153, 157, 160, 163

Animal feed, 136, 181, 307

Antibiotic resistance, 44, 89, 119, 125, 145-146

Antibiotics, other, 144, 145, 228

Avidin, 9, 180-181

B

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 7, 38, 39, 70-75, 184, 196, 233-234, 301

corn, 7, 8, 38-39, 70-75, 125, 144-158, 167, 179, 188, 221, 234-235

EPA role, 73-74, 157, 235

monarch butterflies, effects on, 71-75, 197, 216

reference scenarios, 87, 91-92, 93-94, 96-98

cotton, 9, 131, 158-166, 184, 221, 234

EPA role, 9, 159, 160-161, 165, 184

EPA, general, 233-234

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

genomics, 145, 159

international perspectives, 163-164

pollen, 7, 96, 150, 156, 165

poplars, 69, 92, 145, 184, 222-223

reference scenarios, 87, 89, 91-92, 93-94, 96-98

rice, 70, 71

Backcrossing, 41-42, 43, 47, 98

Bermudagrass, 121-123

Biodiversity, general, 18, 210

see also Endangered and threatened species; Invasive species; Landscape effects

Convention on Biodiversity, 65, 248

edge effects, 22, 27

hazard identification, 76

National Resources Inventory, 200

outflows from agroecosystems, 24, 25, 26

trophic cascade, 25

Biological indicators, see Ecological indicators

Biosafety Protocol of the Convention on Biodiversity, 65, 248, 249

Biotechnology, Biologics, and Environmental Protection unit (BBEP), 1, 8, 12, 50, 60, 101, 187, 190

Biotechnology Risk Assessment and Risk Management Program, 13, 198

Biotechnology Risk Assessment Research Grant Program (BRARGP), 197, 255

Birds, 22, 201, 202

invasive species, 207

outflows from agroecosystems, 24, 26

Bt, see Bacillus thuringiensis

C

Canada, 26, 56-57

Canola, 79-80, 86, 165

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 248, 249

Case studies, 121-166, 178

APHIS, 121-166, 177-178, 187, 189

EPA, 157, 159, 160-161, 165

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 178

Chemicals, 7, 144-145

see also Fertilizer; Herbicides; Pesticides mutagenesis induced by, 42

Climate, 24, 30, 34-35, 142, 203, 222, 223, 230, 231

see also Precipitation; Weather

bermudagrass, 120-123

drought, 37, 64, 121-123, 230, 231-232, 233-234

Coastal zones, nitrogen deposition, 24, 25-26

Comparative risk approach, see Reference scenarios/comparative risk approach

Confidential business information (CBI)

APHIS oversight, 11-12, 177

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 178

Conservation issues, see Biodiversity; Ecological indicators; Endangered and threatened species; Landscape effects

Conservation Reserve Program, 200

Convention on Biodiversity, 65, 248, 249

Conventional crops, general, 142, 256

insect resistance, 144

reference scenarios, 87-88, 91-92

virus-resistant squash, 127

Conventionally improved crops, 32, 37-43, 48, 49, 77, 78

APHIS regulation, 4, 20, 78, 80, 82, 251

insect resistance, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 144-145, 153

mutagenesis, 37, 40-43

regulatory issues, general, 5, 20, 29, 62, 63, 79, 82, 83-86, 142, 143

Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology, 1, 19, 20, 49-50, 101, 171, 246, 289

Corn, 30, 31, 33, 38-39, 123-126, 179, 224- 225, 301, 303

avidin, 9, 180-181

Bt, 7, 8, 38-39, 70-75, 125, 144-158, 188, 234-235

monarch butterflies, effects on, 71-75, 197, 216

reference scenarios, 87, 91-92, 93-94, 96-98

hybridization, 41-42, 149-153, 157

whole-plant hazards, 68-69

Cost and cost-benefit factors

see also Funding

chronic illness, 239

crop damage, 222

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

ecological indicator monitoring, 209, 210

fault-tree analysis, 96

monoclonal antibody production, 228

postcommercial monitoring, 206, 209, 210, 257

trained-observer monitoring, 206

Cotton, 9, 131, 158-166, 184, 221, 234

Court cases, see Litigation

Cry toxin, 38-39, 73, 88-89, 91, 96-98, 146, 154, 159, 161, 162

see also Bacillus thuringiensis

Cytoplasmic male-sterile genotypes, 30, 33

D

Department of Agriculture, 235, 243, 245

see also Agricultural Extension Service; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology

Agricultural Biotechnology Research Advisory Committee, 10, 104, 171

Biotechnology Risk Assessment and Risk Management Program, 13

Biotechnology Risk Assessment Research Grants Program, 197, 255

Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems program, 197-198, 255

committee mission, 1-2, 19, 296

committee workshop agenda, 290

National Agricultural Statistics Service, 199, 200-201, 218

National Biological Impact Assessment Program, 170

National Resources Inventory, 14, 199- 201, 210, 218

Natural Resources Conservation Service, 199, 213

social effects research, 259

Department of Health and Human Services, see Food and Drug Administration

Developing countries, 237-238, 239

extra-territorial regulation, 16, 176

Green Revolution, 4-5, 16, 34-35, 250-252

malnutrition, 226-227

reference scenarios, 87-88

Disease resistance, 41, 76, 115, 152, 186-187, 201, 220, 244

T-DNA, 44

vaccines, 228

viruses, 104, 113, 116-117, 118, 126-135, 152, 159-160

DNA, 28, 40-48, 54, 230, 238, 248, 250, 251, 253

see also Genomic factors; Mutagenesis

APHIS regulatory process, 108-109, 114-116, 119, 137-139, 141, 143, 146, 185-186

open reading frames, 185

postcommercialization monitoring, 185, 214, 215

reference scenarios, 89

Southern analysis, 114, 115-116

T-DNA, 43-45, 47

transcription, 40-41, 45, 46

transposons, 40-41

viral resistance, 127-128

Drought, 37, 64, 121-123, 230, 231-232, 233-234

Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals

E

Ecological indicators, 14, 22-27, 49, 194

see also Biodiversity; Landscape effects; Nonindigenous species; Non-target species; Weediness; Wild relatives

Bt toxins, 162

long-term monitoring, 206, 208-213, 217-218

trained-observer monitoring, 206, 217-218, 257

Economic factors, 16, 33, 49, 236, 237, 238, 241, 245, 259

see also Confidential business information; Cost and cost-benefit factors; Funding; Intellectual property; Yield factors

Education and training

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 13, 205-207, 217-218, 219, 257

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

public education, 242-245;

see also Public input; Public opinion

staff of APHIS, 12, 182, 187, 191, 205-207

Endangered and threatened species, 31, 156, 199, 201, 216, 255;

see also Biodiversity

hazard identification, 71-76

Environmental Protection Agency, 10, 11, 19, 177-178, 179-180

see also Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology

Bt corn, 73-74, 157, 235

Bt cotton, 9, 159, 160-161, 165, 184

Bt crops, general, 233-234

case studies, 157, 159, 160-161, 165

expert judgments, 60

reference scenarios, 91

resistance evolution, 76, 91

Enzymes, 37-38, 47, 136, 221, 236

ELISA, 116

Southern analysis, 114, 115-116

T-DNA, 43-44, 47

Epidemiology, 59, 61, 132

standards, 6, 217

Europe, 18

habitat loss, 22

outflows from agroecosystems, 25

sugar beet, 33

European Union, risk analysis, 65, 66, 247-248

Event-tree analysis, 90, 96-98

Exotics, see Invasive species

Experimental methods, 35, 59-60, 61, 113

see also Case studies; Field testing

reference scenarios, 88, 98-99

standards, 6

Expertise, 6-7, 60, 61, 174-175, 213

APHIS, 60, 168, 174-175, 187-188

committee members and other study contributors, 291-294, 298-304

peer review, 10, 168, 188, 198

F

Fault-tree analysis, 12, 88, 89, 93-96, 190-191

Federal Administrative Procedures Act, 168-169, 171

Federal Geographic Data Committee, 213

Federal Noxious Weed Act, 108

Federal Plant Pest Act, 1, 4, 49, 50, 81-87, 101-102, 234, 253-254

Federal Plant Quarantine Act, 1, 4, 49, 50, 87, 101-102, 234, 253-254

Federal Register, 9, 10, 12, 103, 104, 106, 112, 118, 127, 130, 135, 165-166, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 183

Fertilizer, 22, 37

Green Revolution, 34-35, 250-251

nitrogen, 22, 24, 25-26

outflows from agroecosystems, 24-25

phosphorus, 22-22

reference scenarios, 88

rice, 4-5

Field testing, 1, 9, 12, 21, 60, 63, 105, 170, 175, 193, 194, 195, 235, 302

see also Postcommercialization testing and monitoring

APHIS notification process, 108, 109-110, 122-123

APHIS permitting process, 111, 113, 117, 123-126

APHIS petitions for deregulation, 126, 140, 147, 154, 183, 189

virus resistance, 126

Fish and fish habitat, 23, 26, 201, 202

Fish and Wildlife Service, 202

Flowers, 31, 44, 66-67, 258

Food and Drug Administration

see also Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology

APHIS deregulation petitions, 141

APHIS notification process, 108

non-target species, 180

pharmaceutical products, 246-247

Foreign countries, see Developing countries; International perspectives

Forest ecosystems, 24, 26, 223-224, 302

alien species, 26-27

poplars, Bt, 69, 92, 145, 184, 222-223

Funding, 15, 16, 245, 255-256

Biotechnology Risk Assessment Research Grants Program, 197, 255

Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems program, 197-198, 255

National Resources Inventory, 14

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 13, 14, 197-198, 202

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

private, 15

social effects research, 259

wildlife conservation, 202

Fungi, 43, 45, 66, 76, 103, 106, 234, 302

G

Genomic factors, 4, 5, 30-31, 36, 39-41, 43, 46, 78

see also DNA

APHIS regulatory assessments, 11, 108, 116, 143, 185, 186

Bt, 145, 159

reference scenarios, 98

viral resistance, 128

Geographic factors, see Spatial factors

Grassland ecosystems, 24, 27

Green Revolution, 4-5, 16, 34-35, 250-252

Gulf of Mexico, 25-26

H

Hazard identification, 54-55, 59, 61, 63, 65-77, 169, 172, 218, 243, 255

Health issues, humans, 17-18, 180-182, 215, 226-229, 239, 244

see also Pharmaceuticals

committee workshop agenda, 290

hazard identification, 65-66, 68

malnutrition, 226-227, 238-240

minerals, dietary, 224, 226-227

vaccines, 228, 229

vitamins, 226, 227, 229

Herbicide resistance, 14-15, 38, 39, 44, 68, 70-71, 76, 84, 86, 90, 100, 131, 148, 149-151, 153, 158-159, 184, 220, 233, 234, 237, 244-245

see also Weediness

Herbicides, other

APHIS deregulation permits, 129

APHIS notification process, 123, 165

EPA regulation, 9, 159

Historical perspectives, 3, 4-5, 17-19, 21, 29-36, 77, 198-199, 203, 215, 220, 239, 250

alien species, 26, 29-36

APHIS, 8, 19, 72-74, 83, 101, 120, 167, 173, 174, 190

conventional crop improvement, 37, 62

Green Revolution, 4-5, 16, 34-35, 250-252

incentive programs, 3, 17

integrated pest management, 164

risk analysis, 2-3, 29-33, 36, 53, 71-76, 83

Horizontal gene transfer, 43, 48, 66-67

Horticulture, 28, 29, 31

Hybridization, 5, 29, 31-32, 42-43, 48, 115-116

see also Weediness; Wild relatives

APHIS deregulation petitions, 131, 132, 133-135, 150-151, 183-184

backcrossing, 41-42, 43, 47, 98

corn, 40-42, 149-153, 157

wild relatives, 67-68

Hypoxia, 25, 26

I

Incentive programs, 235, 237

historical perspectives, 3, 17

Indicator monitoring, see Ecological indicators; Postcommercialization testing and monitoring

Industrial feedstocks, 235-236, 241-242, 246

Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems program, 197-198

Insects, 22, 31, 32, 34, 102-103

see also Pesticides

integrated pest management, 157, 164-165, 234

natural enemies, 28, 35, 70, 73, 75, 133, 144, 155-156, 255, 301

non-target species, 71-76, 154-156, 157, 163, 197, 216, 244, 255

pollen dispersal, 67, 156, 158, 214, 244, 255

resistance by, 7, 65, 76-77, 196, 301;

see also Resistance evolution

resistance to, by conventionally improved crops, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 129, 144-145, 153, 201, 220, 244;

see also Bacillus thuringiensis

Integrated pest management, 157, 164-165, 234

Intellectual property, 215

see also Confidential business information

International perspectives, 3-4, 18, 239-242

see also Developing countries; Europe; European Union

alien species, 31-32, 69

Bt cotton, 163-164

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

Convention on Biodiversity, 65, 248, 249

ecological indicator standards, 210

extra-territorial regulation, 16, 176, 247-250

outflows from agroecosystems, 24, 25, 26

risk analysis, 56-57, 117

European Union, 65, 66, 247-248

precautionary principle, 64-65, 66, 247-250

WTO/WHO, 56-57

Internet, 129, 145-146, 162, 170, 225, 297

Invasive species, 4, 23, 24, 26-27, 30-33, 36, 81-82, 178-179, 203, 256, 302

forest ecosystems, 26-27

historical perspectives, 26, 29-36

international perspectives, 31-32, 69

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 195, 203, 205, 207, 216

purposeful introduction, 28-29

whole-plant hazard identification, 69-70

Irrigation, 30, 37, 239

drought, 37, 64, 121-123, 230, 231-232, 233-234

L

Landscape effects, 2, 22, 24, 27-28, 244

committee mission, 20

edge effects, 22, 27

horticultural, 28

National Resources Inventory, 200

Legislation, 49, 245, 253

see also Regulatory issues

Biosafety Protocol of the Convention on Biodiversity, 65, 248, 249

European Union, 65, 66, 247-249

Federal Administrative Procedures Act, 168-169, 171

Federal Noxious Weed Act, 108

Federal Plant Pest Act, 1, 4, 49, 50, 81-87, 101-102, 234, 253-254

Federal Plant Quarantine Act, 1, 4, 49, 50, 87, 101-102, 234, 253-254

Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 198-199

National Environmental Protection Act, 183

Plant Protection Act (proposed), 15-16, 101, 236, 253-254

risk analysis, general, 58, 65, 80-81

Rural Development Act, 199

Smith-Lever Act, 17

Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act, 199

Litigation, 237

risk analysis, 58, 74

M

Maize, see Corn

Mammals, 22, 201

edge effects, 27

as plant pests, 107

Methodological issues, see Epidemiology; Experimental methods; Models and modeling; Research methodology; Risk analysis

Mexico, 32, 33, 163-164

Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 198-199

Minerals, dietary, 224, 226-227

Minicommunities, 29-36

Models and modeling

see also Theoretical perspectives

exposure pathways, 53, 66, 98

resistance evolution, 196

risk analysis, 52-53, 59, 61, 93-99

event-tree analysis, 90, 96-98

fault-tree analysis, 12, 88, 89, 93-96, 190-191

standards for, 6-7, 53-56, 58-62, 255

two-part model, 90-91, 98

whole organism, 91-92

Monarch butterflies, Bt effects on, 71-75, 197, 216

Monitoring and validation processes, 2, 168, 182

see also Postcommercialization testing and monitoring

Multiple transgenes, 15

Mutagenesis, 5, 47, 185

backcrossing, 41-42, 43, 47, 98

conventionally improved crops, 37, 40-43

radiation-induced, 42

soybean, 137, 142

N

National Agricultural Statistics Service, 199, 200-201, 218

National Biological Impact Assessment Program, 170

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

National Environmental Protection Act, 183

National Marine Fisheries Service, 202

National Resources Inventory, 14, 199-201, 210, 218

National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 213

Natural enemies of insects, 28, 35, 70, 73, 75, 133, 144, 155-156, 255, 301

Natural Resources Conservation Service, 199, 213

Netherlands, 24

Nitrogen, 22, 24, 25-26, 34

Nonindigenous species, see Invasive species

Non-target species, 2, 3, 7, 35, 36, 117, 125, 162, 180-181, 255

see also Wild relatives

APHIS deregulation petitions, 129-130, 140-141, 154-156, 157, 161, 163, 188, 189

APHIS regulation, other, 177-178, 179, 180-182, 296

endangered and threatened species

event-tree analysis, 96

hazard identification, 65, 70-76

insects, 71-76, 154-156, 157, 163, 197, 216, 244, 255

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 196, 197, 214, 216

Northern analysis, 116

Notification requirements, 2, 9, 10, 13, 51, 87, 104, 105, 107-110, 112, 121-123, 167-181 (passim), 190, 296

O

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 50, 80-81, 178

Outcrossing, 33, 125, 140

P

Pathogen resistance, see Disease resistance

Pedigree breeding, 40

Peer review, 10, 168, 188, 198

Pesticides, 7, 22, 28, 35, 36, 144-145, 180

avidin, 9, 180-181

Cry toxin, 38-39, 73, 88-89;

see also Bacillus thuringiensis

natural enemies, 28, 35, 70, 73, 75, 133, 144, 155-156, 255

reference scenarios, 88-89

resistance to, 7, 65, 76-77, 196, 301;

see also Resistance evolution

Pharmaceuticals, 246-247

antibiotic resistance, 44, 89, 119, 125, 145-146

antibiotics, other, 144, 145, 228

APHIS notification process, 9, 108, 180

APHIS permits, 9-10, 110, 123-126

hybridization, 68

vaccines, 228, 229

Philippines, 34-35

Phosphorus, 22-22, 34

Phytoremediation, 229, 232-233

Plant Protection Act (proposed), 15-16, 101, 236, 253-254

Pollen, 32, 33, 39, 40, 67-68, 99, 113, 214, 244, 246, 256, 258

APHIS deregulation process, 150, 156, 165

APHIS notification process, 132-133, 181

APHIS permitting process, 124-125, 188

Bt, 7, 96, 150, 156, 165

insect vectors, 67, 156, 158, 214, 244, 255

Poplars, Bt, 69, 92, 145, 184, 222-223

Postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 12-14, 21, 168, 182, 189, 192-219, 256-257

APHIS, 12-14, 192-219

theoretical issues, 193-196

cost-effectiveness, 206, 209, 210, 257

DNA, 185, 214, 215

ecological indicators, general, 206, 208-213, 217-218

funding, 13, 14, 197-198, 202

invasive species, 195, 203, 205, 207, 216

non-target species, 196, 197, 214, 216

resistance evolution, 196

social factors, 195

spatial factors, 13, 14, 194-195, 197, 203, 206, 208, 209, 214-215, 217, 256

standards, 14, 209-213, 216

time factors, 193, 194-197, 206, 207-213, 217, 219, 256-257

trained-observer monitoring, 13, 205-207, 217-218, 219, 257

Potatoes, 43, 69, 118

Precautionary principle, 64-65, 66, 247-250

Precipitation, 24, 30

Public input, 9-10, 12, 104, 105, 118, 127, 135, 165-166, 168-175, 182, 188, 191, 212, 242-245, 290

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

see also Confidential business information; Federal Register

Public opinion, 3, 15, 17, 18-19, 21, 212, 214, 237, 245

risk analysis, 58, 61, 64, 83, 195, 242, 252

R

Radiation-induced mutagenesis, 42

Rainfall, see Precipitation

Reference scenarios/comparative risk approach, 39, 87-99, 100, 122-123

Regulatory issues, 15-16, 21, 229, 245-254

see also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology; Environmental Protection Agency; Food and Drug Administration; Legislation; Postcommercialization testing and monitoring; Risk analysis; Standards

committee mission, 1-2

committee workshop agenda, 289-290

conventionally improved crops, 5, 20, 29, 62, 63, 79, 82, 83-86, 142, 143

extra-territorial regulation, 16, 56-57

historical perspectives, 3, 17-18, 19, 49-51, 57-58, 83

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 50, 80-81, 178

precautionary principle, 64-65, 66, 247-250

public input, 9-10, 12, 104, 105, 118, 127, 135, 165-166, 168-175, 182, 188, 191, 212, 242-245, 290

Reproductive sterility, 30, 33, 40, 52, 67, 102, 115, 116, 122, 150, 151, 181, 184, 223-224, 236, 258

Research methodology, 10

see also Case studies; Epidemiology; Experimental methods; Models and modeling; Risk analysis

committee study at hand, 1-2, 7-8, 19-20, 295-299

Resistance

see also Disease resistance; Herbicide resistance

antibiotic resistance, 44, 89, 119, 125, 145-146

insects, resistance by, 7, 65, 76-77, 91;

see also Resistance evolution

insects, resistance to, by conventionally improved crops, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 129, 144-145, 153, 201, 220, 244;

see also Bacillus thuringiensis

viral, 104, 113, 116-117, 118, 126-135, 152, 159-160

Resistance evolution, 7

hazard identification, 65, 76-77

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 196

weeds, 6, 65, 76-77, 100

Rice, 4-5, 32, 33, 226, 227

Bt, 70, 71

Green Revolution, 34-35

Risk analysis, 6-7, 12, 16, 49, 51, 52-100, 233, 242-243, 255-256

see also Experimental methods; Field testing; Postcommercialization testing and monitoring

APHIS role, general, 6, 60, 81-87, 172, 252-254

committee conclusions and recommendations, 5, 6, 58, 61, 63, 64, 77, 82, 83, 85, 86, 90, 98, 99-100

committee mission, 1-2, 20

definitional issues, 53-56, 58-62, 65-77

epidemiology, 6, 59, 132, 217

European Union directive, 65, 66, 247-248

event-tree analysis, 90, 96-98

exposure pathways, 53, 66

fault-tree analysis, 12, 88, 89, 93-96, 190-191

hazard identification, 54-55, 59, 61, 63, 65-77, 169, 172, 218, 243, 255

historical perspectives, 2-3, 29-33, 36, 53, 71-76, 83

international perspectives, 56-57, 117

European Union directive, 65, 66, 247-248

precautionary principle, 64-65, 66, 247-250

litigation, 58, 74

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 50, 80-81

precautionary principle, 64-65, 66, 247-250

public input, 9-10, 12, 104, 105, 118, 127, 135, 165-166, 168-175, 182, 188, 191, 212, 242-245, 290

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

standards, 6-7, 59-61, 255

definitional issues, 53-56, 58-62

reference scenarios/comparative risk approach, 39, 87-99, 100, 122- 123

theoretical issues, 59, 61, 68, 98

definitional issues, 53-56, 58-62

two-part model, 90

two-part model, 90-92, 98

whole organism, 65, 68-70, 91-92, 98, 196

Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, 53

RNA, 41, 46, 116-117, 185

Rural Development Act, 199

S

Salinity, 35, 230

bermudagrass, salt-resistant, 120-123

soil, 5, 120-123, 222, 223

Secrets, see Confidential business information

Seed dispersal, 37, 66, 69

Smith-Lever Act, 17

Social factors, 2-3, 4, 16, 29, 188, 223, 237, 252, 258-259

see also Public input; Public opinion

international perspectives, 18

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 195

risk analysis, 6, 8, 58, 61, 64, 83, 99

Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act, 199

Soil characteristics, 35, 144, 210, 244, 302

see also Fertilizer

acid deposition, 24, 223

National Resources Inventory, 200

non-target organisms, 71, 73, 163, 204, 255

phytoremediation, 229, 232-233

reference scenarios, 88-89, 96-98

salinity, 5, 120-123, 222, 223

soil contamination, 33, 229

Soil Conservation Service, see Natural Resources Conservation Service, 199

Southern analysis, 114, 115-116

Soybean, 72, 90, 136-144, 224, 225-226, 290

Spatial factors, 252

see also Landscape effects

APHIS permitting process, 124-125, 131, 179, 188-189

APHIS regulation, general, 8-9, 13, 103-104, 150, 176, 179, 184, 191

committee mission, 20

edge effects, 22, 27

isolated or related species, 48, 124-125

long-term effects, 2, 208;

see also “postcommercialization…” infra

minicommunities, 28-36

National Resources Inventory, 14, 199-200

notification process, 9, 109

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 13, 14, 194-195, 197, 203, 206, 208, 209, 214-215, 217, 256

regional farming practices/systems, 15

Squash, 126-135, 160, 187

Standards, 3

APHIS evidential standards, 187

APHIS notification process, 109, 122

conventionally vs genetically improved crops, 5

ecological indicators, 14, 209-213

epidemiology, 6, 217

historical perspectives, 19

postcommercialization monitoring, 14, 209-213, 216

risk analysis, 6-7, 59-61, 255

definitional issues, 53-56, 58-62

reference scenarios/comparative risk approach, 39, 87-99, 100, 122- 123

risk minimization, 104

Sterility, see Reproductive sterility

Sugar beet, 33, 67, 69

Synergistic effects, 114, 128, 130, 208, 235

T

Taiwan, 32

Taxonomic factors, 30, 79, 112, 155, 208-209

Temporal factors, see Time factors

Theoretical perspectives, 256, 302

APHIS postcommercialization monitoring, 193-196

extinction by hybridization, 68

risk analysis, 59, 61, 68, 98

definitional issues, 53-56, 58-62

two-part model, 90

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

Threatened species, see Endangered and threatened species

Time factors, 252

abiotic stress resistance, 230-231

APHIS notification and field testing, 9, 51, 108, 169, 173, 174

APHIS permitting, 111, 132

APHIS regulation, other, 102, 118-120, 135, 169

horizontal gene transfer, 67

long-term effects, 2, 14-15

National Resources Inventory, 14, 199-200

outflows from agroecosystems, 23-24

phenotypic trait array, 14-15

postcommercialization monitoring, 193, 194-197, 206, 207-213, 217, 219, 256-257

public response to assessment, 10

Tolerance, see Resistance; Resistance evolution

Toxicology, 13, 23, 38-39, 117, 189, 252

see also Bacillus thuringiensis; Pesticides

avidin, 9, 180-181

historical perspectives, 17-18

insect resistance, 38

Trade secrets, see Confidential business information

Training, see Education and training

Transcapsidation, 114, 128

Transcription (DNA), 40-41, 45, 46

Two-part model, 90-92, 98

U

Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, 53, 242-243

V

Vaccines, 228, 229

Viruses, 106, 256

APHIS regulation, 104, 106, 109, 113-114, 116-117, 118, 126-135, 152, 159-160, 187

resistance, 104, 113, 116-117, 118, 126-135, 152, 159-160

vaccines, 228

Vitamins, 226, 227, 229

Volunteer monitoring organizations, 206

W

Water quality, 22-23, 34-35, 107

see also Coastal zones; Fish and fish habitat; Irrigation; Salinity; Wetlands

acid deposition, 24, 223

nitrogen deposition, 22, 24, 25-26, 34

nutrient runoff, general, 23-26 (passim), 210

Waterfowl, see Birds

Weather

see also Climate; Precipitation

pollen dispersal by wind, 67

Weed Science Society of America, 113, 129, 148

Weediness, 30, 67, 69, 69-70, 79, 244

see also Herbicide resistance; Hybridization; Wild relatives

APHIS assessments, 11, 104, 105, 113, 122, 130-133, 139-140, 142, 147-150, 160, 165, 178-179

sugar beet, 33

Weeds and weed management, 24, 26, 33, 69, 223, 302

APHIS regulation, 104, 105, 113, 122, 156-157

resistance evolution, 6, 65, 76-77, 100, 129;

see also Herbicide resistance

species feeding on, 204

Western blots, 116

Wetlands, 22-23

coastal zones, nitrogen deposition, 24, 25-26

outflows from agroecosystems, 24, 34

Wheat, 4, 33, 226

Green Revolution, 34

Whole-plant hazards, 65, 68-70, 91-92, 98

corn, 68-69

postcommercialization testing and monitoring, 196

Wild relatives, 32, 33, 41, 43, 67, 68, 69, 104, 105, 112, 113, 117, 123, 125, 247

see also Non-target species; Weediness

APHIS deregulation process, 129-135 (passim), 149-153, 157, 160, 163

EPA regulation, 160-161

outcrossing, 33, 125, 140

World Health Organization, 56

World Trade Organization, 56-57

World Wide Web, see Internet

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
×

Y

Yield factors, 21, 29-30, 72, 144, 145, 186, 193-194, 240

as complex trait, 39, 41, 43

conventional breeding, 28, 37

Green Revolution, 34-35

honey, 31

monocultural systems, 24

sugar beet, 33

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2002. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10258.
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Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation Get This Book
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Transgenic crops offer the promise of increased agricultural productivity and better quality foods. But they also raise the specter of harmful environmental effects. In this new book, a panel of experts examines: • Similarities and differences between crops developed by conventional and transgenic methods • Potential for commercialized transgenic crops to change both agricultural and nonagricultural landscapes • How well the U.S. government is regulating transgenic crops to avoid any negative effects.

Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants provides a wealth of information about transgenic processes, previous experience with the introduction of novel crops, principles of risk assessment and management, the science behind current regulatory schemes, issues in monitoring transgenic products already on the market, and more.

The book discusses public involvement—and public confidence—in biotechnology regulation. And it looks to the future, exploring the potential of genetic engineering and the prospects for environmental effects.

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