2-2. Cloned mammalian animals can be made by replacing the chromosomes of an egg cell with a nucleus from the individual to be cloned, followed by stimulation of cell division and implantation of the resulting embryo.

2-3. Cloned individuals, whether born at the same or different times, will not be physically or behaviorally identical with each other at comparable ages.

2-4. Stem cells are cells that have an extensive ability to self-renew and differentiate, and they are therefore important as a potential source of cells for therapeutic transplantation. Embryonic stem cells derived through nuclear transplantation into eggs are a potential source of pluripotent (embryonic) stem cell lines that are immunologically similar to a patient’s cells. Research with such cells has the goal of producing cells and tissues for therapeutic transplantation with minimal chance of rejection.

2-5. Embryonic stem cells and cell lines derived through nuclear transplantation could be valuable for uses other than organ transplantation. Such cell lines could be used to study the heritable genetic components associated with predilections to a variety of complex genetic diseases and test therapies for such diseases when they affect cells that are hard to study in isolation in adults.

2-6. The process of obtaining embryonic stem cells through nuclear transplantation does not involve the placement of an embryo in a uterus, and it cannot produce a new individual.

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3. CHAN AW, DOMINKO T, LUETJENS CM, NEUBER E, MARTINOVICH C, HEWITSON L, SIMERLY CR, SCHATTEN GP. Clonal propagation of primate offspring by embryo splitting. Science 2000 Jan 14, 287(5451):317-319.

4. HALL JG. Twinning: mechanisms and genetic implications. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1996 Jun, 6(3):343-7.

5. HALL JG. Genomic imprinting: nature and clinical relevance. Annu Rev Med 1997, 48:35-44.

6. SIMON DK, JOHNS DR. Mitochondrial disorders: clinical and genetic features. Annu Rev Med 1999, 50:111-27.

7. FINNILA S, AUTERE J, LEHTOVIRTA M, HARTIKAINEN P, MANNERMAA A, SOININEN H, MAJAMAA K. Increased risk of sensorineural hearing loss and migraine in patients with a rare mitochondrial DNA variant 4336A>G in tRNAGln. J Med Genet 2001 Jun, 38(6):400-5.

Front Matter (R1-R22)

Executive Summary (1-18)

1. Introduction (19-23)

2. Cloning: Definitions and Applications (24-38)

3. Animal Cloning (39-60)

4. Assisted Reproductive Technology (61-73)

5. Human Reproductive Cloning: Proposed Activities and Regulatory Context (74-91)

6. Findings and Recommendations (92-100)

Appendix A: Panel and Staff Biographical Information (101-110)

Appendix B: Animal Reproductive Cloning Data Tables on Reproductive Cloning Efficiency and Defects (111-143)

Appendix C: Workshop Agenda and Speaker Biographical Information (144-153)

Appendix D: Bibliography (154-258)

Appendix E: Glossary (259-272)