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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Page 34 “All students are entitled to sufficient test preparation so their performance will not be adversely affected by unfamiliarity with item format or by ignorance of appropriate test-taking strategies.” (p. 290) “In general, large-scale assessments should not be used to make high-stakes decisions about students who are less than 8 years old or enrolled below grade 3.” (p. 279) Recommendations related to assessing mathematical understanding can be found in Principles and Standards (p. 11), Adding It Up (p. 423–424), and How People Learn (p. 24). ACTIONS EDUCATORS MIGHT CONSIDERBased on the discussions, findings, and recommendations in High Stakes, educators and policymakers concerned with making critical decisions about tracking, promotion, and graduation might
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