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OCR for page 587
Index
A
Alkaline earths
autoradiographic studies, 183
metabolic model, 183-185,195
retention time in animals, 182
Alpha particles
Bragg curve for, 404
charged-particle equilibrium,
402-404
cytotoxicity, 427
damage cause by, 398
distributions of specific energy,
409-414
dose averaging, 407-408
dose characterization, 401-402
dosimetry, 246,247,249-254,
401-408
energy loss in tissues, 220
exposure characterization, 401-402
hit size effectiveness factor, 419
linear energy transfer, 398-399,
417-418
mammalian cell survival studies
relative to, 421-423
microdosimetry, 408-414
nonequilibrium dose, 403-40s
particulate source distributions,
412-414
properties, 397-401
randomness, 408
range, 337,399-400,404
relative biological effectiveness,
17-18,326,376-377,406-407,
421-427
scattering by, 397
single-event densities, 41~411
specific energy, 408-409, 414,419
stopping power, 398-400,404
straggling by, 397,400-401,
403-404
in viva transformation of cells by,
423-427
Alpha-emitting radionuclides
fetal effects, 17-18,381,384-391
genetic effects, 17, 79,367-375
human uptake routes, 2,4
ingestion hazards, 309
lifetime carcinogenic risks, 2, 11, 17
metabolism in humans, 4-5
methodologies for estimating risk
from, sec Risk estimation
methodologies
most significant to humans, 4
neonatal effects in utero, 381-391
from nuclear fuel cycle, 1
risk estimates on cancer induction
by, sec Lung-cancer risk from
radon progeny,
estimates/proj actions
sources,1,2, 5
teratogenic effects, 381-383
variation in data on, 3
sec To ~pecipc mdionuclidc~
· · ~
Americium
587
OCR for page 588
588
accidental exposures, 314
animal studies, 308, 313-315, 319,
321-323, 325, 391
biomolecular complex formation,
161
chromosonal aberrations from, 376
dosimetry, 314, 391
fetoplacental dosimetry, 391
gastrointestinal uptake, 308
half-life, 303
hematological effects, 325
liver-cancer induction, 256, 322-323
lymph node accumulation, 313
lung-tumor induction, 319, 321
nitrate, 306, 308
prenatal effects, 391
sources and uses, 15, 303-304
uptake and deposition, 312,
314-315
waste disposal concerns, 303, 304
Animal studies
alkaline earth retention, 182
americum, 308, 313-315, 319,
321-323, 325, 391
COGEMA, 431-435
i:
INDEX
extrapolation to humans, 3, 16, 17,
22, 172, 183, 237, 285, 289-290,
331, 348-366, 371, 441, 492
inhalation, 281, 290, 32~321,
43~439
Inhalation Toxicology Research
Institute, 349
.nterspecies differences in
sensitivity to alpha-emitters,
14-15
life-span studies, 315, 318-319, 323
lung-cancer, 16, 29, 77, 289,
440~441
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 317,
350, 436~439
plutonium, 16, 307-309, 311,
313-314, 316-326, 329, 348-351,
375, 389-390
Po-210, 10
polonium, 10, 163, 167
percutaneous absorption, 306
precision of risk estimates derived
from, 4
radium in dogs, 12, 15, 186, 188,
190, 214, 222-223, 257-258, 349
radon, 3, 5, 29-30, 430-442
species differences in sensitivity,
284-286, 320-321
Thorotrast/thorium, 253, 255-258,
267
time-related effects in, 331
transuranic elements, 21-22, 237,
315-327
University of Rochester, 430-431
University of Utah, 349
uranium, 14-15, 278, 280-281,
283-290, 297-298
USSR, 166, 167, 287
Arteriosclerosis
polonium induction of, 166, 167
Atherosclerosis
from polonium, 171
B
BEIR III report
bone cancer risk estimates for
radium, 188-189, 199
genetic effects estimates, 371-375
lung-cancer risk estimates for radon
progeny, 8, 76-77, 569-570
Bismuth-214
half-life, 137
physical properties, 138
Bone cancer
age factor in, 185, 187, 193-194,
206-210
cells at rick, 12, 185-188, 191
in children, 185
dose-response data, 11-12, 15,
194-205, 206-213, 214, 222,
257-258
dosimetry of radium relative to,
188-193
frequency from radium, 185-188
histologic types, distribution, 187,
210-211
hot-spot formation and, 189-192
hypothesis for initiation, 190-192,
214-215
latency period, 193-194, 213-215,
233-234, 352-353, 363-364, 366
linear nonthreshold hypothesis,
19~197
location of tumors, 186
model, 236
mortality rate, 230-231, 234, 363
plutonium induction, 16-17,
317-318, 324-325, 333-334,
348-363
polonium induction of, 165
in radium-dial painters, 184, 185,
188, 190, 193, 214, 232
radium induction of, 11-12, 19-20,
185-215, 232, 236-237, 287-288
research recommendations on,
19-20, 237-238
OCR for page 589
INDEX
risk estimates, 11-17, 186, 188-189,
203, 208-209, 212-214, 236-237,
270-272, 288, 298, 366
rick estimation approach, 333-334,
348-366
spontaneously occurring, 185-188,
202, 211, 288, 324
Thorotrant induction, 13-14,
257-258, 260, 262, 263, 270-272
threshold dose, 213-215, 196, 200,
206
from transuranic elements, 16-17,
333-334
tumor rate, 193-194, 207, 237
uranium induction, 11, 15,
287-289, 298
Bronchial epithelium
annual dose equivalent of
alpha-emitting radionuclides, 5
polonium dose to, 17~171
radon progeny dose to, 25,
146-148, 154
thoron progeny dose to, 25, 261
C
Calcium
clearance rates for humans, 164
similarity to radium, 179, 183
Cancer induction
bladder, 231-232
breast, 89, 231-232, 326
epithelial, 39, 89, 245
head carcinomas, 287
leukemias, 13-14, 194, 225-230,
232, 246, 288-289, 325-326
liver, 13-14, 16, 21, 246, 251,
254-269, 271-272, 322-323, 335
lymphomas, 165, 166
models of, 85, 86~87
myelo-proliferative disorders, 13
process, representations of, 194-195
risk estimates, 2, 12, 13-14
soft tissue tumors, 165-166
spleen, 255-257
temporal patterns for, 89, 237
sec also Bone cancer; Lung cancer;
Sinus/mastoid carcinomas
Carcinogenicity
plutonium, 16-17, 317-323,
324-326, 333, 324, 348-366
polonium, 11, 163, 165-166
radium, 11, 185-215, 225-230,
236-237
radon progeny, 5, 9, 24, 25, 30, 77,
79, 219; sec also Lung cancer
thorium, 245-246, 255-258
589
Thorotrast, 246, 251, 254-266
transuranic compounds, 16,
322-323, 325-337
uranium, 11, 15, 287-289, 293-295,
298, 478
Cellular Idiobiology
application to risk estimation for
alpha-emitters, 420-421
dose rate and fractionation, 417
dose-response curves, 415-416
LET effect, 417-417
mammalian cell survival, 421023
microdosimetry, 408-414, 418
mutation in vitro, 423
transformation in vitro, 423-427
Cigarette smoking
gender-specific effects, 48
interaction between alpha-emitters
and, 5, 7, 9, 28-30, 45, 50-51,
79, 322, 435, 437, 439, 454,
504-560
lung-cancer mortality rate from, 8,
29, 50, 56, 78
polonium contribution to lung
cancer from, 24, 160, 166
respiratory effects of, 557-559
Cc also Miner cohorts
Colloidal thorium-232 dioxide, sec
Tho rot rest
Curium
animal studies, 313, 324-325
bone-tumor induction, 324-325
half-life, 303
liver deposition, 314
lung-cancer induction, 319
lymph node accumulation, 313
sources and user, 15, 303-304
waste disposal concerns, 303, 304
D
Dose
absorbed, 252-254, 402, 405-406
accumulated during gestation, 18
average absorbed, 402, 405
averaging, 407-408
basal cell, 146
breathing effects on, 140147
characterization, 401-402
determinants of, 27, 141, 146-147,
195
fractionation, 417
in homes, 144, 145
mean bronchial, 25, 146-148, 154,
170
nonequilibrium, 403-405
OCR for page 590
590
polonium, to body tissues, 162, 170
radon progeny, to bronchial
epithelium, 25
rate, effect of, 417
threshold, from radium, 206,
213-215
threshold-nonthreshold issue, 177,
200
units of, 7, 8, 26-27, 100, 141, 406
arc ado Relative biological
effectiveness
Dose equivalent, annual
age dependency, 151
to bronchial epithelium, 5
largest contributors, 5
population collective, isotopes
contributing significantly to, 4
radon-220, 248
thorium-232, 246
Dose-response relationships
age factor in, 208-210
in bone cancer, 11-12, 15, 194-205,
20~213, 214, 222, 257-258
calculation, 97-98, 196-205,
200213, 232-236, 332
cellular radiobiological ejects,
415-416, 418-420
cigarette-smoking in, 32
in genetic effects of alpha emitters,
256, 374-375, 416, 492
in lung cancer, 432-433, 435,
437-439
in sinus/mastoid carcinoma, 12,
222-224
for Thorotrast, 247, 255-256, 260
ace ado specific alpha emitters
Dosimetry
absorbed dose, 402, 405-406
alpha particle, 246, 401-414
average absorbed, 402, 405
charged-particle equilibrium,
402-404
dose averaging, 407-408
exposure and dose characterization,
401-402
fetoplacental, 385
frontal sinus, 219~220
mastoid air cell system, 20
measures of, 26
micro, 408-414, 418
polonium, 162-163
prenatal, 385
radium, 188-193, 195
radon-daughter, 26-29, 52, 137-156
relative biological effectiveness,
406-407, 418
INDEX
sinus/mastoid cancer, 20, 216,
219-221
thorium, 13, 21, 246-254
thoron progeny, 25
units, 401, 406, 408, 409
Dosimetry models
aerosol factors in, 140, 143,
145-146, 149, 150-152
age factors in, 50, 151
assumptions in, 6, 31, 142, 144, 149
breathing factors in, 147-148,
150-151, 153-155
clearance probabilities, 143
compartmental, 142, 143
equilibrium factors, 141, 150-153
extrapolation from mines to homes,
52, 149-156
gender treatment in, 151
Harley-Pasternak, 144-146, 155
hot-spot burial, 191
Jacobi-Eisfeld, 144-145
James, 144-145
multicomponent, of lung-cancer
risk from radon, 30
nonquadratic, 418-420
particle-size factor in, 145,
150152, 310
physiological determinants in, 141,
143, 150-151, 153
proportionality factor in, 151, 155
in radioactive tracer tracer studies,
142-143
research recommended on, 155-156
respiratory tract, 31
smoking status and, 151
unattached radon fraction in,
14~141, 144, 146-147, 149,
150-155
uncertainties in, 143, 144, 149, 154
validation, 149
Drinking water, radium in, 230-232
EEinsteinium
animal studier, 325
bone-tumor induction, 325
lung-cancer induction, 319
percutaneous absorption, 306
placental transfer and yolk sac
deposition, 391
Emphysema
polonium-induced, 166
Epidemiological studies
ankylosing spondilitis patients, 20,
120, 205-206, 210, 228-229, 246
Badgastein spa patients, 492-493
OCR for page 591
INDEX
biases In combining, 114
British luminizer~, 227-228
children of A-bomb survivors, 384
design recommendation, 290-291
extrapolation to general population
indoors, 6
females exposed to radon, 48
Japanese atomic-bomb survivors,
39, 4050, 51, 58, 89-90, 111,
120, 194, 509, 516-518,
521-527, 560
Los Alamos employees, 328
plutonium workers, 16-17
precision of risk estimates derived
from, 4, 10
radium chemists, 11, 168, 214, 226
radium-dial painters, 2, 11, 168,
177, 184, 185, 188, 190, 193,
196-197, 199-200, 214, 217,
224-230, 237, 288, 333, 348,
351, 353-354, 387
radon exposure in homes, 10, 31,
79-80, 470481, 515-516
risk estimation using external
population rates, 95-98
risk estimation without external
rates, 98-98
Rocky Flats employees, 327-328
statistical methodology for analysis
of, 84, 86, 93-100
Thorotrast recipients, sec
Thorotrast
transuranic elements, 327-328
uranium mill workers, 290-291,
294, 296
uranium conversion and enrichment
plant workers, 292-293
ace ale o Miner cohorts
F
Fetal effects
epidemiological data, 384
mental retardation, 384
placental transfer and fetal
accretion of radionuclides, 381,
384-391
of polonium, 387
of radium, 385, 387
of radon, 385-387
of transuranic elements, 385,
388-391
of uranium, 385, 388
591
G
Genetic effects
aneuploidy, 370
BEIR III estimates, 367-368,
371-375, 377-379
chromosomal aberrations, 10, 17,
79, 256, 322, 326, 367-370,
372-374, 376-378, 416, 492-493
cytogenetic abnormalities in
miners, 79, 492-493
distribution factors in, 377-378
dominant lethals, 376, 377
dose-response relationship, 256,
374-375, 416, 492
doubling dose for, 372-373
extrapolation from animal studies,
371
extrapolation of high-LET effects
from low-LET effects, 368,
374-375
gender sensitivity in, 371:, 377-378
mutations, 16, 17, 367, 369-370,
372-378, 416
numerical estimates, 378-381
plutonium-induced, 16, 17, 326, 375
projections, 370382
relative biological effectiveness for
induction of, 374-378, 392, 423
research recommendations on, 23
risk estimation approach, 17,
367-368, 371-375, 377
Thorotrast-induced, 256
types, 369-371
H
Human studies, 8Cd Epidemiological
studies
Hypertension
polonium association with, 157
I
International Commission on
Radiation Protection, 147, 183
risk estimates for radon, 573-574
threshold dose research, 298
L
Lead-210
half-life, 137, 140
in tissues of radium-dial painters,
168
Lead-212
retention in tissues, 188
Lead-214
OCR for page 592
592
half-life, 137
physical properties, 138
Low linear energy transfer radiation
cancer induction effectiveness, 179
effect of dose rate and fractionation
on, 417,417-418
estimation of high-LET effects
from, 368,374-375
genetic effects, 17
models for extrapolation to, 36,89
time-since-exposure effects of, 120
Lung cancer
animal studies, 16, 29, 77,289,
440-441
causes, 85
from cigarette smoking, 8,29,50,
56,78,504-560
dose-response relationships,
432-433,435,437-439
health outcomes, 79
histopathology, 289,433,435,
437-438,497-501
latency period, 432,433,435, 437,
511
mortality, 6-7,8, 29,40,56,78,
293; &ec Oreo Lung-cancer
mortality from radon
plutonium-induced, 317-321
polonium-induced, 24,160,166,
321
primary site of, 5
radionuclide contributors to, 5,15
radium-induced, 231-232
radon exposure correlated with
histopathological cell type,
498-501
radon-induced, ace Lung-cancer
mortality from radon; Lung-
cancer risk from radon,
estimates/projections
research recommendations on,
79-80,560
small-cell carcinoma from radon
daughters, 9, 79
Thorotrast-induced, 260-262,266
from transuranic compounds, 16,
320, 329-333,337
in underground miners, 6-7, 40; sec
also Miner cohorts
uranium-induced, 289,293-295,
478
Lung-cancer mortality from radon
age-specific, model for, 38,132
confounding effects in miners, 464,
469-470,473-474
death certificate accuracy for, 44
in females, 56,61
INDEX
lifetime exposure, 8,48,56-58, 76
lifetime risk, 8,58,61, 76, 78,
131-134
in males, 56,61, 78,132,134
in miners, sec Miner cohorts
in nonsmokers, 56
in smokers, 528
in presence of other causes of
death, 133
Lung-cancer risk analyses
additive model, 41,49, 77,91-92,
512,517
age treatment in, 94-95,114-116,
119, 331
application to transuranic
elements, 331-332
biases in, 37,44,86,114,513
choice-of-model errors, 46,58
cigarette-smoking treatment in,
91-92,96,518-556
cohort analyses, ecc Miner cohorts
Committee approach to, 30-31, 34,
77,330; &" onto Miner cohorts;
TSE model
concentration variability of radon
in, 459
constant-relative-risk models,
39-40,46,51-52,57-58,60,88,
90,98,100,109-110,115-117,
119,122
determinants of risk in, 34,45-46,
54,84,87
dose fractionation in, 59
dose-group-specific SRMs in, 34,
40,93,102,108-110,113-115,
117
dosimetric approach vs.
epidemiological approach, 6-7
doe-response data treatment, 332
extrapolation from animal studies,
331
exposure characterization in, 119
gender treatment in, 91-93, 96
grouped data in, 94,104
hazard function analysis, 433
indirect, from other alpha emitters,
171
latency years in, 54, 101, 108, 118,
294
life table analyses, 437, 456,461,
465
Mantel-Bryan procedure in,
332-333
measures of risk, 52-57, 74-75,
131-134
misclassification of disease in,
44-45,111,119
OCR for page 593
INDEX
modifying effects of variables in, 35
mortality rates in presence of other
causes of death, 133
multiplicative standard errors in,
41,47,110-111,113,119,
121-122
potential risk factors in, 34,45-46,
54
prolonged exposure, 36,90-91, 108
regression techniques, ~7, 93-94,
95-96,98-99,527
research recommended on, 18
statistical models and methods,
34-37
survival to a specific age in, 132,
134
synthetic case-control approach,
512
temporal patterns in, 32,34
time-since-exposure model, Cc
TSE model
years of life lost in, 134
Lung-cancer risk from radon
progeny, estimates/projections
after survival to a specified age, 61,
74-75,132,134
basis for, 85
by age started and age exposure to
ends, 36,49-50,61-73,533-556
by cigarette-smoking status, 29,
45-47,53-56,61, 78,505-511,
516-518, 522-525,530-531,
533-556
comparison of other studies with
this study, 74-77
extrapolation from mining
environment to indoor
environment, 52,149-156
for females, 47-49,53, 55-61,
68-73,75-76,78, 93,523-525,
545-556
indoor exposures, 2,4, 7,10,25
for lifetime exposure, 8,50,52-61,
64-65,68-69,76, 436
lifetime risks, 8, 55-56,58,60-65,
68-71, 76, 78,435,440,
533-536,539-542,545-548,
551-554
for males, 47-49,53,55-58,61-67,
74,76,523-525,533-544
mathematical basis for, 131-134
precision of, 10
survival time data, 433-434
temporal expressions of, 51-52
TSE model vs. constant-
relative-risk model, 57-58,60
tumor incidence, 433-434
593
uncertainties in, 9, 18-lg, 37,
40-52,440
for uranium miners, 61,77; &" Too
Miner cohorts
years of life lost, 53,55-56,58-59,
61,66-67,72-73,537-538,
543-544,549-550,555-556
M
Mastoid air cells
physiology of, 215-216
sec also Sinus/mastoid carcinoma
Miner cohorts
age-at-first-exposure effects on,
36-38,49-50,85,530-531
age-specific risks, 61,1og-111,114,
6-118,120-121,123,125,
127,129
analytical approaches, 32,34; ecu
also Lung-cancer risk analyses;
TSE model
BEIR III risk estimates for, 565,
569-570
Canadian (Eldorado) uranium
miners, 6,32,40,43,97,
01-103,106-107,109-110,
115-117,121,123-124,461-467,
483-484,500,508,515,565
Canadian fluorspar miners,
470-471,483,498-499,565, 573
cause-specific risks of mortality
among, 481-484,489
characteristics, 33,153,154
Chinese tin miners, 468-470
cigarette smoking in, 32, 34, 4s, 50,
294,452,473-475,478,498,
504-518,520-521,527-531
Colorado Plateau uranium miners,
6,32,34,36,40,45,50,93,
00-103,105-110,112-118,
121-122,129-130,290-291,294,
446-454,483,489-494,498-499,
506-507,511-514,527-531,560
combined analyses of, 11 4-l l9
Committee analyses of, 32-35,37,
43,45,46-48,84-134
constant relative risk, 40,116-117,
119
Cornish tin miners, 468,483-484
cumulative exposures, 101, 102,
123-130
cytogenetic abnormalities in, 79,
492-493
OCR for page 594
594
Czechoslovakian uranium miners,
455-459,462,493,498-499,
565,573
dose calculation for, 149
dose-response relationships for,
461-463,469,471,474,477-478
duration-of-exposure effects on, 36,
38,109-110, 112,114,124,126,
128,130
excess relative risk, 102-107,
116-~17, 123-130,476, 505,
506-511,522
exposure estimate errors, 43
external population rates for risk
estimation in, 95-98, 1oo,1ol,
02-105,108-110,115-119,
121-122
extrapolation of data to indoor
environments, 6,7, 1o,18-lg,
34,35,52
final lung-cancer risk model for,
119-130; ecc obo TSE model
French uranium miners, 46~468
healthy worker effect in, 98, 1ol,
295
histological types of lung cancer in,
498-501
internal analyses of, 34,86, 94,
98-100,108-109,111,115-119,
121-122
lifetime observations in, 51
limitations of studies, 31
lung-cancer deaths in, 33,103,
123-130,332,446, 455-457,
461-463,466-471,474-477,479
lung-cancer occurrence in, 9, 24,
29,30,77,470,478
mean exposure, 106-107
mortality patterns, 291-297,
481-484,508
NCRP risk estimates for, 565-569
Navajo uranium miners, 493-494,
500-501
New Mexico uranium miners, 50,
490,494,500,514-515,520-522
nonmalignant health eRects of
radon in, 9-10, 15,79, 451,
489-494
Norwegian niobium miners, 478,
483-484
Ontario uranium miners, 6, 32,40,
43,101,103,106-107,109-111,
116-117,121,125-126,457-463.
483-484, 489,491,565
parallel analyses of, 35, loo
pattern-of-risk model for, 38
INDEX
person-years at risk, 100, 101, 103,
106-107
precision of estimated risk derived
from, 10
previous estimates of radon risks,
564-575
reproductive outcomes, adverse, 10,
493-494
separate analyses of, 105-114
skin cancer in, 491
strengths of studies, 454
Swedish iron miners (Grangesberg),
476-477,499,501
Swedish iron miners (Kiruna),
474_475, 499, 501
Swedish iron miners (Kiruna and
Gallivare), 475-476,499,501,
504,506
Swedish lead-zinc miners
(Hammer), 477-478,506,510
Swedish (Malmberget) metal
miners, 6,29, 32,40,43,51,
01,103-104,106, 110,113,
115-117,121,127-128, 471-474,
483-484, 505-506, 509-510,565
Swedish (Oeland miners, 515-516
Swedish miners general), 477
time-since-expos re effects, 85,
108-110, 112,114-118,120-122
uranium dust effects, 291-294,297
UNSCEAR risk estimates for, 565,
573
Models/modeling
alkaline earth metabolism,
183-185,195
alpha-particle energy loss in tissue,
220
carcinogenesis, 85
computer, 28-29
dose calculations for miners, 149
dosimetry, sec Dosimetry models
health effects, computerized,
367-368,371,379
lung, for radon exposure, 14~149
risk, ecc Risk modeling and
methodologies
uranium metabolism by humans,
279,297
N
National Cancer Institute
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
End Results program, 185-188,
217, 218
National Council on Radiation
Protection and Measurements
OCR for page 595
INDEX
polonium dose estimates, 170
risk estimates of lung-cancer
mortality from radon progeny,
8, 76-78, 560569
Neptunium
half-life, 303
gastrointestinal tract absorption,
308
liver and skeletal deposition,
314-315
percutaneous absorption, 306
preimplantation mortality, 388-389
sources and uses, 15, 303-304
waste disposal concerns, 303-304
p
Paranasal sinuses
dosimetry, 210220
physiology of, 215-216, 220
Peteasthor, 205-206
Phosphates
radium concentrations in, 139, 228
Plutonium
absorption and deposition in
humans, 16, 305, 307-309,
311-314, 323, 327, 336, 348
animal studies, 16, 307-309, 311,
313-314, 316-326, 329, 348-351,
375, 380390
autopsy tissue studies, 305
biomolecular complex formation,
161
bone-tumor induction, 16-17,
317-318, 324-325, 333, 334,
348-366
chromosomal aberrations, 17, 326,
376
clearance from respiratory tract,
.310-312
developmental toxicity, 380390
dosimetry, 313, 328, 41~411
dose-response trends, 328, 390
electrolyte imbalances, 326
emphysema induction, 166
epidemiological studies, 327-328
gonadal burden, 378
half-life, 303
hematological effects, 325-326
human injection studies, 334, 351,
362-364
fallout exposure, 305, 313, 327
fetal hematological changes, 391
fetoplacental distribution, 389
gonadal burden, 378
hot-particle problem, 163, 321
595
life-span-shortening effects, 164
liver-tumor induction, 322-323
lung-cancer induction, 317-321
mammary-tumor induction, 326
mutation rates, 375-376
nitrates, 306-308, 311, 313
nonmalignant health effects, 16,
315-319
nuclear properties, 304
occupational exposure, 305, 306,
308, 313, 327
oxides, 16, 307, 310-314, 317-321,
325-326, 336
Pu-238, 304, 312, 376, 423, 426
Pu-239, 1, 3, 10, 17, 164, 303-304,
307, 312, 314, 323, 327,
375-377, 390, 410-412
paranasal tumors, 317
placental transfer, 389-390
pneumonitis from, 16, 315-319
prenatal mortality from, 390~391
prolonged exposure, 321
relative biological effectiveness, 17,
376, 377, 423, 426
releases from nuclear plant
accidents, 304
risk estimates, 329, 333, 337, 363,
366
risk estimation approach, 3,
348-366
single-event densities, 410
sources and uses, 1, 15, 303-304,
305
specific energy for absorbed doses,
412
spermatogenic damage, 326
target tissues in humans, 16, 162,
281
threshold dose, 319
toxicity, 10, 164, 172 389
yolk sac deposition, 389-390
waste disposal concerns, 303
Polonium
aggregated (colloidal), 161-164
animal studies, 10, 163-167
biomolecular complex formation,
161
bronchial epithelium dose in
smokers, 170-171
carcinogenesis, 11, 163, 165-166
chemical behavior, 160-161
in children, 168
clearance rates from humans, 164
co-exposure with other pollutants,
441
dietary availability, 169
dosimetry, 10, 162-163, 170
OCR for page 596
596
fetal effects, 387
functional changes in animals from,
167
histopathology in animals, 165-166
hot-particle theory, 171
human studies, 11, 167-169
importance, 159
isotopes, 159
life-span-shortening effects, 164
lung-cancer role in smokers, 24,
160, 166, 170
lung damage/cancer from, 24, 160,
166, 321
maximum permissible burden, 168
metabolism in humans and
animals, 11, 161, 162-163, 169
in milk of lactating animals, 164
nonmalignant health effects, 166,
167-168
nuclear properties, 137, 159-160,
162, 167, 188
physical properties, 138
placental transfer, 387
Po-210, 10, 24, 159-160, 162, 164,
168, 17~171, 321, 422, 441
Po-214, 24, 137-138, 159-160
Po-216, 188
Po-218, 10, 137-138, 159-160
in radium-dial painters, 168
relative biological effectiveness, 422
research recommendations on, 19
risk estimation approach, 11, 169,
171-172
sources and uses, 10, 159-160,
169-171
target tissues and cells, 10,
161-162, 167-168
tissue distribution and excretion,
163-164, 169-170
in tobacco, 169-170
toxicity, 10, 162, 164, 172
tracer studies, 167
USSR studies, 166-168
R
Radium
accidental exposure, 177
anemias from, 225-226, 228, 230
animal studies, 12, 15, 186, 188,
190, 214, 222-223, 257-258, 349
biomolecular complex formation,
161, 178
bone-cancer induction, 11-12,
19-20, 185-215, 232, 236-237
cells at risk, 188, 191
INDEX
chemistry, 178
clearance rates, 164, 185
dietary intake, 192
dose localization, 162
dose-response data, 11-12, 15, 182,
194-214, 222, 225, 228, 230237
dosimetry, 188-193, 195, 237
fetal effects, 387
fibrotic tissue development from,
192-193
gender-specific risk, 231
health effects data on, 3, 11,
176-178, 181
isotopes, 176
leukemia from, 225-230
monitoring in humans, 181-182
nuclear properties, 178-179
research recommendations on,
19-20, 237-238
risk estimation approach, 196-213,
232-237
risk from, 12, 19, 176-177, 236-237
similarity to calcium, 179, 183
sinus/mastoid carcinoma induction,
197, 215, 225
soil concentrations, 139
sources, 24, 139
target tissues, 11-13
threshold doses, 177, 213-215
tissue distribution, 179, 181,
183-185, 188, 237, 281
toxicity, 10, 164, 172, 226
U.S. research consolidation, 197,
226
uses, 176
in water, 176, 202, 205, 228,
23~232
Radium-224
bone-cancer induction, 19, 186-187,
188, 193-194, 195, 205-213,
229, 232-236
decay series, 180
dose-response relationship,
206~213, 233
dose to bone, 252
epidemiological studies of exposure
to, 2, 11, 20, 120, 205-206, 210,
228-229
fibrotic tissue development from,
193
formation, 13, 246-247
half-life, 188, 195, 228, 236
importance, 13
leukemia from, 228-230
measures of exposure, 232
risk estimation approach, 232-236
target tissues, 13
OCR for page 597
INDEX
uncertainty in risk estimated for,
12
uses, 205-206, 228-230
Radium-226
animal studies, 186
bone-sarcoma induction, 12, 19, 20,
177, 185-188, 193-205, 222,
287-288
decay products, 24, 168, 181
deposition on bone, 189
dose-response relationships,
196-205, 233
dosimetry, 189-193, 195, 221
epidemiological studies of exposure
to, 2, 11
half-life, 139
life-span-shortening effects, 164
measures of exposure, 232
physical properties, 138
placental transfer and prenatal
effects, 387
risk estimation approach, 196-205,
232-233, 235-236
sinus/mastoid carcinoma induction,
12, 20, 217
sources, 24
toxicity in animals, 10-11
Radium-228
bone-sarcoma induction, 12, 19, 20,
177, 185-188, 193-205, 232-233,
235-236, 287-288
decay series, 180
deposition on bone, 189, 248
dose-response relationships,
190205, 233
dosimetry, 189, 191-193, 195, 221
epidemiological studies of exposure
to, 2, 11
half-life, 195
intake pathway, 246
lung cancer from, 480
risk estimation approach, 196-205,
232-233, 235-236
sinus/mastoid carcinoma induction,
12, 20, 217
target tissues, 13, 195
Radon and daughters
aerosol carrier influence in, 431
age at exposure to, 36, 49-50
air concentrations, 139, 401
ambient concentrations, 78
animal studies, 3, 5, 2030, 430-442
background, 140, 481
body fluid concentrations, 141
carcinogenicity, 5, 9, 24, 25, 30, 77,
79, 431; Cc also Lung-cancer
597
risk from radon progeny,
estimates/proj ections
cells at risk, 144, 154-155
cigarette-smoking interaction with,
5, 7, 9, 28-30, 45, 50-51, 79,
322, 435, 437, 439, 454, 498,
504-560
clearance from respiratory tract,
144, 151
conditional lifetime ejects, 61-74
conditions increasing concentration,
24
decay, 10, 24, 26, 137-140, 160,
162, 179, 185, 188
deposition in human lungs, 28, 31
diffusion in human blood, 179
dose to bronchial epithelium, 25, 28
dosimetry, 26-29, 52, 137-156
fetal effects in utero, 386-387
gaps in information on, 9, 79
genetic effects, 10, 79, 492-493
health benefits of eliminating
exposure, 61, 74
histopathology of lung cancer
correlated with, 497-501
human and animal studies, 3, 5, 25,
29-30; sec also Epidemiological
studies; Miner cohorts
inhalation studies, 430-439
interval exposure to, 59-61
isotopes, 24, 25, 159
life-span shortening, 435, 437, 439
lifetime risk of lung-cancer
mortality; sec Lung-cancer
mortality from radon
lung function reduction, 9
lung-cancer risk estimation, ace
Lung-cancer risk analyses;
Lung-cancer risk from radon
progeny, estimates/projections;
TSE model
measures of risk from, 52-57
most important daughters, 137
movement through tissue adjacent
to bone, 185
nonmalignant health effects, 9, 432,
437, 480494, 558
occupational exposure, 24, 30; ecc
ado Miner cohorts
occupational limit, 7, 78
placental transfer, 387
polonium contribution to dose
from, 159
polonium risk estimation from, 171
prenatal mortality from, 380387
OCR for page 598
598
projection of risk associated with,
47-77; sec To Lung-cancer risk
from radon progeny, estimates/
projections
properties, 138-141,179
quantities and units of exposure, 7,
8, 26-27, 100,140,141
~-222, 1-2, 10, 12,24, 137-138,
179, 287,401
reproductive effects, 10, 79
research recommendations on, 5 - ,
18-19,79-80
respiratory tract behavior, 43~431
retention in bone, 188
risk estimates from other studies,
564-575
sinus/mastoid carcinoma role, 12,
219,287
skin cancer from, 491
soil releases, 139
sources, 25
unattached fraction, 27-28,
139-141,144,146-147,149-155
in water, 470, 472,480,493
Radon in indoor environments
aerosol size, 152
association among smoking, lung
cancer, and, 515-516
concentrations, 5,7,10,25,30, 77,
248, 479-480
cumulative exposure, 27
EPA survey, 78
epidemiological studies, 10, 31,
79-80,479-481, 515-516
exposure measures, 479-480
lung-cancer incidence and deaths
from, 2,480-481
mean dose, 144,155
residential characteristics, 480-481,
516
unattached fraction, 152-154
Respiratory tract
breathing effects on radon dose,
146-147
cigarette-smoking effects on,
557-559
clearance rates for radon, 144,151
inhalation and deposition of
transuranic elements in,
309-313,315-322
mathematical modeling, 143
Weibel model, 144, 261
Risk
carcinogenic, lifetime, of alpha
radiation exposure, 2,11,17
sec alto Lung-cancer risk analyses
temporal expressions of, 51-52
INDEX
Risk modeling and methodologies
absolute risk, 88-90
additive and/or multiplicative, 41,
49, ?7, 87-88, 91-92
age treatment in, 94-95,114-116,
119,206-210,232,234,236,
327,331
basic, 87-90
Bayesian, for combining radiation
studies, 333-334,354-366
biases in, 37,44,86,114,196-197,
328; sec To Uncertainties in
risk analysis/projections
biological systems differences in,
352,357-358
bone cancer, 195-206,237,
333-334,348-366
· . ~
caremogenesls mec 1anlsm
treatment, 353
cellular biology applications to,
420-421
combined effect of cigarette
smoking and radon exposure,
531
combining animal and human
studies, 354-366
comparing fit of two models, 97
constant-relative-risk, 39-40,46,
51-52,57-58,60,88,90,98,
100,109-110,115-117,119,
122,528-529
determinants of risk in, 89
dose-response calculation, 97,
196-205,232-236,332-334,355,
365,418-420,452
dose scaling, 349
for epidemiological cohort analysis,
84,86,93-100
epithelial cancers, 39
excess cancer risk, 86-93,102-107
exposure characterization in, 87,
119, 232,331
extrapolation from animal studies,
3,16,17,172,237,331,348-366
extrapolation from occupational
settings to indoor domestic
environment, 7, 27,39; dCC ~80
Miner cohorts
extrapolation to high-LET
radiations, 36,89
fitting, basic approach, 93-95
fitting of multiple relative risk
models to miner cohort study,
532
gender treatment in, 91, 92-93, 96,
232-233, 371
OCR for page 599
INDEX
.
genetic defects, 367-368,371-375,
377
grouped data version of Cox
regression, 94,104
hazard functions, 237,332,351,433
hyperparameters in, 356-357,366
indirect, from other alpha-emitters,
11, 16
interspecies comparisons, 3,
360-361
latency treatment in, 352-353,
363-364, 366
life-table analyses, 208,295
liver cancer after Thorotrast
injection, 267-269
lung-cancer risk from radon, Cc
Lung-cancer risk analyses; TSE
model
Mantel-Haenszel stratified analysis,
294,296,480
maximum likelihood estimation,
97-98,119
meta-analysis, 349, 365
multiple isotopes in, 197, 199-201,
235-236,358-360
multiplicative vs. additive, 91-92,
453,512,514,526
parallel analyses of animal and
human studies, 351-354
plutonium, 16, 348-366
Poisson probability model, 96-97,
351,354,362
polonium, 11, 169,171-172
prolonged exposure, 36, go-gl, 108,
419
proportional hazards, 206,209,
452,517
radium, 196-213, 232-236
radon and progeny, ace
Lung-cancer risk analysis; TSE
model
regression techniques, 6-7,93-94,
95-96,98-99,354
relative risk vs. absolute risk, 7, 35,
85-86,452
standardized mortality ratio, 84,
93,94-95,97-98, 100-101,102,
113-115, 117,327
statistical vs. multistage, 86-87
survival time data in, 6-7
time-since-exposure model, Cc
TSE model
uncertainty in, 9, 45-47; see also
Uncertainties in risk
analysis/projections
599
S
Sinus/mastoid carcinoma
animal studies, 12
cause, 218-219
cells at risk, 12-13
dose-response relationship, 12,
222-224
dosimetry, 20,216,219
isotopes responsible, 12,20, 219,
223
latency period, 12,221-222,224
locations and histologic types,
217-218
mortality rate, 217
naturally occurring, 218
radium-induced, 12, 20,217
radon induction, 219
research recommended on, 20,238
risk analysis approach, 223-225
risk estimates, 12
plutonium induced, 317
symptoms, 217
thorium-induced, 219
tumor rate, 217
Strontium-9O
clearance rates in humans, 164
life-span-shortening effects, 165
T
Teratogenic effects
animal studies, 385
dose-effect relationship, 381,384,
384
dosimetry, 385
effects of embryonic development
stage on, 382-384
extrapolation from animal studies,
381-383
fetal period, 384-385
mental retardation, 384
organogenesis stage, 383
placental transfer of alpha emitters,
381,384-391
preimplantation stage, 383
prenatal and postnatal periods,
384,386
risk estimates, 392
threshold dose, 383,392
types, 381
Thorium
alpha emissions in humans,
249-254
animal studies, 255-258
average body content, 246,248
OCR for page 600
600
biological properties and behavior,
14, 248-249, 255, 271
bone-sarcoma induction, 257-258
decay chain, 159, 161, 172, 245, 246
dose-response relationship, 478
dosimetry, 13, 21, 246-254, 267,
268
environmental pathways, 246, 248
excretion rates, 250
health effects data on, 3, 20, 267
inhalation and ingestion rates, 246,
248
intake routes, 246, 248
liver and spleen tumors, 255-258
lung-cancer induction, 478
nuclear properties, 13, 245, 246
polonium risk estimation from,
171-172
research recommendations on, 21
risk estimates, 13-14
soil concentrations, 246
Th-228, 13, 248-249, 257-258
Th-232, 13-14, 246, 248-250, 478
tissue distribution, 13, 172, 245,
248-249, 257, 252
toxicity, 257
uses, 245
Thoron
characteristics, 25
decay chain, 159
dose to tracheobronchial
epithelium, 25
Thorotrast
anemias from, 258, 260
animal studies, 253, 267
bone tumors from 257-258, 260,
262, 263, 27~272
causes of tumor induction by, 255
characteristics, 245
chromosomal aberrations from, 256
Danish study, 13, 246, 258, 260,
266, 269-270
dose-response relationship, 247,
255-256, 260
dosimetry, 21, 246-248, 250,
252-253, 259, 264-265, 269-271
epithelial tumors from, 245
excess risk estimates, 261, 267-272
German study, 2, 13, 20, 246, 254,
258-262, 264, 268-270
human studies, 259-267
Japanese study, 13, 247, 250, 254,
258, 260, 263-266, 268
latency period for cancer, 254, 255,
259, 263, 264, 266, 268-269
leukemias from, 194, 246, 259,
262-263, 266-267, 269-272
INDEX
life shortening by, 255
liver cancer from, 246, 251, 254,
258-269, 271-272, 335
liver cirrhoses from, 258-259,
262-265
lung cancer from, 260-262, 266
medical applications, 5, 13, 245,
258, 259, 262, 263, 266
mortality rates, 263, 269
nonmalignant health effects, 256,
258-260, 262-265
Portuguese study, 13, 246, 258,
262-263, 268-270
risk estimation approach, 267-269
uptake and distribution in tissues,
172, 247, 249-250, 254, 255,
258, 261
U.S. study, 13, 266-267
Transuranic elements
absorption factor, 309
animal studies, 21-22, 237, 315-327
autoradiographic studies, 307
biomolecular complex formation,
161
in bone and bone marrow, 314,
323-325, 337
bone-cancer induction, 16-17,
333-334
chromosomal damage, 322, 376
cofactors in cancer risk, 322
deposition in humans, 16, 305-315,
336-337
epidemiological studies, 327-328
fetal effects, 388-391
gastrointestinal intake, 305,
308-309, 336
health effects data on, 2, 3, 21,
305, 315-327
hematological effects, 325-326
human uptake of, 15-16, 30~315
inhalation, 309-313, 315-322
leukemia induction, 325, 336
liver retention, 313-315, 322-323,
337
liver-cancer induction, 322-323, 335
lung-cancer induction, 16, 320,
329~323, 337
in lymphocytes and lymph nodes,
325-326, 337
metabolism, 310~311
mutagenicity, 16
nonmalignant health effects,
315-319, 324
occupational hazards, 305
particle size considerations,
309-310, 312, 320
OCR for page 601
INDEX
percutaneous absorption, 305-308,
336
research recommendations on,
21-22
respiratory tract deposition, 305,
336-337
risk estimation approaches, 327,
329-336
risk estimates, 332,334,337
solubility considerations, 16,
306-307, 309-312,336
sources and uses, 15,303-305,327,
336
Cc also specific clemcn~
TSE model
assumptions in, 48,51, 77-78
calendar time treatment in, 38-39,
94,104
computer program for calculations
in, 99
contrasted with constant-
relative-risk model, 57-58,60,
100, 122
exposure variables, 37,43-44,46,
84,94
extrapolations of risk in time and
age, 46
fitting, basic approach, 93-95
for age-specific lung-cancer
mortality rate, 38
gender treatment in, 38-39,54, 78,
93
general population applications, 47,
52,57
interpretation, 39
miner cohort data treatment in,
32-35,37,43,45,46-48,
84-134; ecc obo Miner cohorts
recommended use of, 39
relative risk treatment in, 6~7, 9,
34-35,77,84-86,98-99,101
results obtained with, 37-40,56,
62-73
smoking treatment in, 38-39,45,
46,50-51,53-55, 78
standard error in, 41,47
strength of, 84
temporal expressions of risk, 51
uncertainties in, 9, 37,40-47, 78,
111
U
Uncertainties in risk
an alys is / p roj ect ions
additive factors, 41
age at exposure, 49-50
601
age-specific risks, 41
ambient radon concentrations, 78
bone cancer from plutonium, 334
calculation from standard
deviation, 224-225
choice-of-model errors, 46,58
cigarette smoking, 9, 47,50-51
dosimetry errors, 41-42,111, 119,
336
exposure estimate errors, 43
extrapolation from mining
environment to indoor
environment, 39,52
gender-based, 47-49
genetic ejects estimates, 370
at low doses, 203-205
lung-cancer from radon, 9, 18-19,
37,40-52,440
miner cohort data, 32
misclassification of disease, 44-45,
111, 119
modeling, 9, 45-47
multiplicative standard error, 41,
47,110-111,113,119, 121-122
nonuniform deposition in tissues,
14
for radium, 12,19
sampling errors, 41-42,47,111,
196-197,223
sources, 4,9,42-44
statistical, 40-42
temporal expressions of risk, 51-52
for thorium, 14,247
in TSE model, 9, 37,40-47
UNSCEAR
risk estimates of lung-cancer
mortality from radon progeny,
8,573
Uranium
absorption by humans, 14,277,
287-290
animal studies, 14-17,278,
280-281,283-290,297-298
autoradiography studies, 280-281,
287
biological half-life, 279,284-285
bone and marrow, 21,287-289
bone-cancer induction, 11, 15,
287-289, 298
chemistry, 276-277
clearance rates, 281
distribution and retention in body
tissues, 14,277,279-283,
287-290
dose-response relationship, 284,
287-289,298,478
OCR for page 602
602
dusts from ores, 291-294,297,432,
436,492
epidemiological studies, 290-297
evidence of radiological effects,
290-297
fetal ejects, 388-391
fibrosis from, 289
gender sensitivity, 288
histologic alterations, 286
inhalation studies, 281,289-290
leukemias, 288-289
life-span shortening, 436
lung cancer from, 289,293-295,478
measurement of retention in
humans, 281-282,284
metabolism, 278-281,283-284,287,
297
mortality patterns among workers,
291-297
nephrotoxic effects, 21,278,281,
283-286, 295,297,491-492
nonmalignant health effects, 14-15,
287-297
particle size effects, 279
pharmacokinetics, 278-283,285
placental transfer, 388-391
postmortem tissue studies, 282,288
properties, 14,139,276
radiation effects, 287-297
radium in ores, 24,139
renal damage from, 21
INDEX
research recommendations on, 21,
288
risk projections from, 15,297-298
soil concentrations, 139,277
solubility considerations, 279,283,
292
sources, 14,139,24,230,276,277,
279
species differences in sensitivity,
284-286,297
threshold concentration, 297
toxicity, 10,14-15,278-286,292
U-232,15
U-233,15
U-238, 24, 139, 478
uses, 277
in water, 277
yellow-cake effects, 295
Uranium mines
atmospheric components of,
145-146,152
unattached radon fraction in, 153
sec ado Miner cohorts
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
indoor radon survey, 78
maximum concentration limit for
radium in water, 202, 205
z
Zirconotrast, 255-257
Representative terms from entire chapter:
animal studies
