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APPENDIXES
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Prepublication copy- subject to further editorial correction
necessarily say anything about his location at that time.
Internet access routed through satellites can be difficult to localize as well. The reason is that a
satellite's transmission footprint can be quite large (hundreds of square miles?), and more importantly is
moving quite rapidly. Localization (but only within the footprint) can be accomplished only by working
with a detailed knowledge of the orbital movements of an entire constellation of satellites.
However, those connecting to the Intemet through a broadband connection can be localized much
more effectively, though with some effort. For example, while a cable Intemet ISP may assign IP
addresses to users dynamically, any given address must be mappable to a specific cable modem that can
be identified with its media access control address. While such mapping is usually done for billing and
customer care reasons, it provides a ready guide to geographical addresses at the end user's level. Those
who gain access through DSL connections can be located because the virtual circuit from the digital
subscriber line access multiplexer is mapped to a specific twisted pair of copper wires going into an
individual's residence. Also, wireless connections made through cell phones (and their data-oriented
equivalents) are now subject to a regulation that requires the network client to provide location
information for E-9 1 1 (enhanced emergency 9 ~ 1 ) reasons. This information is passed through the
signaling network and would be available to a wireless ISP as well.
In principle, the information needed to ascertain the location of any IP address is known
collectively by a number of administrative entities, and could be aggregated automatically. But there is
no protocol in place to pass this information to relevant narti~ ~nr1 then Blah ~oor~oOtimn it -~t A^~^
today. The result is that in practice, recovering location information is a
process.
_ ~~ ~ _^ A _ —~ ~ REV —~—4 4 ~5~1 _ ~~ ~1 ~~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~ IVY 1~
1 complex and time-consuming
To bypass these difficulties, technical proposals have been made for location-based
authentication.6 However, the implementation of such proposals generally requires the installation of
additional hardware at the location of each access point, and thus cannot be regarded as a general-
purpose solution that can localize all (or even a large fraction of) Internet users.
The bottom line is that determining the physical location of most Internet users is a challenging
task today, though this task Urals become easier as broadband connections become more common.
C.4 USER INTERFACES
The history of information technology suggests that increasingly realistic and human-like forms
of human-computer interaction will develop. The immediately obvious trends in the near-term future call
for greater fidelity and "realism" in presentation. For example, faster graphics processors will enable
more realistic portrayals of moving images, which soon will approach the quality of broadcast television.
Larger screens in which the displayed image subtends a larger angle in the eye will increase the sense of
being immersed in or surrounded by the image portrayed. Goggles with built-in displays do the same, but
also offer the opportunity for three-dimensional images to be seen by the user. Virtual reality displays
6 See for example, Dorothy E. Denning and Peter F. MacDoran, ~ 996,"Location-Based
Authentication:Grounding Cyberspace for Better Security", in Computer Fraud & Security, February.
(publisher Elsevier Science Ltd). A commercial enterprise now sells authentication systems that draw
heavily on the technology described in this paper. See 'http:l/www.cvberlocator.comlworks.html>.
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A
Information-Gathering Sessions
of the Committee
PLENARY MEETING OF JULY 17-19, 2000
National Research Council
2001 Wisconsin Avenue
Green Building
Washington, D.C.
Monday, July 17
Presentation of Charge
Dean Hoffman, U.S. Department of Justice
Linda Roberts, U.S. Department of Education
Panel: Considering the Extent of the Problem
David Finkelhor, University of New Hampshire
Michael Marshall, Microsoft (retired)
John Rabun, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
Jeff Richards, Internet Alliance
Primer on the First Amendment
Geoffrey Stone, University of Chicago
Panel: First Amendment Perspectives
Bruce Taylor, National Law Center for Children and Families
Robert Flores, National Law Center for Children and Families
391
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392
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
Elliot Mincberg, People for the American Way
Marvin Johnson, American Civil Liberties Union
Paul McMasters, The Freedom Forum
Tuesday, July 18
Panel: Technological Issues
Milo Medin, Excite@Home
Paul Resnick, University of Michigan
Bhavani Thuraisingham, MITRE
Panel: Library Perspectives
Marilyn Mason, Independent Consultant
Carol Roddy, Ohio Public Library Information Network
Judith Krug, American Library Association
Walter Minkel, Cahners Business Information
Caroline Ward, Ferguson Library and outgoing president of Ameri-
can Library Association Services for Children
Panel: School Perspectives
Lynne Schrum, University of Georgia
Linda Braun, LEO: Librarians and Educators Online
Carrie Gardner, Milton Hershey School
Maribeth Luftglass, Fairfax County Schools
Panel: Community Perspective
Robin Raskin, Family PC
Parry Aftab, Cyberangels
Bruce Watson, Enough Is Enough
PLENARY MEETING OF OCTOBER 18-20, 2000
Georgetown Holiday Inn
Mirage Room II
2101 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
Wednesday, October 18
Panel: Perspectives on Child Development
Jeff McIntyre, American Psychological Association
Mary Anne Layden, University of Pennsylvania
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APPENDIX A
Demonstrations: Sexually Explicit Material on the Internet (closed session)
Panel: Understanding the Obscenity Statutes
Governmental Perspectives
393
Terry Lord, Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, U.S. Depart-
ment of Justice
Kenneth Neu, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Daniel Armagh, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
Nongovernmental Perspectives
Rob Showers, Gammon & Grange
Beth Farber, Federal Public Defender
Robert Peters, National Obscenity Law Center, Morality in Media
Ton Katz, Marks & Katz, LLC
Questions for the Panels
· Given a policy to prosecute obscenity cases, what factors deter-
mine whether or not to pursue a case? How does the exposure of a minor
to obscene materials affect a decision to prosecute?
· How are community standards for determining obscenity set?
· Would a case of Internet obscenity be prosecuted differently from
one associated with a neighborhood bookstore? Why or why not?
· How has policy regarding enforcement of obscenity laws changed
over the years at the local, state, and federal level?
· What approaches would be most effective in dealing with online
obscenity? (to include but not be limited to any or all of the following:
technological tools such as filters, community practices, legislation or
regulation)
Thursday, October 19
Panel: Perspective of ISPs (general purpose,familyfriendly)
Steve Ensley, American Family Online
Mike Chilton, Dotsafe
Ginny Wydler, America Online
Questions for the Panel
· How do you decide what is appropriate material for minors to
access? How does this differ by age?
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394
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
· Please comment on the exposure of minors to sexually explicit
material online by source, i.e., explicitly sought, inadvertently accessed,
or pushed actively by another party.
· How do you limit exposure for minors to sexually explicit material
online? What strategies or tools appear most successful? What strategies
or tools have limited success? Why?
· Is there a "range" for access for minors? How is it determined?
· What approaches would be most effective in limiting the exposure
of minors to sexually explicit material on the Internet?
· Unsolicited or bulk e-mails are sent to minors' accounts but may
contain links to sexually explicit sites. How might these mailings be
eliminated or better targeted to adults?
Panel: Perspectives of Education Associations
fulie Underwood, National School Boards Association
Arthur Sheekey, Council of Chief State School Officers
Questions for the Panel
· What are your primary concerns about the exposure of minors to
sexually explicit material online?
· How are your members responding to the issue?
· How should the risk of exposure to inappropriate sexual content
be balanced against the risk of denying access to helpful or educational
material that might be inappropriately blocked?
· What approaches to limit the exposure of minors to online sexually
explicit material are appropriate for schools, communities, libraries, and
families?
Panel: Perspective of Teenagers
Brittany and Yves, Teenangels, New lersey, with Parry Aftab, Cyber-
angels
Alex, Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, A1-
exandria, Virginia
Questions for the Panel
· Do you think that adults (parents, teachers) understand enough
about the Internet to provide supervision?
· How easy is it to circumvent actions intended to prevent someone
from reaching sexually explicit material online?
· What do you think are the best ways to protect minors from inap-
propriate Internet content?
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APPENDIX A
395
· Have you ever seen pornography online? How did it happen? For
instance, was it sent to you? Did you accidentally access a message con-
taining a link? Did you mistype a URL and get an adult site?
· What have you done when you have gotten sexually explicit mate-
rial online? Have you told anyone? Who? What happened?
· Do you think you get a lot of bulk or unrequested e-mails contain-
ing sexually explicit material?
· Have you ever been made uncomfortable by someone in a chat
room or by an Instant Messenger message? What happened? What did
you do?
· Do you know how to protect yourself when you go online? Where
did you learn these rules?
Discussion of COPA Commission Report (closed session
Friday, October 20
Panel: Adult Entertainment Industry Representatives
Danni Ashe, Danni's Hard Drive
J.T. Edmond, Flying Crocodile
Gloria Leonard, Free Speech Coalition
Larry Lux, Playboy Online
Gerard Van der Leun, Penthouse.com
Questions for the Panel
)
· What is your perception of the issue of minors' exposure to sexu-
ally explicit material online? How are your members/clients responding
to the issue? How broad is your membership base compared to the
universe of providers of such material?
· What are the most appropriate means for distinguishing between
adults and minors in an online context?
· How should/can the current regime of limiting the exposure of
minors to sexually explicit print and TV and movies be extended to the
Internet domain?
· What are the most appropriate approaches to limit the exposure of
minors to online sexually explicit material? What strategies or tools ap-
pear most successful? What strategies or tools have limited success? Why?
· Unsolicited or bulk e-mails are sent to minors' accounts but may
contain links to sexually explicit sites. How might these mailings be
eliminated or better targeted to adults?
· What approaches would you like to see adopted or developed to
limit the exposure of minors to online sexually explicit material?
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396
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
· What technologies might better target likely audiences for adult
entertainment?
Overview of Bertelsmann Report, Protecting Our Children on the Internet
lack Balkin, Yale University
PUBLIC WORKSHOP OF DECEMBER 13, 2000
Georgetown University Conference Center
Salon H Meeting Room
3800 Reservoir Road, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
Note: The proceedings of this workshop are summarized in an NRC
report entitled Nontechnical Strategies to Reduce Children's Exposure to In-
appropriate Material on the Internet: Summary of a Workshop (National Re-
search Council and Institute of Medicine, Board on Children, Youth, and
Families and Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, loah G.
Iannotta, ea., National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2001~.
Non-Technical Strategies That Can Be Used to Protect Children on the Internet:
What Are the Roles of Policies, Parents, Schools, Libraries, and Communities?
Linda Roberts, Director, Office of Educational Technology and Senior
Adviser to the Secretary, U.S. Department of Education
Anne Thompson, Program Commissioner, National PTA
Questions for Discussion
· How does one define non-technical strategies for protecting kids
from inappropriate material on the Internet?
· What non-technical approaches are used in the home, classroom,
and community settings?
· What is the role of parents in making non-technical strategies effec-
tive, and what do parents need?
1 tJ
· How effective have current policies been in encouraging schools
and communities to develop non-technical strategies?
An Extended Panel on Bringing Developmental Considerations to Bear on the
Impact of Inappropriate Material on the Internet
Part I: Effects of Exposure to Pornographic and Other Inappropriate Mate-
rial on the Internet
lane Brown, Professor, School of Journalism and Mass Communica-
tions, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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APPENDIX A
397
Joanne Cantor, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Ed Donnerstein, Dean and Professor, Department of Communication,
University of California, Santa Barbara
Moderator/Discussant: Sandra Calvert, Committee Member and Pro-
fessor of Psychology, Georgetown University
Issuesfor Discussion
· What types of inappropriate material do young people encounter,
and how do they come in contact with it?
· What is the potential impact on children of viewing sexually ex-
plicit and other forms of inappropriate material in the media?
· Is impact dependent only on the type of material or also on the
source (e.g., static image on the Internet, picture from a magazine, active
images from television)?
· What are the limits of this research, and to what extent can we
make comparisons among the effects of viewing different types of inap-
propriate material (e.g., sexually explicit vs. violent vs. hate speech)?
Part II: Developmental Considerations for Determining Appropriate Inter-
net Use Guidelines for Children and Adolescents
Patricia Greenfield, Professor, Department of Psychology, University
of California, Los Angeles
lames Youniss, Professor, Life Cycle Institute, Catholic University of
America
Dorothy Singer, Senior Research Scientist, Department of Psychol-
ogy, Yale University, and Co-director, Yale University Family Television
Research and Consultation Center
Issuesfor Discussion
· How are emotional, cognitive, social, and moral development af-
fected by the media landscape created by children's access to and use of
the Internet?
· What types of material may be harmful according to children's
growth and developmental needs, and how may harmful effects change
with age and developmental milestone?
· How do parents and educators balance giving young people the
responsibility of exploring the Internet with protecting them from mate-
rial that may be disturbing?
· How should developmental issues shape non-technical strategies
to protect kids from inappropriate material, and what non-technical strat-
egies will most benefit children's development?
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398
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
Push and Pull on the Internet: Children's Use and Experiences
Don Roberts, Thomas More Storke Professor, Department of Com-
munication, Stanford University
Sarah Keller, Assistant Professor, Health Communication, Depart-
ment of Communication, Emerson College
Moderator/Discussant: lanes Schofield, Committee Member, Profes-
sor of Psychology and Senior Scientist at the Learning Research and De-
velopment Center, University of Pittsburgh
Questions for Discussion
· How are children using the Internet, in what settings are children
logging on, and are there differential patterns of use according to age,
gender, and ethnicity?
· What are children's experiences while online,bo~positive and negative?
· How are children pulled into material that they might not other-
wise view, and what effect might this have?
· How are young people driving their experiences on the Internet,
and how can young people be encouraged to stay in charge of their online
experiences?
Innovative Approaches and Existing Efforts to 11.~e Nnn-Technoln~ical .C,trate-
gies to Protect Children on the Internet
o
Laurie Lipper, Director, The Children's Partnership
Kathy Boguszewski, Instructional Technolo~v Consultant. Wisconsin
Department of Public Instruction
- an)
Mary Dempsey, Commissioner, Chicago Public Library
Nancy Willard, Director, Responsible Netizen Research, Center for
Advanced Technology in Education, University of Oregon
Eileen Faucette, Founder and Coordinator, PTA Live Online
Moderator/Discussant: Winnie Wechsler, Committee Member
Questions for Discussion
· What are some of the non-technological strategies that might be
used by educators, librarians, parents, and local communities to ensure
children's safe and appropriate use of the Internet?
· What types of inappropriate material do these strategies address, and
how do they protect against the potential harm this material might cause?
· Who has been responsible for implementing and monitoring these
approaches?
· How can these approaches be tailored to different venues (e.g.,
home, school, library)?
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APPENDIX A
399
Bridging Research, Policy, and Practice
Ellen Wartella, Dean and Professor, College of Communication, Uni-
versity of Texas, Austin
Laura Gurak, Associate Professor, Rhetoric; Faculty Fellow, Law; and
Director, Internet Studies Center, University of Minnesota
Betty Chemers, Deputy Administrator, Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention
Questions for Discussion
· What research is needed to develop new non-technical strategies
for protecting children from inappropriate material on the Internet?
· Are regulations needed to protect children on the Internet, and
what policies might encourage children to use the Internet in safe and
appropriate ways?
· How should nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, gov-
ernment agencies, and parents be working together to create a safe envi-
ronment for kids to use the Internet?
· How should we be thinking about linking research, policy, and
practice?
PLENARY MEETING OF MARCH 7-9, 2001
Excite@Home
450 Broadway
Redwood City, California
Wednesday, March 7
Basic Concepts in Information Retrieval
Nick Belkin
David D. Lewis
Hinrich Schutze, Center for the Study of Language and Information,
Stanford University
David Forsyth, University of California, Berkeley
Ray Larson, University of California, Berkeley, School of Information
Management and Systems
Issues for Discussion
· Stability of content categorization
· Automatic text categorization
· Machine-aided text understanding
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400
Filters
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
· Vision and image recognition
· Search engine technology
Susan Getgood, Surf Control Inc.
lames Wang, Pennsylvania State University
Bennett Hazelton, Peacefire
Questions for Discussion
· What techniques can be used to identify sexually explicit material?
· How do filter vendors select the content they screen?
· What flexibility do their products offer?
· What is involved in circumventing the filtering provisions?
· How is the performance of a product measured? (rates of false
positives, false negatives)
Authentication and Age Verification
Eddie Zeitler, Lambert and Associates
Fred Cotton, Search.org
Deirdre Mulligan, University of California, Berkeley
Business Models
Models for Kid-Friendly and Kid-Safe Internet Businesses
Brian Pass, MediaOne
Irv Shapiro, Edventions Inc.
Questions for Discussion
· What are the primary challenges of building a business based on
the idea of attracting kids to safe and appropriate Internet content?
· What is the business case for firms operating in this space?
· What role do responsible adults (parents, teachers, librarians, and
so on) play?
· How do you deal with the issue of inappropriate material?
Business Models Based on Advertising and Ad Tracking
Chris Kelly, Excite@Home
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APPENDIX A
Questions for Discussion
401
· How do business models based on the sale of Web advertising work?
· What techniques are used to filter out those with a low probability
of buying from those with higher probabilities of buying?
· What drives the cost structure of such businesses?
Thursday, March 8
Rights Management Technology
David Maher, Intertrust Inc.
John Blumenthal, Stake Inc.
Issuesfor Discussion
· The technology of digital rights management systems
· Infrastructure needed to support rights management systems
· Application of rights management systems to restricting distribu-
tion of material
Usenet Newsgroups and the World Wide Web
Dan Geer
Developmental Progression and Sexuality
John Gagnon, SUNY Stony Brook
Pepper Schwartz, University of Washington
Elizabeth Casparian, Independent Consultant
Questions for Discussion
· How does developmental progression affect the appropriateness
of exposing a minor to sexually explicit material?
· What types of material may be harmful according to children's
growth and developmental needs, and how mav harmful effects change
with age and developmental milestone?
_ _ ) ~
· How should developmental issues shape efforts to protect kids
from inappropriate sexually explicit material?
Approaches to Regulating Sexually Explicit Material on the Internet
Larry Lessig
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402
.xxx domains (by videoconference)
Donald Eastlake, Motorola
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
Public Testimony from Birds of a Feather Session with the 2001 Conference on
Compters, Freedom, and Privacy, by Videoconference
SITE VISIT TO AUSTIN, TEXAS, APRIL 3-4, 2001
Attendees from the National Research Council
Linda Hodge
Marilyn Mason
Herb Lin (staff)
Daniel Llata (staff)
Tuesday, April 3
Pflugerville: John Connally High School
Session with teachers, administrators, school librarians, and technolo-
gists
Session with students
Cepeda Branch Library
Session with librarians and technical managers
Session with youth group leaders, teachers, and program directors
Open Session at the Courtyard Marriott Hotel North
Parents and PTA members
School board members
Other adults
Wednesday, April 4
Visit to Settlement Home
Panel session with students
Panel session with teachers and school administrators
SITE VISIT TO GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA, APRIL 17-18, 2001
Attendees from the National Research Council
Father William T. Byron
Linda Hodge
Bob Schloss
Herb Lin (staff)
Daniel Llata (staff)
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APPENDIX A
Tuesday, April 17
Mauldin Middle School
William Harner, District Superintendent
Session with students
Session with teachers and school administrators
403
W. Jack Greer Library of Mauldin
Beverly lames, Executive Director of Greenville County Library
System
Session with librarians and technical managers
Phillis Wheatley Association
Session with youth group leaders
Session with students
Open Session at W. Jack Greer Library of Mauldin
Boards of Trustees, Greenville County Library System
Representatives of School District of Greenville County
PTSA representatives
Wednesday, April 18
Greenville Senior High Academy of Academic Excellence
Ginger Stuart, Interim Principal
Session with students
Session with teachers and school administrators
SITE VISIT TO SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, APRIL 26-27, 2001
Attendees from the National Research Council
David Forsyth
Geoffrey Stone
Gail Pritchard (staff)
Joah Iannotta (staff)
Thursday, April 26
Utah Education Network (LIEN)
Sessions with UEN administrators and technologists
Meeting with Paula Houston, Complaints Ombudsman, Obscenity and Por-
nography, Office of the Utah Attorney General
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404
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
Salt Lake City Library
Session with librarians and technical managers
Session with Library Teen Advisory Panel
Open Session at Salt Lake City Library
Friday, April 27
Tooele High School
Sessions with students
Session with teachers and school administrators
SITE VISIT TO SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, MAY 2-3, 2001
Attendees from the National Research Council
Linda Hodge
lanes Schofield
Winnie Wechsler
Herb Lin (staff)
Gail Pritchard (staff)
Wednesday, May 2
Pancho Bernardo High School
Session with students from the high school
Session with students from Bernardo Heights Middle School
Session with high school teachers, school administrators, and school
librarians
Casa Familia Community Program
Session with Casa Familia staff
Session with Casa Familia students
Session with Casa Familia youth group leaders, instructors, and tech-
nical managers
El Cajon Library
Session with librarians and technical managers
Open Session in El Cajon Library Community Room
Thursday, May 3
Lincoln High School
Session with high school students
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APPENDIX A
SITE VISIT TO BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA, MAY 8-9, 2001
Attendees from the National Research Council
Dick Thornburgh
Sandra Calvert
Linda Hodge
Robin Raskin
Herb Lin (staff)
Gail Pritchard (staff)
Tuesday, May 8
Blacksburg Middle School
Session with students
Session with teachers and school administrators
405
Christiansburg High School
Session with librarians and technical managers
Session with instructional supervisors and teachers of technology
courses
Blacksburg Electronic Village
Discussion with director
Wednesday, May 9
Blacksburg High School
Session with teachers and school administrators
Session with students
SITE VISIT TO CORAL GABLES, FLORIDA, MAY 311UNE 1, 2001
Attendees from the National Research Council
Nick Belkin
Herb Lin (staff)
D.C. Drake (staff)
Thursday, May 31
Coral Gables High School
Session with students (mostly juniors and sophomores)
Session with teachers and school administrators
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406
YOUTH, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE INTERNET
Boys and Girls Club, Kendall Branch
Session with students
Session with administrators and instructors
Open Session at Coral Reef Senior High School
PTA representatives
Other parents
SITE VISIT TO REDDING, SHELTON, BRISTOL, KENT, AND
HAMDEN, CONNECTICUT, JUNE 1-2, 2001
Attendees from the National Research Council
Dan Geer
Linda Hodge
Friday, June 1
Joel Barlow High School in Redding, Connecticut
Panel session with parents and community members
Shelton Intermediate School in Shelton, Connecticut
Session with teachers, school administrators, librarians, technical man-
agers, and resource officers
Session with middle school students
Bristol Board of Education Offices in Bristol, Connecticut
Session with principals, teachers, public librarians, students, and tech-
nical managers
Open Session at Kent Center School in Kent, Connecticut
Session with local education policy makers and parents
Saturday, June 2
Connecticut State PTA Office
Session with parents
Representative terms from entire chapter:
explicit material
