National Academies Press: OpenBook

Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning (2002)

Chapter: Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects

« Previous: Appendix A: Panel and Staff Biographical Information
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

B
Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects

The purpose of these tables is to provide an overview of the data from animal cloning experiments done to date (August 2001). Table 1 describes the success/failure rates of reproductive cloning in animals, and Table 2 provides details of the defects or lack of observable defects in reproductively cloned animals. These data were obtained through a comprehensive review of the publications cited in the “Reference” column of each table. Only experiments that yielded live-born cloned offspring were included in the table.

Tables 1 and 2 developed by the panel are supplemented by Tables 3 and 4 developed by Lewis et al., 2001. Note that Tables 3 and 4 use the term “cytoplast” for what the panel calls “enucleated egg.”

How to read Table 1:

Example: The first line from the table can be read as following:

In the experiments described in the paper published by Campbell in 1996 (Column 12), 244 sheep embryos were created using somatic cell nuclear transplantation techniques. The donor nuclei were taken from epithelial-like cells grown from a culture of embryonic stem cells (Column 2). Of these 244 embryos, only 34, or 14%, went on to develop into the morula or blastocyst embryos that are used in the embryo transfer procedure (Column 4). All 34 of those developing embryos were transferred into the wombs of female sheep (as we can tell from Column 8, which indicates

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

number of embryos transferred). Of those 34 embryos, only 8 individual pregnancies resulted (Column 5). Of those 8 pregnancies, 3, or 38%, ended in miscarriage, and 5, or 63%, went on to produce live offspring (Columns 6 and 7, respectively). Of the five lambs that were born alive, only 2 (40%) survived until the time of publication. In all, 2% of the 244 embryos created resulted in live offspring (Column 9), and 12.5% of the 34 embryos transferred into recipient female sheep resulted in live offspring (Column 8).

How to read Table 2:

Any given line in Table 2 gives an overview of the clinical outcomes of each animal reproductive cloning experiment. For example, in line 1, in the sheep nuclear transplantation experiments published by Campbell in 1996 (Column 7), no information was given concerning the defects seen in miscarried fetuses (Column 3) or about the characteristics of placentas from these pregnancies (Column 6). However, Columns 4 and 5 indicate that 2/5 of the cloned lambs produced in this experiment were healthy and normal, whereas 3/5 died of unknown causes.

Note about Figures 1, 2, and 3

Figures 1, 2, and 3 were generated based on data presented in Table 1. Certain experiments whose results are displayed in Table 1 were omitted from the graphs due to incomplete data for all categories displayed in the graphs. Data from reproductive cloning experiments using embryonic, fetal and adult cells as nucleus donors were included in these graphs.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

Tables and Figures

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

TABLE 1 Rates of Success/Failure of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Mammals

1

2

3

4

5

6

Speciesa

Cell typeb

# Embryos producedc

# Embryos developed into morula/ blastocyst (%)d

# Fetuses after embryo transfere

# Fetuses miscarried (%)f

Sheep

Embryo-derived epithelial-like

244

34 (14)

8

3 (38)

Adult mammary gland

277

29 (12)

1

0 (0)

Fetal fibroblast

172

47 (27)

5

2 (40)

Embryo-derived epithelial-like

385

126 (33)

15

11 (73)

Fetal fibroblast

507

69 (13.6)

14

7 (50)

ES cell line-derived epithelial-like

128

31 (24.2)

>9

>7 (~78)

ES cell line-derived epithelial-like

258

44 (17)

>11

>10 (~91)

ES cell line-derived epithelial-like

423

75 (18)

8

5 (63)

ES cell line-derived fibroblast-like

158

39 (31)

10

7 (70)

ES cell line-derived fibroblast-like

187

51 (27)

15

8 (53)

Fetal fibroblast

417

80 (19)

20

6 (30)

Cattle

Blastomere (embryonic)

641

152 (24)

>13

>4 (~31)

Blastomere (embryonic)

132

84 (64)

N/A

N/A

Embryonic stem cell

239

42 (18)

N/A

N/A

Fetal fibroblast

276

33 (12)

6

2 (33)

Adult mural granulosa from 13 yr old cow

621

259 (42)

28

26 (93)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

7

8

9

10

11

12

# Live births/ Total # fetuses (%)g

# Live births/ # Embryos transferred to uterus(%)h

# Live births/ # Embryos produced (%)i

# Offspring alive or healthy at time of publication/ # Live births (%)j

Phenotypes observedk

ReferenceL

5/8 (63)

5/34 (12.5)

5/244 (2.0)

2/5 (40)

#

Campbell 1996

1/1 (100)

1/29 (3.4)

1/277 (.36)

1/1 (100)

#

Wilmut 1997

3/5 (60)

3/40 (7.5)

3/172 (1.7)

2/3 (67)

E#

Wilmut 1997

4/15 (27)

4/87 (4.6)

4/385 (1.0)

4/4 (100)

#

Wilmut 1997

7/14 (50)

7/67 (10.4)

7/507 (1.3)

5/7 (71)

BC#

Schnieke 1997

2/>9 (<22)

2/31 (6.5)

2/128(1.6)

2/2 (100)

CE#

Wells 1997 in vivo-matured oocytes

1?>11 (<9)

1/44 (2.3)

1/258 (.39)

0/1 (0)

BEF

Wells 1997 in vitro-matured ooctyes

3/8 (38)

3/75 (4.0)

3/423 (.7)

2/3 (67)

B#

Wells 1998n experiment 1

3/10 (30)

3/39 (7.7)

3/158 (1.9)

1/3 (33)

B#

Wells 1998n experiment 2

7/15 (47)

7/44 (16)

7/187 (3.7)

2/7 (29)

BE#

Wells 1998n experiment 3

14/20 (70)

14/80 (17.5)

14/417 (3.4)

3/14 (21)

E#

McCreath 2000

N/A

9/59 (15)

9/641 (1.4)

N/A

N/A

Chesne 1993

N/A

19/78 (24)

19/132 (14)

N/A

N/A

Cheong 1993

N/A

4/34 (12)

4/239 (1.7)

N/A

N/A

Sims 1994

4/6 (67)

4/28 (14.3)

4/276 (1.4)

3/4 (75)

ABCF#

Cibelli 1998

2/28 (7.1)

2/74 (2.7)

2/621 (.32)

1/2 (50)

CD#

Wells 1998o

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

5

6

Speciesa

Cell typeb

# Embryos producedc

# Embryos developed into morula/ blastocyst (%)d

# Fetuses after embryo transfere

# Fetuses miscarried (%)f

 

Adult cumulus

47

18 (38)

5

0 (0)

Adult oviduct epithelial

94

20 (21)

3

0 (0)

Adult mural granulosa

552

383 (69)

45

35 (78)

Adult mammary gland epithelium

140

36 (26)

>2

>1

Adult ear skin fibroblast

82

49 (60)

>5

>1

Fetal germ cell

279

85 (30)

>17

>16

Fetal fibroblast

174

35 (20)

>3

>1

Adult skin cell from ES cell clone

175

N/A

1

0 (0)

Adult muscle

346

73 (21)

8

4 (50)

Fetal fibroblast

876

>110? (>13)

>36

>28 (~78)

Adult senescent fibroblast

1896

87 (4.6)

>18

>11 (~61), 1 inducedm

Adult fibroblast from 17 yr old bull

338

103 (30)

12

6 (50)

Many adult and fetal types

1502

596 (40)

>50

>26 (~52)

Adult and fetal fibroblast

N/A

N/A

>54

>50 (~92)

Adult fibroblast from 21 yr old bull

190

53 (28)

6

1 inducedm

Mice

Adult cumulus

2468

1385 (56)

N/A

N/A

Embryonic stem cell

36

23 (64)

N/A

N/A

Mural trophectoderm

26

16 (62)

N/A

N/A

Adult fibroblast

463

377 (81)

N/A

N/A

Immature adult Sertoli cell

1846

436 (24)

235

219 (93)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

7

8

9

10

11

12

# Live births/ Total # fetuses (%)g

# Live births/ # Embryos transferred to uterus(%)h

# Live births/ # Embryos produced (%)i

# Offspring alive or healthy at time of publication/ # Live births (%)j

Phenotypes observedk

ReferenceL

5/5 (100)

5/6 (83)

5/47 (11)

2/5 (40)

#

Kato 1998

3/3 (100)

3/4 (75)

3/94 (3)

2/3 (67)

#

Kato 1998

10/45 (22)

10/100 (10)

10/552 (1.8)

10/10 (100)

ABC#

Wells 1999

1/>2 (<50)

1/4 (25)

1/140 (.7)

1/1 (1)

#

Zakhartchenko 1999p

1/>5 (<20)

1/16 (6.3)

1/82 (1.2)

0/1 (0)

AG

Zakhartchenko 1999p

1/>17 (<6)

1/32 (3.1)

1/279 (.36)

0/1 (0)

N/A

Zakhartchenko 1999q

2/>3 (<67)

2/7 (29)

2/174 (1.1)

1/2 (50)

AB#

Zakhartchenko 1999r

1/1 (100)

1/6 (16)

1/175 (.57)

0/1 (0)

CD

Renard 1999

4/8 (50)

4/26 (15)

4/346 (1.2)

1/4 (25)

ABG#

Shiga 1999

8/36 (22)

8/110 (7.2)

8/876 (.9)

6/8 (75)

BCF#

Hill 1999

6/>18 (<33)

6/79 (7.6)

6/1896 (.32)

6/6 (100)

ABD#

Lanza 2000s

6/12 (50)

6/54 (11)

6/338 (1.2)

4/6 (67)

AD#

Kubota 2000

24/>50 (<48)

24/172 (14)

24/1502 (1.6)

13/24 (54)

ADEG#

Kato 2000

4/>54 (<7.4)

4/243 (1.6)

4/?

1/4 (25)

BCDF#

Hill 2000t

1/6 (17)

1/26 (3.8)

1/190 (.52)

1/1 (100)

BD#

Hill 2000u

N/A

31/1385 (2.2)

31/2468 (1.3)

22/31 (71)

#

Wakayama 1998

N/A

2/18 (11)

2/36 (5.6)

N/A

N/A

Tsunoda 1998

N/A

2/25 (8)

2/26 (7.7)

N/A

N/A

Tsunoda 1998

N/A

3/274 (1.1)

3/463 (.6)

1/3 (33)

BF#

Wakayama 1999

16/235 (6.8)

16/436 (3.7)

16/1846 (.87)

15/16 (94)

GF#

Ogura 2000v

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

5

6

Speciesa

Cell typeb

# Embryos producedc

# Embryos developed into morula/ blastocyst (%)d

# Fetuses after embryo transfere

# Fetuses miscarried (%)f

 

Tail tip fibroblast

753

260 (41)

126

119 (94)

Adult cumulus

3920

N/A

N/A

N/A

Fetal fibroblast

938

278 (30)

45

40 (89)

Adult cumulus (from hybrid strains)

4326

2583 (60)

N/A

N/A

Embryonic gonadal cell

179

114 (64)

N/A

N/A

Embryonic stem cell (from hybrid strain)

783

169 (22)

N/A

N/A

Goat

Blastomere (embryonic)

354

96

N/A

N/A

Fetal fibroblast

230

89 (39)

20

17 (85)

Fetal fibroblast

198

157 (79)

>6?

N/A

Pig

Adult granulosa

>401

401 (?)

9

4 (44)

Fetal fibroblast

210

188 (90)

N/A

N/A

Fetal body cell

143

N/A

N/A

N/A

Fetal genital ridge

340

N/A

N/A

N/A

Monkey

Blastomere (embryonic)

78

59 (76)

3

1/3 (33)

A = High birth weight

B = Pulmonary problems

C = Cardiovascular abnormalities

D = Immune system abnormalities/infection

E = Kidney and/or liver abnormalities

F = Placental abnormalities

G = Joint malformations or other gross deformities

# = Healthy offspring produced

NOTE: “N/A” indicates that no data were available in the cited publication.

NOTE: ES cell = embryonic stem cell.

NOTE: (~ ) indicates percentages extrapolated from data available, as shown in other columns.

aThe species of animal used in the experiment.

bThe cell type used as the source of the donor nucleus for the nuclear transfer.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

7

8

9

10

11

12

# Live births/ Total # fetuses (%)g

# Live births/ # Embryos transferred to uterus(%)h

# Live births/ # Embryos produced (%)i

# Offspring alive or healthy at time of publication/ # Live births (%)j

Phenotypes observedk

ReferenceL

7/126 (5.6)

7/280 (2.5)

7/753 (.93)

7/7 (100)

#

Ogura 2000w

N/A

35/? (>.9%?)

35/3920 (.89)

34/35? (97?)

#

Wakayama 2000

5/45 (11)

5/272 (1.8)

5/938 (.53)

3/5 (60)

BGF#

Ono 2001

N/A

80/2573 (3.1)

80/4326 (1.8)

N/A

#

Wakayama 2001

N/A

6/114 (5.2)

6/179 (3.4)

5/6 (83)

#

Wakayama 2001

N/A

28/? (>16.6?)

28/783 (.36)

22/28 (79)

ABF#

Eggan 2001

45/?

45/141 (32)

45/354 (13)

N/A

#

Yong 1998

3/20 (15)

3/85 (3.5)

3/230 (1.3)

3/3 (100)

#

Baguisi 1999

N/A

6/97 (6.1)

6/198 (3.0)

3/6 (50)

#D

Keefer 2001

5/9 (55)

5/401 (1.2)

5/>401 (<1.2)

5/5 (100)

#

Polejaeva 2000

N/A

1/110 (.9)

1/210 (.5)

1/1 (100)

#

Onishi 2000

N/A

2/143 (1.4)

2/143 (1.4)

N/A

N/A

Betthauser 2000

N/A

2/164 (1.2)

2/340 (.59)

N/A

N/A

Betthauser 2000

2/3 (67)

2/29 (6.9)

2/78 (2.6)

2/2 (100)

#

Meng 1997

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

cThe number of embryos that were successfully formed after the nuclear transfer (cloning) procedure (in the literature usually referred to as # “fused” or # “reconstituted”).

In cases where this number was not available, the total number of oocytes injected with nuclei was used (including both successful and failed attempts to produce embryos).

In cases of double (serial) nuclear transfer, numbers of successfully reconstructed embryos from the second transfer were used.

dThe number and percentage of cloned embryos that continued to develop past the one-cell stage into multicellular embryos called morulae or blastocysts.

fThe number of fetuses that were spontaneously aborted at any time during the pregnancy.

gThe proportion of pregnancies that were carried to term (comparison of # live births to total # pregnancies).

IThe proportion of cloned embryos that went on to become live offspring (comparison of live births to the number of cloned embryos created).

jThe survival rate of live born clones after birth (comparison of live born offspring to the number still alive at the time of publication of the reference from which the data were obtained).

kThe letters indicate categories of characteristics observed in cloned animals (miscarried, live born or those that died after birth). Categories are provided above, in a key located below the table.

LThe peer reviewed scientific article in which data for any given experiment were published. Full references can be found in the bibliography.

mFetal miscarriage (abortion) was induced by researchers for medical or research reasons.

nWells et al. Cloning sheep from cultured embryonic cells. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1998; 10:615-626.

oWells et al. Adult somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to preserve the last surviving cow of the Enderby Island cattle breed. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1998; 10:369-378.

pZakhartchenko et al. Adult cloning in cattle: Potential of nuclei from a permanent cell line and from primary cultures. Mol. Reprod. Fertil. 1999; 54:264-272.

qZakhartchenko et al. Potential of fetal germ cells for nuclear transfer in cattle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1999; 52:421-426.

rZakhartchenko et al. Effects of serum starvation and re-cloning on the efficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1999; 115:325-331.

sLanza et al. Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells. Science 2000 Apr 28; 288:665-669.

tHill et al. Evidence for placental abnormality as the major cause of mortality in first-trimester somatic cell cloned bovine fetuses. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 63:1787-1794.

uHill et al. Development rates of male bovine nuclear transfer embryos derived from adult and fetal cells. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 62:1135-1140.

vOgura et al. Production of male cloned mice from fresh, cultured, and cryopreserved immature Sertoli cells. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 62:1579-1584.

wOgura et al. Birth of mice after nuclear transfer by electrofusion using tail tip cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2000; 57:55-59.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

FIGURE 1 Survival Rates of Sheep, Cattle and Mouse Embryos Cloned from Adult, Fetal and Embryonic Cells.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

FIGURE 2 Survival Rates of Goat, Pig and Monkey Embryos Cloned from Adult, Fetal and Embryonic Cells.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

FIGURE 3 Efficiency of Cloning from Adult, Fetal and Embryonic Cells in Six Species.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

TABLE 2 Phenotypes Observed in Cloned Animals

1

2

3

4

Speciesb

Cell typec

Defects seen in miscarried fetusesd

# Live birthse

Sheep

Embryo-derived epithelial-like

N/A

5

Adult mammary gland

N/A

1

Fetal fibroblast

2 fetuses from one of the cell types showed abnormal liver development

3

Embryo-derived epithelial-like

N/A

4

Fetal fibroblast

1 died after delayed delivery, 2 died after sibling (2) died in utero, 2 stillborn

7

ES cell line-derived epithelial-like injected into in vivo-matured oocytes

3 late aborted fetuses underdeveloped for age; edema, hydronephrosis, testicular hypoplasia; also fetuses had variety of other defects, including cleft palate and interventricular septal defect

2

ES cell line-derived epithelial-like injected into in vitro-matured oocytes

1 late aborted fetus underdeveloped for age; edema, hydronephrosis, testicular hypoplasia

1

ES cell line-derived epithelial like

N/A

3

ES cell line-derived fibroblast-like

N/A

3

ES cell line-derived fibroblast-like

N/A

7

Fetal fibroblast

N/A

14

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

Phenotypes of live born clonesf

Placental defects, phenotypesg

Referencea

2/5 healthy; 2/5 died perinatally and 1/5 died at 10 days with unknown or unstated pathology

N/A

Campbell 1996

1/1 healthy - (Dolly) - later became overweight

N/A

Wilmut 1997

2/3 healthy; 1/3 died perinatally with unknown pathology

N/A

Wilmut 1997

4/4 healthy

N/A

Wilmut 1997

5/7 alive; 1/7 euthanized with heart defect; 1/7 died perinatally with meconium lodged in lung

N/A

Schnieke 1997

2/2 healthy

N/A

Wells 1997

1/1 died perinatally with respiratory failure, was underweight and had abnormal placenta that researchers hypothesize may have provided inadequate nutrition to support growth; same animal also found to have moderate bilateral hydronephrosis, although enough kidney tissue was present for normal function (as stated by researchers)

necrosing placenta

Wells 1997

2/3 healthy and fertile; 1/3 died perinatally with respiratory failure

N/A

Wells 1998h experiment 1

1/3 healthy; 1 died perinatally with respiratory failure, 1 died after being trampled by mother

N/A

Wells 1998h experiment 2

2/7 healthy; 5/7 died with respiratory failure, 4 of those also had kidney problem (hydronephrosis)

N/A

Wells 1998h experiment 3

3/14 alive, healthy; 7/14 died within 30 hrs; 4/7 died within next 12 weeks: those that died had variety of unspecified kidney, liver and brain defects

N/A

McCreath 2000

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

Speciesb

Cell typec

Defects seen in miscarried fetusesd

# Live birthse

Cattle

Blastomere (embryonic)

N/A

9

Embryonic stem cell

N/A

4

Fetal fibroblast

1 fetus aborted early, one after 249 days gestation; the late aborted fetus had abnormal placenta (hydroallantois, enlarged placentomes, edematous chorioallantois and amnion); on necropsy, fetus was oversized and had abnormal lungs and heart

4

Adult mural granulosa from a 13 yr old cow

1 case late miscarriage attributed by researchers to hydrallantois

2

Adult cumulus

N/A

5

Adult oviduct epithelial

N/A

3

Adult mural granulosa

7 miscarriages attributed by researchers to hydrallantois

10

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

Phenotypes of live born clonesf

Placental defects, phenotypesg

Referencea

no mention of birth condition or postnatal development of 9/9 calves, but photo shows 5/9 healthy-looking calves

N/A

Chesne 1993

phenotypes not described

N/A

Sims 1994

3/4 normal, healthy; 1/4 died perinatally with pulmonary hypertension leading to insufficient pulmonary perfusion, and exhibited heart and vessel defects

1/4 calves born with abnormal placenta

Cibelli 1998i

2/2 calves had normal birth weight; 1/2 was initially treated for cardiac arrhythmia and is now healthy; 1/2 (the other) initially had poor suckling response and was euthanized 2 days later due to acute hemorrhagic rumenitis and abomastitis

N/A

Wells 1998j

2/5 healthy; 3/5 died soon after birth; no abnormalities noted; environmental factors thought by researchers to have caused death

N/A

Kato 1998

2/3 healthy; 1/3 died soon after birth; no abnormalities noted; environmental factors thought by researchers to have caused death

N/A

Kato 1998

10/10 birth weights within normal range; all calves had strong suckling reflex; 1/10 required epinephrine and doxapram treatment to stimulate cardiopulmonary function at birth

abnormalities noted in the placentas (edematous membranes, high allantoic fluid volume, enlarged umbilical vessels), although these abnormalities did not compromise fetal development according to assessment of researchers

Wells DN 1999

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

Speciesb

Cell typec

Defects seen in miscarried fetusesd

# Live birthse

 

Adult mammary gland epithelium

1 induced abortion at late gestation due to hydrallantois: fetus oversized, cysts in kidney and liver, enlarged umbilical vessels

1

Adult ear skin fibroblast

1 induced abortion at late gestation due to hydrallantois: fetus oversized, cysts in kidney and liver, enlarged umbilical vessels

1

Fetal germ cell

N/A

1

Fetal fibroblast

N/A

2

Adult skin cell from ES cell clone

N/A

1

Adult muscle

N/A

4

Fetal fibroblast

1/5 from miscarriage at 8 weeks; 4/5 from mothers that died late in pregnancy: 2/5 had chronic pulmonary hypertension and placental edema

8

Senescent adult fibroblast

N/A

6

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

Phenotypes of live born clonesf

Placental defects, phenotypesg

Referencea

1/1 healthy and normal

N/A

Zakhartchenko 1999k

1/1 slightly oversized at birth (57 kg) and had to be euthanized at 2 days due to severe joint abnormalities, and was also noted to have liver with abnormal surface and slightly indurated

N/A

Zakhartchenko 1999k

1/1 died, no abnormalities found; death thought by researchers to be related to pre-term delivery due to health of the mother

N/A

Zakhartchenko 1999L

1/2 normal and healthy; 1/2 (the other) was oversized and died 3 days after birth with insufficient pulmonary function

N/A

Zakhartchenko 1999m

1/1 had enlarged right ventricle but responded well to drug treatment, died at 7 weeks due to severe anemia - at necropsy was found to have thymus, spleen and lymph node hypoplasia

N/A

Renard 1999

1/4 healthy; 2/4 died w/in first 30 hrs due to inadequately inflated lungs, 1/4 (the other) could not stand after 18 days and was euthanized, 2 calves (1 that died 3 days later and the euthanized one) had astasia associated with arthrogryposis (abnormally developed joints); all cloned calves had high birth weight

N/A

Shiga 1999

5/8 were normal at birth, but 1/5 of these died at 6 weeks with suspected dilated cardiomyopathy; 3/8 had neonatal respiratory problems resulting in 1 death at 4 days; 2/8 were hydrallantoic pregnancies and only 1/2 of these survived; birth weights of all calves normal

both calves that died had edematous placentas

Hill 1999

6/6 had increased birth weight and some born with moderate polyuria/ polydypsia, several had pulmonary hypertension and respiratory distress at birth, some had fever following vaccination

N/A

Lanza 2000n

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

Speciesb

Cell typec

Defects seen in miscarried fetusesd

# Live birthse

 

Adult fibroblast from 17 yr old bull

N/A

6

Many adult and fetal types

N/A

24

Adult and fetal fibroblast

placental problems

4

Adult fibroblast from 21 yr old bull

N/A

1

Mouse

Blastomere (embryonic)

N/A

19

Blastomere (embryonic)

N/A

25

Adult cumulus

N/A

31

ES cells and mural trophectoderm

N/A

4

Adult fibroblast

N/A

3

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

Phenotypes of live born clonesf

Placental defects, phenotypesg

Referencea

4/6 healthy and normal; 2/6 died perinatally: 1 with Akabane virus, 1 after labor difficulty: but no abnormalities found upon necropsy; 2 calves had above average birth weight

N/A

Kubota 2000

high birth weight observed in calves; 2/24 died after difficult labor; 1 died with E. coli septicemia; 8/24 died with malformations of joints thought by researchers to be caused by the Akabane virus; some calves also were observed to have kidney or gut abnormalities; 1/24 died at 3 months of unknown causes; some male clones showed aged characteristics and tissue variability in telomere length

N/A

Kato 2000

1/4 healthy; 2/4 died within 5 days with cardiopulmonary problems, and one of those 2 calves had a gut infection; 1/4 died at 1 month with a chronic systemic bacterial infection

2/6 placentas examined from cloned pregnancies were normal; 4/6 were abnormal: 2/6 had flat cuboidal chronic epithelium and decreased vascularity; 2/6 had diminished cotyledonary structure

Hill 2000o

1/1 calf with lung dysmaturity and pulmonary hypertension, juvenile diabetes that responded to treatment (discontinued at 2 months), low CD45 antigen expression (required for T cell activation)

N/A

Hill 2000p

phenotypes not described

N/A

Cheong 1993

6/25 (identical septuplet males) were tested for fertility and found to be fertile

NA

Kwon 1996

22/31 (71%) were healthy and normal; 9/31 (29%) died in first week

N/A

Wakayama 1998

phenotypes not described

N/A

Tsunoda 1998

3/3 pups grossly normal, but 2/3 died with respiratory failure

unusually large placentas

Wakayama 1999

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

Speciesb

Cell typec

Defects seen in miscarried fetusesd

# Live birthse

 

Immature adult Sertoli cells

N/A

16

Tail tip fibroblast

all miscarriages were early in pregnancy

7

Adult cumulus

N/A

35

Adult cumulus

N/A

5 tested (does not say how many were born)

Fetal fibroblast

N/A

5

Embryonic stem cell

N/A

28

Goat

Blastomere (embryonic)

N/A

45

Fetal fibroblast

all miscarriages were early in pregnancy

3

Fetal fibroblast infections

N/A

6

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

Phenotypes of live born clonesf

Placental defects, phenotypesg

Referencea

15/16 pups normal; 1/16 had umbilical hernia, but was viable at birth

unusually large but structurally normal placentas

Ogura 2000q

7/7 pups normal, healthy

N/A

Ogura 2000r

telomeres lengthened rather than shortened in successive generations suggesting no inherited aging problem, all mice tested normal for behaviors (learning, memory, activity, agility, strength)

N/A

Wakayama 2000

5 of the healthy cloned mice were tested for behavioral defects - 3/10 measures of preweaning development were delayed but did appear and had no long-term effects; cloned mice were normal for learning, memory, activity and motor skills - these mice had high postnatal weight gain (not heavy at birth as in LOS) compared to controls but researchers suggest this may have been caused by the agouti gene in their background

N/A

Tamashiro 2000

3/5 normal and healthy; 2/5 died with umbilical hernia and respiratory deficiency

placental hypertrophy and also placental structural abnormalities

Ono 2001

28/28 had high birth weights, but this did not adversely affect clones in terms of survival; no respiratory or other problems

high placental weights

Eggan 2001

45/45 healthy

N/A

Yong 1998

3/3 normal, healthy

N/A

Baguisi 1999

3/6 healthy; 3/6 died with respiratory infections

placentas within normal range for # of cotyledons

Keefer 2001

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

Speciesb

Cell typec

Defects seen in miscarried fetusesd

# Live birthse

Pig

Adult granulosa

N/A

5

Fetal fibroblast

N/A

1

Body cell and genital ridge cell

N/A

4

Monkey

Blastomere (embryonic)

N/A

2

NOTE: N/A indicates that no data were available in the cited publication

NOTE: ES cell = embryonic stem cell.

NOTE: LOS = large offspring syndrome.

aThe peer reviewed scientific article in which data for any given experiment were published. Full references can be found in the bibliography.

bThe species of animal used in the experiment.

cThe cell type used as the source of the donor nucleus for the nuclear transfer.

dDescription of abnormalities seen in aborted cloned fetuses; in some cases, these abnormalities may be the cause of miscarriage.

eThe number of live-born cloned animals.

fDescription of observations of physical, physiological or genetic characteristics of live born cloned animals at time of publication of cited refernces, unless stated otherwise.

gDescription of any characteristics, normal or abnormal, noted in the placentas of live born or miscarried cloned animals.

hWells et al. Cloning sheep from cultured embryonic cells. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1998; 10:615-626.

ICibelli et al. Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science 1998; 280:1256-8.

jWells et al. Adult somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to preserve the last surviving cow of the Enderby Island cattle breed. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1998; 10:369-378.

kZakhartchenko et al. Adult cloning in cattle: Potential of nuclei from a permanent cell line and from primary cultures. Mol. Reprod. Fertil. 1999; 54:264-272.

LZakhartchenko et al. Potential of fetal germ cells for nuclear transfer in cattle. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1999; 52:421-426.

mZakhartchenko et al. Effects of serum starvation and re-cloning on the efficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1999; 115:325-331.

nLanza et al. Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells. Science 2000 Apr 28; 288:665-669.

oHill et al. Evidence for placental abnormality as the major cause of mortality in first-trimester somatic cell cloned bovine fetuses. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 63:1787-1794.

pHill et al. Development rates of male bovine nuclear transfer embryos derived from adult and fetal cells. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 62:1135-1140.

qOgura et al. Production of male cloned mice from fresh, cultured, and cryopreserved immature Sertoli cells. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 62:1579-1584.

rOgura et al. Birth of mice after nuclear transfer by electrofusion using tail tip cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2000; 57:55-59.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

Phenotypes of live born clonesf

Placental defects, phenotypesg

Referencea

5/5 pigs very healthy

N/A

Polejaeva 2000

1/1, Xena, is healthy

normal placenta

Onishi 2000

no phenotypes described

N/A

Betthauser 2000

2/2 healthy

N/A

Meng 1997

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

TABLE 3 Developmental Capacity of Cytoplasts Reconstituted with Nuclei from Embryonic Cells

1

2

3

4

5

Species

Recipient cytoplast

Donor cell type

% Early Development: % Blastocyst (# Blastocysts/ # Cultured)

% Term Development: % Offspring (# Live births/ # Transferred)

Mouse

Zygote

Inner cell mass

16% (23/142)

19% (3/16)

Trophectoderm

1% (1/68)

0

Zygote

Pronuclear

95% (20/21)

no transfer

2-cell

13% (19/151)

no transfer

4-cell

0 (0/81)

no transfer

8-cell

0 (0/111)

no transfer

Inner cell mass

0 (0/84)

no transfer

Zygote

8-cell

0(0/32)

no transfer

Inner cell mass

0 (0/84)

no transfer

Zygote

8-cell

0(0/32)

no transfer

2-cell blastomere

2-cell

93% (40/43)

24%a (10/41)

Zygote

8-cell

51% (45/89)

0a (0/11)

Cumulus cell

0 (0/91)

no transfer

2-cell blastomere

4-cell

72% (49/68)

22% (10/46)

8-cell

35% (49/139)

8% (4/48)

Inner cell mass

0 (0/91)

no transfer

Mll oocyte

2-cell

23% (20/88)

15% (3/20)

8-cell

4% (1/26)

0 (0/1)

Inner cell mass

13% (11/87)

0 (0/11)

2-cell

78% (36/46)

29% (10/34)

4-cell

71% (30/42)

22% (6/27)

8-cell

46% (18/39)

18% (3/17)

4-cellc

83% (58/70)

43% (2/58)

Inner cell massc

64% (23/36)

11% (2/18)

Trophectodermc

62% (16/26)

8% (2/25)

ES cell

5% (47/931)

0 (0/56)

ES cell

29% (312/1087)

6% (8/132)

Sheep

Mll oocyte

8-cell

33% (8/24)

75% (3/4)

 

16-cell

27% (13/49)

21% (3/14)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

6

7

References

Significant findings

Illmensee 1981

First demonstration of developmental potential in mammals.

Reproducibility of results questioned.

McGrath 1984

Biologically impossible to achieve development with transcriptionally active nucleus.

Robl 1986

Development more advanced with cytoplast prepared from 2-cell than zygote.

Robl 1986

Development more advanced with cytoplast prepared from 2-cell than zygote.

No development beyond 12 days gestation.

Wakayama 2000b

No development when zygotic cytoplasts were used.

Robl 1987

Term development when 4- and 8-cell nuclei used but not more advanced.

Importance of cytoplast environment.

Kono 1991g

Development to term from embryonic nuclei transferred to enucleated oocyte.

Cheong 1993

Embryonic nuclei in G1 phase of the cell cycle can direct term development when transferred to Mll cytoplasts.

Kwon 1996

Serial nuclear transfer of metaphase-arrested embryonic nuclei results in term development.

Tsunoda 1998

Term development following serial nuclear transfer of inner cell mass and trophectoderm nuclei.

Tsunoda 1993

Implantation sites but no term development.

Wakayama 1999f

Late-passage actively dividing ES cell nuclei are able to direct development to term.

Willadsen 1986

Term development from cleavage stage blastocysts.

Smith 1989

Transcriptionally active nuclei are able to direct development to term.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

5

Species

Recipient cytoplast

Donor cell type

% Early Development: % Blastocyst (# Blastocysts/ # Cultured)

% Term Development: % Offspring (# Live births/ # Transferred)

 

Inner cell mass

38% (6/16)

11% (1/9)d

Cultured cell line

14% (34/244)

14% (5/34)

Cattle

Pronuclear

Pronuclear

13% (5/38)

100% (2/2)

2- to 8-cell

0 (0/10)

no transfer

Mll oocyte

2- to 8-cell

12% (13/111)

0 (0/12)

9- to 16-cell

16% (8/50)

28 (2/7)

17- to 32-cell

8% (2/24)

no transfer

Morula (64-cell)

23-35%

22%e (104/463)

Morula (31-cell)

24% (152/641)

15% (9/59)

Inner cell mass

7% (20/304)

13% (2/15)

Inner cell mass

5% (30/629)

8% (2/26)

Cultured inner cell mass

27% (109/406)

12% (4/34)

Fetal germ cell (PGC)

20-38% (30/149-53/140)

5% (1/20)

Rabbit

Mll oocyte

8-cell

not assessed

4% (6/164)

8- to 16-cell

49% (34/69)

21% (23/110)

32-cell

33% (14/43)

15% (10/67)

Inner cell mass

20% (17/83)

no transfer

Trophectoderm

0 (0/52)

no transfer

Pig

Mll oocyte

2-cell

9% (1/11)

0 (0/33)

4-cell

8% (7/83)

3% (1/34)

8-cell

19% (11/57)

0 (0/21)

Goat

Mll oocyte

Morulac

31% (18/57)

31% (45/141)

Monkey

Mll oocyte

8-cell

52%e (53/101)

4% (2/53)

aDevelopment assessed at 8.5 days post coitum.

bWakayama et al. Nuclear transfer into mouse zygotes. Nat Genet 2000; 24:108-9.

cAchieved using serial nuclear transfer.

dDevelopment assessed at 42 days of pregnancy.

eEmbryonic development assessed at the 2-cell stage prior to transfer.

fWakayama et al. Mice cloned from embryonic stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 1999; 96:14984-89.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

6

7

References

Significant findings

Campbell 1996

Nuclei from cell lines from embryonic discs are able to support development to term.

Robl 1987

Cleavage stage embryonic nuclei are unable to direct embryonic or term development when transferred to enucleated zygotes.

Prather 1987

Term development from transcriptionally active donor embryonic nuclei.

Bondioli 1990

Nuclei from morula stage embryos can direct midgestation development.

Chesne 1993

Nuclei from morula stage embryos can direct development to term.

Collas 1994

Direct injection of inner cell mass nuclei into Mll cytoplasts can direct development to term.

Keefer 1994

Totipotency of inner cell mass nuclei confirmed.

Sims 1984

Nuclei from inner cell mass cultured for up to 28 days are able to direct development to term.

Zakhartchenko 1999

Fetal germ cells can direct development to term.

Stice 1988

First production of genetically verified nuclear transfer rabbits from embryonic donor nuclei.

Prather 1989

High rates of development from transcriptionally active embryonic nuclei.

Collas 1990; Callas 1991

Normal embryonic development from inner cell mass donor nuclei.

Prather 1989

Cleavage stage embryonic nuclei can direct term development in pigs.

Yong 1998

Serial nuclear transfer of transcriptionally nuclei results in high rates of development.

Meng 1997

Embryonic nuclei can support term development in the monkey.

gKono T et al. Development of enucleated mouse oocytes reconstituted with embryonic nuclei. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1991; 93:165-72.

SOURCE: Lewis, IM, MJ Munsie, AJ French, R Daniels and AO Trounson, 2001. The Cloning Cycle: From Amphibia to Mammals and Back. Reproductive Medicine Reviews 9:1 pp. 3-33.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

TABLE 4 Developmental Capacity of Cytoplasts Reconstituted by Nuclei from Fetal and Adult Somatic Cells

1

2

3

4

Species

Recipient cytoplast

Donor Cell Type

% Early Development: % Blastocyst (# Blastocysts/ # Cultured)

Mouse

Zygote Mll oocyte

Cumulus Cell Thymocyte

0 (0/91) 7% (6/88)

Cumulus Cell

67% (101/151)

Neuronal Cell

22% (50/223)

Sertoli cell (mature)

40% (63/159)

Cumulus Cell

20% (19/93)

Cultured follicular cell;

34% (51/151) 3% (1/30)

Adult Male fibroblast;

50% (207/414)

Cumulus cell.

52% (206/393)

Fibroblast cell

23% (38/162)

Sertoli Cell (immature)

33% (94/284)

Sheep

Mll oocyte

Fetal fibroblast

27% (34/124)

Adult Mammary (epithelial)

12% (29/247)

Transgenic Fetal fibroblast

5-21% (5/82-19/89)

Transgenic Fetal fibroblast

6-28% (14/109, 43/154, 4/71, 19/83)

Cattle

Mll oocyte

Cumulus cell

13% (5/38)

Fetal fibroblast

12% (33/276)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

% Term Development: % Offspring / (# Live births/ # Transferred)

References

Significant Findings

No Transfer 0

1. Wakayama 2000a -same footnote information as earlier Wakayama 2000 in Table 3

2. Callas, 1992

1. No development when zygotic cytoplasts were used.

2. Somatic nuclei are able to direct embryonic development through no term development.

2% (31/1315)

Wakayama 1998b

Direct-injected cumulus cell nuclei direct term development; however, Sertoli and neuronal nuclei do not.

2%a (1/46)

 

Findings do not support the requirement of G0/G1 nuclei for term development.

2%a (1/59) 0 (0/3)

Kato 1999

Serial nuclear transfer of cultured follicular cells but not cumulus cell nuclei results in term development. nuclei can direct term development.

3% (1/30);

Wakayama 1999c;

Male-derived adult somatic cell nuclei can direct term development; Immature, actively dividing Sertoli cell

1% (2/177);

Ogura 2000d

1%c (2/206)

 

0c (0/38)

 

 

4% (6/134)

 

 

8% (3/40)

Wilmut 1997

Inducing cell to enter quiescence by serum starvation may assist in nuclear reprogramming.

3% (1/29)

 

First demonstration that nuclei from differentiated somatic fetal or adult origin can direct development to term.

5/21% (1/21-1/5)

Schnieke 1997

Term development of transfected somatic cell nuclei suggests an alternative method for the production of transgenic animals. One male lamb was born.

0-28% (4/14, 8/43, 0/4, 2/19)

McCreath 2000

Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells.

0 (0-19)

Callas 1994

Nuclei from adult somatic cells can direct embryonic development.

14% (3/28)

Cibelli 1998e

Cultured activity dividing fetal fibroblast nuclei can direct development to term.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

1

2

3

4

Species

Recipient cytoplast

Donor Cell Type

% Early Development: % Blastocyst (# Blastocysts/ # Cultured)

 

Adult Male Fibroblast

21-37% (24/114 - 43/115)

Cumulus Cell

49% (18/37)

Cultured Oviductal cell

23-34% (196/842 - 29/84)

Cultured Granulosa

28% (152/552)

Rabbit

Mll oocyte

Adult granulosa

Number not specified

Pig

Mll oocyte

Granulosa cell line

Not assessed

 

 

Fetal fibroblast

1-31% (total 88/615) 93% (2-, 4- and 8-cell, 110/118)

Goat

Mll oocyte

Transgenic Fetal fibroblast

Not assessed

Monkey

Mll oocyte

Fetal fibroblast

57% (57/100)

 

 

Adult fibroblast

44% (4/9)

SOURCE: Lewis, IM, MJ Munsie, AJ French, R Daniels and AO Trounson, 2001. The Cloning Cycle: From Amphibia to Mammals and Back. Reproductive Medicine Reviews 9:1 pp. 3-33.

NOTE: Cytoplast = Enucleated Egg.

aWakayama et al. Nuclear Transfer into mouse zygotes. Nat Genet 2000; 24:108-9.

bWakayama et al. Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei. Nature 1998; 394:369-74.

cWakayama T. and Yanagimachi R. Cloning of male mice from adult tail-tip cells. Nat Genet 1999; 22:127-8

dOgura A, et al. Production of male cloned mice from fresh, cultured and cryopreserved immature Sertoli cells. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 62:1579-84.

eCibelli J., et al. Cloned transgenic calves produced from nonquiescent fetal fibroblasts. Science 1998; 280:1256-8.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×

5

6

7

% Term Development: % Offspring / (# Live births/ # Transferred)

References

Significant Findings

7% (2/7)

Kubota 2000

Nuclei from male adult fibroblast can direct development to term.

33% (2/6)

Kato 1995

High rates of term development following transfer of cumulus and oviduct nuclei.

50% (2/4)

 

 

10% (10/100)

Wells 1999

Production of calves from cultured granulosa cells.

0

Collas and Rob, unpublished

First production of genetically verified nuclear transfer rabbits.

1.3% (5/401)

Polejaeva 2000

Term development following serial nuclei transfer of cumulus cells.

No Transfer 0.9% (1/110)

Onishi 2000

Term development following direct injection of nuclei from fetal fibroblast cells.

3% (3/112)

Baguisi 1999

Production of transgenic goats from transfected fetal fibroblast nuclei.

0

Wolf 1999

Donor nuclei from cell lines are capable of limited embryonic development.

0

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 111
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 112
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 113
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 114
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 115
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 116
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 117
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 118
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 119
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 120
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 121
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 122
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 123
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 124
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 125
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 126
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 128
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 129
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 132
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 133
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 134
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 135
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 136
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 137
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 138
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 139
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 140
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 141
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 142
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects." National Research Council. 2002. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10285.
×
Page 143
Next: Appendix C: Workshop Agenda and Speaker Biographical Information »
Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $48.00 Buy Ebook | $38.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Human reproductive cloning is an assisted reproductive technology that would be carried out with the goal of creating a newborn genetically identical to another human being. It is currently the subject of much debate around the world, involving a variety of ethical, religious, societal, scientific, and medical issues. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning considers the scientific and medical sides of this issue, plus ethical issues that pertain to human-subjects research. Based on experience with reproductive cloning in animals, the report concludes that human reproductive cloning would be dangerous for the woman, fetus, and newborn, and is likely to fail. The study panel did not address the issue of whether human reproductive cloning, even if it were found to be medically safe, would be—or would not be—acceptable to individuals or society.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!